學宮內現(xian)有東西(xi)牌坊、欞星門(men)、泮池、登云橋(qiao)、東西(xi)官廳、戟門(men)、名宦祠(ci)、鄉賢祠(ci)、忠義孝(xiao)悌祠(ci)、大成殿、東西(xi)兩廡、尊(zun)經閣、崇圣祠(ci)、明倫堂(tang)、儀門(men)等明清建(jian)筑群,氣勢(shi)恢(hui)宏(hong),規模壯觀,徜(chang)徉其間,令人(ren)流連忘返。
崇明學宮是現(xian)今(jin)上海僅存(cun)的三(san)座學宮之(zhi)一。現(xian)址又稱崇明博物館,為市級(ji)文物保護(hu)單位。
出(chu)崇(chong)明(ming)南門碼(ma)頭,僅走二三(san)百米(mi),便能(neng)望(wang)見學宮那層層疊疊的(de)古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群。二座石(shi)柱牌樓古(gu)樸沉穩,上書“德配天地,道冠古(gu)今”。門前是(shi)二株有350年歷(li)史、三(san)人合(he)抱的(de)銀杏樹,守門的(de)是(shi)一(yi)對大(da)(da)(da)石(shi)獅,氣勢(shi)恢宏。學宮較大(da)(da)(da)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian),仿佛寺廟(miao)中(zhong)的(de)大(da)(da)(da)雄寶殿(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)是(shi)祭祀孔子的(de)地方,東廡西(xi)廡是(shi)72高徒的(de)宿舍。而今大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)暫作古(gu)船陳列室(shi),大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)東廡主要是(shi)崇(chong)明(ming)出(chu)名人士的(de)照片和事跡(ji),還有一(yi)些(xie)崇(chong)明(ming)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)古(gu)代器物。西(xi)廡是(shi)黃丕漠藝術館。大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)后的(de)兩幢建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)崇(chong)明(ming)民俗陳列館。
另建(jian)有(you)萬仞宮墻、欞(ling)星門(men)(men)、登云橋、戟(ji)門(men)(men)、名宦祠、崇圣祠、尊經閣(ge)等(deng),為(wei)(wei)上海地(di)區保存完好的明代建(jian)筑,門(men)(men)前5株18米(mi)左右高(gao)的銀杏樹(shu)已有(you)377年(nian)的樹(shu)齡,與樹(shu)下2座結構奇(qi)特,蔚(yu)為(wei)(wei)壯觀的石木(mu)牌坊相互呼應,營(ying)造出一片濃(nong)郁的古(gu)意,使(shi)人頓生(sheng)一股“念天地(di)之(zhi)悠悠”的蒼然之(zhi)感。博(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)館內列有(you)“崇明島的形成與發展”、“館藏文(wen)物(wu)(wu)”、“自(zi)然博(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)”三個展覽,較為(wei)(wei)系統地(di)介紹了崇明的悠久歷史和(he)(he)文(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan),學宮中(zhong)較有(you)特色的當數古(gu)船陳(chen)列室和(he)(he)崇明民俗(su)陳(chen)列館這兩處(chu)地(di)方(fang)。
牌坊
分東(dong)西兩座(zuo),位于欞星(xing)門前(qian)左(zuo)右,是(shi)崇明學(xue)(xue)宮的(de)一(yi)座(zuo)建筑物,清康熙(xi)二十(shi)三(san)年(1684)由(you)知縣(xian)朱衣點始建,旁邊(bian)還植(zhi)有(you)兩株樹齡(ling)約(yue)有(you)380多年的(de)銀(yin)杏(xing)古(gu)樹。牌坊(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)高(gao)三(san)丈,兩層(ceng)重檐十(shi)二角,角向上鵲起,可垂掛風鈴,上層(ceng)磚木結構,下(xia)承石柱(zhu);柱(zhu)東(dong)西寬1.6米,柱(zhu)距(ju)南北(bei)長(chang)4.4米,兩坊(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)間距(ju)33米;左(zuo)邊(bian)牌坊(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)匾(bian)名為(wei)(wei)(wei)“學(xue)(xue)海”、“騰(teng)蛟”,右邊(bian)牌坊(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)匾(bian)名為(wei)(wei)(wei)“朝(chao)宗”、“起鳳”。乾隆七年(1742)知縣(xian)許惟枚重建,左(zuo)匾(bian)“德(de)配(pei)天(tian)(tian)地(di)”,右匾(bian)“道(dao)冠古(gu)今(jin)”。乾隆二十(shi)七年,道(dao)光七年、同(tong)治八年又(you)先(xian)后修葺。清光緒年間,匾(bian)名又(you)改,左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“禮門”,右為(wei)(wei)(wei)“義路”;民國初,又(you)改為(wei)(wei)(wei)“奮(fen)斗(dou)坊(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”與(yu)“和平坊(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”;1960年,再(zai)次更名,左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“學(xue)(xue)而(er)不厭”,右為(wei)(wei)(wei)“誨人不倦”;1988年,匾(bian)額(e)重題“德(de)配(pei)天(tian)(tian)地(di),道(dao)冠古(gu)今(jin)”。1998年,兩坊(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)間鋪(pu)設花(hua)崗(gang)石甬道(dao),牌坊(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)匾(bian)額(e)增(zeng)題為(wei)(wei)(wei):左(zuo)邊(bian)“學(xue)(xue)海”、“德(de)配(pei)天(tian)(tian)地(di)”,右邊(bian)“朝(chao)宗”、“道(dao)冠古(gu)今(jin)”。“道(dao)冠古(gu)今(jin)”的(de)意思是(shi),孔子的(de)學(xue)(xue)說(shuo)和思想(xiang)至(zhi)善至(zhi)美,古(gu)今(jin)較高(gao);“德(de)配(pei)天(tian)(tian)地(di)”的(de)意思是(shi),孔子的(de)道(dao)德(de)如同(tong)天(tian)(tian)地(di)一(yi)樣(yang)偉(wei)大。
欞星門
