形態特征
生(sheng)產(chan)芹芽的(de)水(shui)芹是傘形(xing)(xing)花(hua)科水(shui)芹屬中(zhong)的(de)一個地(di)方栽培品(pin)種,是多年生(sheng)宿根草本植(zhi)物。根白而細(xi),莖(jing)分地(di)上(shang)(shang)莖(jing)和匍匐(fu)莖(jing),匍匐(fu)莖(jing)的(de)各(ge)節環生(sheng)須根。莖(jing)中(zhong)空粗壯,每(mei)節上(shang)(shang)都有腋芽,可萌發(fa)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)新株,培土后形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)芹芽。根出(chu)葉(xie)叢生(sheng),奇數二(er)回羽(yu)狀復(fu)葉(xie),小葉(xie)卵圓形(xing)(xing),葉(xie)緣鋸齒(chi)狀,莖(jing)生(sheng)葉(xie)的(de)葉(xie)柄較長,基(ji)部短鞘(qiao)狀,包(bao)住莖(jing)部,多淡綠(lv)至黃(huang)綠(lv)色。該品(pin)種能(neng)開花(hua)但(dan)很(hen)少結(jie)果(guo),即使開花(hua)結(jie)果(guo),其(qi)種子發(fa)育不良,不適宜于繁殖,習慣上(shang)(shang)進行無性繁殖。
環境要求
該品種性(xing)喜冷涼,較耐寒;喜濕潤,怕干旱。秋冬(dong)季(ji)節(jie)是根出葉的營養生長(chang)(chang)旺(wang)盛(sheng)(sheng)時期,最適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)度17~20℃。春夏季(ji)節(jie)轉向節(jie)間伸長(chang)(chang),匍匐莖(jing)生長(chang)(chang)旺(wang)盛(sheng)(sheng),最適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)度20~25℃。冬(dong)春季(ji) 節(jie)又是芹芽生長(chang)(chang)的適(shi)宜時期,日平均氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)10℃以下為宜。
該品(pin)(pin)種適宜土層深厚,富(fu)含(han)有機質(zhi)的肥(fei)沃粘質(zhi)壤土,PH值(zhi)微酸性至中性。芹(qin)芽(ya)生長(chang)完全靠莖中貯藏的養分生長(chang),不能見光(guang),見光(guang)后品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)下降。培土層含(han)水量不能太高,以免腐爛(lan)。
培育方法
種株培育
3月(yue)初收完芹芽,殘留(liu)于土(tu)中的根莖會萌發形成新株(zhu),4月(yue)初當植株(zhu)長至12~15cm高時,選(xuan)擇健壯的苗連土(tu)掘起,利用早稻田邊角(jiao)作為種株(zhu)繁育苗床,按10~15cm見方(fang)排種在苗床上(shang),一(yi)般(ban)每667平方(fang)米種株(zhu)苗床可供3335平方(fang)米大田栽(zai)培之(zhi)用。種株(zhu)不(bu)宜深栽(zai),以免影響發棵。種株(zhu)田要(yao)(yao)經常換水,否則夏季(ji)高溫下易發病(bing)。4月(yue)份追肥1次,每667平方(fang)米施入糞尿(niao)1500kg或化肥35kg,促(cu)進匍(pu)匐(fu)莖生(sheng)長。還要(yao)(yao)注意病(bing)蟲害的防(fang)治,及時用40%的樂果1000倍液防(fang)治蚜蟲,一(yi)旦發現病(bing)毒病(bing)應立即將病(bing)株(zhu)拔(ba)除(chu)。生(sheng)長良好的植株(zhu)在8月(yue)份匍(pu)匐(fu)莖長達1.5~2.0m,該匍(pu)匐(fu)莖即作為芹芽母(mu)株(zhu)的種株(zhu) 。
母株培育
4.1 栽培季節(jie) 8月下旬~9月上旬栽種種株(zhu)(zhu),一(yi)般與雙季晚稻按1:1面積比例間作,即(ji)2m寬(kuan)水稻,2m寬(kuan)水芹(qin),不需作畦(qi),耙平耬勻即(ji)可。到秋(qiu)末冬初(chu)可長成(cheng)具(ju)10多片真葉的植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu),即(ji)母株(zhu)(zhu),供芹(qin)芽培育(yu)用(yong)。
4.2 栽植 把種(zhong)芹(qin)地里的種(zhong)株齊(qi)根割起(qi),用刀切成20~30 cm長的莖段,然后(hou)均勻撒(sa)播于晚稻田中(zhong)(zhong)留出(chu)的地上(shang)。注意種(zhong)苗(miao)(miao)不(bu)能(neng)埋入土(tu)中(zhong)(zhong),也不(bu)能(neng)浮在(zai)水上(shang)。因種(zhong)苗(miao)(miao)埋入土(tu)中(zhong)(zhong),萌芽(ya)遲,生(sheng)長也差;浮在(zai)水上(shang),易(yi)生(sheng)匍匐枝。為了(le)使(shi)(shi)種(zhong)苗(miao)(miao)栽植適宜(yi),早稻收獲(huo)后(hou)每667平方(fang)米(mi) 施入人糞尿(niao)2 500 kg左右(you),整(zheng)地時要耙細整(zheng)平,使(shi)(shi)土(tu)壤(rang)成泥濘(ning)狀態,栽種(zhong)時灌水不(bu)宜(yi)過(guo)多,土(tu)面上(shang)有1層薄(bo)水就行了(le)。
4.3 灌溉 植后(hou)最(zui)初5d(天)不要灌深水(shui),使(shi)種(zhong)苗浸(jin)沒水(shui)中為宜,促進種(zhong)苗扎根。以后(hou)灌水(shui)同(tong)晚(wan)稻一樣(yang),晚(wan)稻收割后(hou)保持土壤濕潤即可(ke),不必(bi)灌水(shui)。
4.4 勻(yun)苗 栽植(zhi)后1個月左(zuo)右,植(zhi)株長至13~15cm高(gao)時(shi),結合中(zhong)耕(geng)除草進行勻(yun)苗移植(zhi),以12 cm見(jian)方有一叢(cong)芹(qin)苗為(wei)宜。
