麥(mai)地(di)(di)灣梨(li)是(shi)云南省(sheng)大理白(bai)族自治州云龍(long)縣的特產(chan)。麥(mai)地(di)(di)灣梨(li)是(shi)“云南省(sheng)特晚熟優(you)質梨(li)品(pin)種”,已被認證為綠色食品(pin)。麥(mai)地(di)(di)灣梨(li)為國家農產(chan)品(pin)地(di)(di)理標志(zhi)保(bao)護(hu)產(chan)品(pin)。
麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)縣(xian)特有(you)的(de)(de)特晚(wan)熟耐(nai)儲(chu)藏地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方優良品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)栽(zai)培(pei)歷(li)(li)史悠(you)久(jiu)(jiu),據《云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)縣(xian)志(zhi)》記載:“已(yi)有(you)近百年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)栽(zai)培(pei)歷(li)(li)史”。因成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟于(yu)冬季,群(qun)眾(zhong)又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)“冬雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”。 一、麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)稱(cheng)(cheng)謂的(de)(de)由來(lai) 麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)名稱(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)由來(lai)還(huan)與知(zhi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)上(shang)山(shan)下(xia)鄉(xiang)有(you)關,當時下(xia)關知(zhi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)多(duo)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)縣(xian)舊(jiu)州(zhou)區(qu)(現(xian)功(gong)果(guo)(guo)橋鎮)的(de)(de)瀾滄江河(he)谷(gu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),由于(yu)當時生(sheng)產(chan)儲(chu)藏技(ji)術水(shui)平有(you)限,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)到(dao)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)2-3月份已(yi)無梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)果(guo)(guo)供應,這(zhe)時有(you)一人(ren)將梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)從麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)村帶(dai)到(dao)知(zhi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)點給知(zhi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)們(men)分享,知(zhi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)們(men)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)嘗到(dao)汁多(duo)味甜的(de)(de)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后,紛(fen)紛(fen)問:“這(zhe)是什么梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)?”這(zhe)人(ren)也不知(zhi)是什么梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),只(zhi)說是從麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de),以(yi)(yi)后知(zhi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)們(men)想吃這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)時候(hou)就(jiu)會問:“有(you)沒有(you)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)?”。久(jiu)(jiu)而久(jiu)(jiu)之就(jiu)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了以(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)名和(he)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)結合的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)稱(cheng)(cheng)謂“麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”。 二、麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)來(lai)源 據1998年(nian)(nian)《河(he)北林(lin)果(guo)(guo)研究》第(di)13卷第(di)一期中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)調查(cha)”,云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li), 又(you)(you)(you)名麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)莊梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li), 系(xi)(xi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)南農家(jia)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。因來(lai)源于(yu)四川(chuan)(chuan), 故(gu)群(qun)眾(zhong)又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)四川(chuan)(chuan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)( 原名已(yi)無法查(cha)考(kao)) , 系(xi)(xi)70 年(nian)(nian)前游洪順由四川(chuan)(chuan)遷居云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)南省(sheng)(sheng)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)縣(xian)舊(jiu)州(zhou)鄉(xiang)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)莊村時帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)接穗, 接在(zai)屋角的(de)(de)一株(zhu)川(chuan)(chuan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)( Py rus p ashia Buch. -Ham. ) 樹(shu)(shu)(shu)上(shang), 成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)繁(fan)殖(zhi)傳播的(de)(de)母(mu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)。母(mu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)原樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠已(yi)死, 現(xian)存樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠系(xi)(xi)從距地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面高約1m 的(de)(de)空(kong)心主干上(shang)長出的(de)(de)徒(tu)長枝(zhi)重新(xin)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。現(xian)母(mu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)立地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)海拔1720m。樹(shu)(shu)(shu)高10m, 冠幅8m, 主干高2m, 樹(shu)(shu)(shu)勢中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng), 枝(zhi)條中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密(mi), 年(nian)(nian)產(chan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)果(guo)(guo)400~500kg 。后經(jing)大(da)理州(zhou)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)縣(xian)農業科技(ji)工(gong)作者多(duo)年(nian)(nian)發(fa)掘、篩選(xuan),并從其(qi)變異品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)選(xuan)育(yu)的(de)(de)晚(wan)熟優良地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方特色水(shui)果(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)之一。 三、麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)產(chan)業的(de)(de)發(fa)展歷(li)(li)史 據1992年(nian)(nian)出版(ban)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)民(min)共和(he)國(guo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方志(zhi)叢書《云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)縣(xian)志(zhi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)第(di)176頁(ye)(ye)第(di)4行(xing)記載,有(you)16種(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)果(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)資源,以(yi)(yi)水(shui)井麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、漕澗(jian)黑心梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、大(da)功(gong)廠(chang)密(mi)香梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)特品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),1989年(nian)(nian)有(you)面積4543畝,總(zong)產(chan)量103.03萬公斤。第(di)463頁(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)第(di)17行(xing)記載,優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晚(wan)熟香梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)調查(cha):舊(jiu)州(zhou)鄉(xiang)水(shui)井村麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(又(you)(you)(you)名麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)莊梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li))和(he)大(da)功(gong)廠(chang)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(又(you)(you)(you)名依主梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)),以(yi)(yi)優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、晚(wan)熟著稱(cheng)(cheng),可保存到(dao)來(lai)年(nian)(nian)春季,為(wei)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)南省(sheng)(sheng)少(shao)數優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、晚(wan)熟香梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),經(jing)過(guo)調查(cha),鑒定和(he)推廣,至1989年(nian)(nian),已(yi)嫁接28000株(zhu),為(wei)開發(fa)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方名特產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)找(zhao)到(dao)門(men)路。 據1996年(nian)(nian)出版(ban)的(de)(de)《云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)縣(xian)林(lin)業志(zhi)》記載了云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)南省(sheng)(sheng)農大(da)科研處高級工(gong)程師張興旺(中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),大(da)理州(zhou)經(jing)果(guo)(guo)站高級工(gong)程師汪長進(左)考(kao)察云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)照片(張昭攝)。《云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)縣(xian)林(lin)業志(zhi)》第(di)60頁(ye)(ye)第(di)17行(xing)記載,水(shui)果(guo)(guo)類:品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)甚多(duo),主要(yao)(yao)有(you)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、蘋果(guo)(guo)、柿、梅、柑(gan)桔等(deng),梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)16種(zhong)(zhong),主要(yao)(yao)有(you)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、大(da)功(gong)廠(chang)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、漕澗(jian)黑心梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)大(da)黃(huang)(huang)皮梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、火把梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、人(ren)頭梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)皮梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、大(da)棠梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)舊(jiu)州(zhou)鄉(xiang)水(shui)井村所(suo)(suo)產(chan)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)黃(huang)(huang)皮梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(特晚(wan)熟)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最優,年(nian)(nian)產(chan)量約15萬公斤。