4.5 中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除草追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei) 草多的田塊(kuai)栽植后(hou)(hou)半個(ge)月(yue)和(he)1個(ge)月(yue)時中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除草2次,若不多可(ke)結合勻苗移植時進行(xing)1次即可(ke)。追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)共2次,苗高10 cm和(he)20 cm時,每(mei)667 平(ping)方米追(zhui)(zhui)施人糞尿(niao)1 250kg左右或化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)40~50kg,每(mei)次追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)時先把水(shui)放干,追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)后(hou)(hou)過一晝(zhou)夜,待(dai)土壤(rang)充分吸收肥(fei)(fei)料后(hou)(hou),再(zai)進行(xing)灌水(shui)復(fu)原(yuan)。
4.6病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害防治(zhi) 芹(qin)芽母(mu)株(zhu)生(sheng)長過程中(zhong)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)為(wei)害較輕,9~10月有(you)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)為(wei)害,可用灌(guan)水法防治(zhi),即將(jiang)田中(zhong)水灌(guan)至淹沒植株(zhu),將(jiang)粗草繩放于水面上,拉(la)住兩端向下風的(de)(de)地方移動,將(jiang)浮于水面上的(de)(de)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)集(ji)中(zhong)到田的(de)(de)一(yi)角,然后清除殺滅(mie),立即放水復原。灌(guan)水殺蚜每次不要超過3h(小時),以(yi)免水芹(qin)生(sheng)長受(shou)影響。
芹芽培育
當(dang)植株長到(dao)11~13片真葉時就可(ke)培(pei)(pei)土生產芹(qin)(qin)(qin)芽,廬(lu)江(jiang)縣一(yi)般在11月上(shang)(shang)旬以(yi)后(hou),具體(ti)(ti)培(pei)(pei)土時間可(ke)根據市場(chang)需要而定,也可(ke)分批培(pei)(pei)土分期采收(shou)上(shang)(shang)市。具體(ti)(ti)方法:在冬春季(ji)節,把(ba)芹(qin)(qin)(qin)畦(qi)周邊晚稻畦(qi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)土粉(fen)碎后(hou)用鐵鍬鏟到(dao)水芹(qin)(qin)(qin)植株上(shang)(shang)面,培(pei)(pei)土工作分3~5次進行,培(pei)(pei)土層厚約20~30 cm,然后(hou)水芹(qin)(qin)(qin)莖上(shang)(shang)的(de)腋芽就會萌發形成(cheng)芹(qin)(qin)(qin)芽。一(yi)般培(pei)(pei)土后(hou)1個月就可(ke)以(yi)掘土收(shou)獲,每667 平(ping)方米產1000kg左右。
芹芽生長特點
芹(qin)(qin)芽的(de)水(shui)芹(qin)(qin)是(shi)(shi)傘形(xing)花科水(shui)芹(qin)(qin)屬(shu)中(zhong)的(de)一個地(di)方栽(zai)(zai)培品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) ,是(shi)(shi)多(duo)年生宿根(gen)草本植物。根(gen)細 ,莖(jing)分地(di)上(shang)(shang)莖(jing)和匍(pu)匐(fu)莖(jing) ,匍(pu)匐(fu)莖(jing)的(de)各節(jie)環生須根(gen)。莖(jing)中(zhong)空粗壯 ,每(mei)節(jie)上(shang)(shang)都(dou)有(you)腋芽 ,可(ke)(ke)萌發(fa)(fa)形(xing)成(cheng)新株(zhu) ,培土后(hou)(hou)形(xing)成(cheng)芹(qin)(qin)芽。根(gen)出葉(xie)(xie)叢生 ,奇數(shu)二回羽狀(zhuang)復葉(xie)(xie) ,小葉(xie)(xie)卵圓(yuan)形(xing) ,葉(xie)(xie)緣鋸齒狀(zhuang) ,莖(jing)生葉(xie)(xie)的(de)葉(xie)(xie)柄較長(chang)(chang)(chang) ,基(ji)部短鞘(qiao)狀(zhuang) ,包住莖(jing)部 ,多(duo)淡綠(lv)至黃綠(lv)色(se)。該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能開花但很少結果 ,即(ji)使(shi)開花結果 ,其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子發(fa)(fa)育不(bu)良(liang) ,不(bu)適(shi)宜(yi)于繁殖 ,習慣上(shang)(shang)進(jin)行(xing)無性繁殖。2對環境條件(jian)的(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性喜冷涼(liang) ,較耐(nai)寒(han) ;喜濕潤 ,怕干旱。富(fu)含有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)的(de)肥沃(wo)粘質(zhi)壤土,微酸(suan)。秋(qiu)冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)是(shi)(shi)根(gen)出葉(xie)(xie)的(de)營養(yang)生長(chang)(chang)(chang)旺盛(sheng)時期 ,最適(shi)溫(wen)度(du)17~20℃。春夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)轉(zhuan)向節(jie)間伸長(chang)(chang)(chang) ,利用(yong)稻(dao)田(tian)邊(bian)角作(zuo)為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)繁育苗床,按15cm見方排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在苗床上(shang)(shang),一般(ban)每(mei)667平方米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)苗床可(ke)(ke)供3335平方米(mi)大田(tian)栽(zai)(zai)培之(zhi)用(yong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)不(bu)宜(yi)深栽(zai)(zai),以免影響發(fa)(fa)棵。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)田(tian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)經常換水(shui),否則夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)高溫(wen)易(yi)發(fa)(fa)病。4匍(pu)匐(fu)莖(jing)生長(chang)(chang)(chang)旺盛(sheng) ,最適(shi)溫(wen)度(du)20~25℃。冬(dong)(dong)春季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)又(you)是(shi)(shi)芹(qin)(qin)芽生長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)適(shi)宜(yi)時期 ,降溫(wen)催芽。催芽前(qian)先(xian)對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子進(jin)行(xing)搓揉,除去硬皮,用(yong)井(jing)水(shui)浸泡20小時,再(zai)進(jin)行(xing)搓洗,除去種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)黏(nian)液(ye)和雜質(zhi),然后(hou)(hou)用(yong)擰干的(de)濕毛(mao)巾吸去多(duo)余(yu)水(shui)分,放(fang)在15-20℃溫(wen)度(du)下催芽。芹(qin)(qin)菜(cai)發(fa)(fa)芽對溫(wen)度(du)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求嚴格,25℃以上(shang)(shang)發(fa)(fa)芽不(bu)良(liang),因(yin)此播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣溫(wen)過高時,可(ke)(ke)用(yong)繩索將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子懸吊在深水(shui)井(jing)內,使(shi)其離(li)水(shui)面(mian)(mian)大約30厘米(mi),每(mei)天淘洗1次,4-5天后(hou)(hou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子露白時即(ji)可(ke)(ke)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。整畦施(shi)肥。做好(hao)畦面(mian)(mian),施(shi)足(zu)有(you)、精細播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。籽(zi)小,出芽力弱(ruo),播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時應注(zhu)意適(shi)量播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)畝苗畦用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.6-1公斤,可(ke)(ke)供13000余(yu)平方米(mi)芹(qin)(qin)菜(cai)田(tian)移栽(zai)(zai),撒播(bo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)均勻(yun)采用(yong)濕播(bo)法。先(xian)澆(jiao)小水(shui),水(shui)下滲后(hou)(hou)先(xian)撒一薄層細干土再(zai)撒播(bo),播(bo)后(hou)(hou)再(zai)覆(fu)一層厚約0.5厘米(mi)的(de)細土、遮蔭或(huo)覆(fu)蓋育苗。用(yong)農作(zuo)物秸稈或(huo)葦(wei)箔(bo)遮蔭播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)玉(yu)米(mi)秸稈、葦(wei)箔(bo)等搭放(fang)在畦面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang),待出苗后(hou)(hou)逐(zhu)步撤除。用(yong)茄(qie)果類蔬菜(cai)植株(zhu)遮蔭:在早熟茄(qie)子、番茄(qie)的(de)生長(chang)(chang)(chang)后(hou)(hou)期,選墑情適(shi)宜(yi)地(di)段趁濕撒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),再(zai)鉤(gou)劃(hua)地(di)面(mian)(mian),將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子與土摻和均勻(yun),3-4天后(hou)(hou)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)出苗。茄(qie)子、番茄(qie)拔(ba)秧后(hou)(hou),轉(zhuan)入正常管理(li)利用(yong)遮陽(yang)網(wang)遮陽(yang):遮陽(yang)網(wang)為黑色(se)或(huo)銀(yin)灰(hui)色(se),可(ke)(ke)降溫(wen)2-4℃,并(bing)有(you)遮光(guang)和防(fang)暴(bao)雨作(zuo)用(yong),還可(ke)(ke)防(fang)蚜蟲及其他害。