在(zai)第(di)71頁(ye)(ye)第(di)2行(xing)記載,梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li):喬(qiao)木、高10-15米,海撥(bo)2500米以(yi)(yi)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)多(duo)有(you)栽(zai)培(pei),縣(xian)內(nei)16個(ge)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)果(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)佳,其(qi)特點是:
①果(guo)色褐黃著紅(hong)暈,果(guo)開型扁圓端正、皮薄(bo)、果(guo)心小、肉酥脆、味密(mi)香濃甜、汁(zhi)(zhi)多。可溶性固形物含量為(wei)13%~17%,總(zong)糖7. 88%(已轉化為(wei)糖汁(zhi)(zhi)) , 總(zong)酸(suan)0. 33%, 維生(sheng)素(su)C 2.2mg / 100g,大果(guo)型重(zhong)400-800 克,中(zhong)果(guo)型重(zhong)250-350 克,一般單株(zhu)產(chan)400-600公斤(jin),最高單株(zhu)可達1500公斤(jin),霜(shuang)降到小雪采摘,存放(fang)至來年陽春3月(yue)仍保持汁(zhi)(zhi)多濃甜酥脆不(bu)變;
②樹(shu)勢強健,3月上旬(xun)萌動,中旬(xun)開花(hua),花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)約20天左右,遇重霜花(hua)亦能(neng)正常受粉(fen),高(gao)(gao)山(shan)河谷海撥1800-2650米潮濕溫涼地(di)(di)帶均(jun)宜栽(zai)培,嫁接后3年結果(guo),10年后進入盛果(guo)期(qi)(qi)(qi),70余年老樹(shu)仍抽(chou)新梢掛果(guo)滿(man)枝,全樹(shu)結果(guo)均(jun)勻(yun),木(mu)材(cai)紋理直,結構細而均(jun)勻(yun),有(you)優良器具(ju)和雕刻(ke)用材(cai)。 據1995年出(chu)版的(de)(de)(de)《云龍年鑒》第93第16行(xing)頁記載(zai),〔麥(mai)地(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)試驗(yan)獲得(de)成功〕:1992年以來,為(wei)探(tan)索云龍麥(mai)地(di)(di)彎梨(li)(li)(li)(li)授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)結實規律,縣林(lin)業站經濟林(lin)果(guo)專業技術人員與云南省農(nong)科(ke)院(yuan)果(guo)樹(shu)研究所共同承擔試驗(yan)課題,并(bing)經試驗(yan)和跟蹤(zong)觀察(cha)得(de)出(chu)結論:麥(mai)地(di)(di)彎梨(li)(li)(li)(li)自花(hua)授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)結實率為(wei)零,碭(dang)山(shan)酥、金花(hua)、雪花(hua)、大功廠、富源黃梨(li)(li)(li)(li)等梨(li)(li)(li)(li)品(pin)種與之授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)結實率較高(gao)(gao),主栽(zai)品(pin)種與授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)品(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)置比例(li)(li)為(wei)5:1,縣內先期(qi)(qi)(qi)開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)純麥(mai)地(di)(di)彎梨(li)(li)(li)(li)園應按比例(li)(li)高(gao)(gao)頭換接上述(shu)授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)品(pin)種中的(de)(de)(de)任意(yi)一(yi)種,方能(neng)達到結實豐產目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。第338頁第14行(xing)記載(zai),〔麥(mai)地(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)精品(pin)包裝(zhuang)初見成效〕:麥(mai)地(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)是縣內特有(you)的(de)(de)(de)優質晚熟梨(li)(li)(li)(li),具(ju)有(you)很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang),2000年初,縣科(ke)委接受“麥(mai)地(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)”品(pin)牌開發(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)后,根(gen)據項(xiang)目(mu)要求(qiu),組織人力(li)、物力(li)、突出(chu)攻關(guan),年內完(wan)成包裝(zhuang)設(she)計、印制、裝(zhuang)合等業務。首批上市(shi)(shi)1500件,上市(shi)(shi)后受到廣大消費者(zhe)普遍歡(huan)迎,市(shi)(shi)場(chang)供(gong)不應求(qiu),經濟效益顯著。
云龍麥(mai)地(di)(di)灣梨(li)是地(di)(di)方優(you)質品(pin)種(zhong),通過多(duo)年(nian)的提(ti)質、技術(shu)集(ji)成,近年(nian)來(lai)已(yi)被認證為綠色(se)食品(pin),“云南省特晚熟(shu)優(you)質梨(li)品(pin)種(zhong)”,經(jing)云龍天池(chi)林果場的示范(fan)帶(dai)動(dong),全(quan)縣(xian)發展(zhan)面積已(yi)達35000多(duo)畝(mu),僅天池(chi)林場示范(fan)1200畝(mu),年(nian)產梨(li)2000噸(dun)以(yi)上,2013年(nian)林場產值可達400萬(wan)元以(yi)上,同時帶(dai)動(dong)協會(hui)發展(zhan)4700畝(mu)。
2014年(nian),云龍縣(xian)園藝(yi)工作站申報的(de)“麥(mai)地灣梨”通過農業部(bu)農產品(pin)質量安全(quan)中心審查和組織專(zhuan)家評審,實施國家農產品(pin)地理(li)標志登記保護。
地域范圍
麥地灣梨產地位于云南省大理(li)白族自治州(zhou)云龍縣境(jing)內,涉(she)及諾鄧鎮(zhen)、功果橋鎮(zhen)、漕澗鎮(zhen)、白石(shi)鎮(zhen)、寶豐鄉、苗尾鄉、檢槽鄉、長新鄉、關坪鄉、團結鄉、民建鄉共11個(ge)鄉鎮(zhen),地理(li)坐標為:東(dong)經(jing)98°52′~99°46′,北(bei)緯(wei)25°28′~26°23′之間,南北(bei)長109千(qian)米(mi),東(dong)西寬91.8千(qian)米(mi),種植面積6700公頃,年產量(liang)15萬噸。