孔(kong)(kong)廟的(de)(de)一道大(da)門(men),也是崇明(ming)學(xue)宮的(de)(de)正門(men),始建于(yu)明(ming)天(tian)(tian)啟四年(nian)(nian)(1624)。相(xiang)傳,天(tian)(tian)上(shang)有天(tian)(tian)鎮星(xing),即欞(ling)星(xing),它(ta)是天(tian)(tian)上(shang)的(de)(de)文(wen)星(xing),主管(guan)文(wen)人(ren)學(xue)士的(de)(de)選(xuan)拔。孔(kong)(kong)廟一座大(da)門(men)以(yi)(yi)此為(wei)名,意(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)為(wei)文(wen)星(xing)下凡。另(ling)據《龍魚河(he)圖》記載:“上(shang)天(tian)(tian)有天(tian)(tian)鎮星(xing),其(qi)精下為(wei)靈星(xing)之神。”引申(shen)開來的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)是,古(gu)(gu)時士人(ren)進入此門(men)后(hou)如魚化(hua)龍,象征封建統治者(zhe)有得士之慶。欞(ling)星(xing)又(you)(you)名“天(tian)(tian)田星(xing)”,古(gu)(gu)時天(tian)(tian)子(zi)祭天(tian)(tian),先(xian)祭欞(ling)星(xing)。學(xue)宮以(yi)(yi)欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)作為(wei)正門(men),用意(yi)(yi)(yi)是尊孔(kong)(kong)如同尊天(tian)(tian),顯(xian)示(shi)出古(gu)(gu)往今來孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)在人(ren)們心(xin)目中(zhong)至(zhi)高(gao)(gao)無上(shang)的(de)(de)地(di)位。欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)石框(kuang)高(gao)(gao)聳,上(shang)刻云(yun)頭紋(wen),中(zhong)門(men)寬(kuan)3.35米,高(gao)(gao)3.6米,兩(liang)邊又(you)(you)另(ling)辟(pi)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)低的(de)(de)二扇門(men),門(men)寬(kuan)2.3米,高(gao)(gao)3.2米。清順(shun)治十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)、康熙三年(nian)(nian)、乾隆(long)十四年(nian)(nian)、乾隆(long)二十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)、同治八(ba)年(nian)(nian)又(you)(you)先(xian)后(hou)多(duo)次(ci)修葺。欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)前(qian)有一對(dui)雌(ci)雄(xiong)石獅,卷發巨眼,齜牙(ya)咧嘴,后(hou)腿蹲踞(ju),威(wei)風凜凜,花崗石質,連趺座,通高(gao)(gao)2.25米,身長0.9米,胸(xiong)寬(kuan)0.6米,原位于(yu)清代縣衙門(men)前(qian),“文(wen)革”后(hou)移至(zhi)學(xue)宮門(men)前(qian)。1998年(nian)(nian),上(shang)海市文(wen)物(wu)管(guan)理委員(yuan)會撥款(kuan)修葺,并在欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)前(qian)鋪設花崗巖(yan)石甬道。
泮池登云橋
位于(yu)欞(ling)星門內,清康(kang)熙年(nian)間始(shi)建(jian),乾隆、道(dao)光、同治(zhi)時期都曾(ceng)作過修葺(qi)。1998年(nian),上(shang)(shang)海市文物管(guan)理委員會撥款重修,池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)欄(lan)、橋(qiao)(qiao)臺階及欄(lan)桿皆由鋼筋水(shui)(shui)泥重新(xin)改為(wei)花崗石(shi)。“泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)”得(de)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)由來,歷(li)史上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)兩種(zhong)說法。一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi):周代天子宮(gong)前設池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為(wei)圓(yuan)形,而諸侯只(zhi)能用(yong)其一(yi)半,以(yi)示區(qu)別(bie),故稱為(wei)“泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)”。另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi):天子之(zhi)學為(wei)“辟雍(yong)”,諸侯之(zhi)學稱“泮(pan)宮(gong)”;辟雍(yong)有(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)環繞,泮(pan)宮(gong)之(zhi)水(shui)(shui)只(zhi)能半之(zhi),故稱為(wei)“泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)”。另外(wai),古時候凡是(shi)新(xin)入(ru)學的(de)(de)(de)生員都要在(zai)當地官員的(de)(de)(de)帶領下,從欞(ling)星門入(ru)孔廟,登(deng)(deng)橋(qiao)(qiao)跨泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),進入(ru)大成殿禮(li)拜(bai)先師孔子,然后(hou)到(dao)儒學署(shu)拜(bai)見教官,這個入(ru)學儀式稱為(wei)“入(ru)泮(pan)”。泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)呈(cheng)半月形,砌石(shi)為(wei)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),上(shang)(shang)面圍(wei)有(you)(you)石(shi)欄(lan),池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)深2.1米(mi),南(nan)北寬6.16米(mi),東西長11.6米(mi)。池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)上(shang)(shang)架(jia)有(you)(you)單孔拱形石(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao),跨于(yu)泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang),名(ming)為(wei)“登(deng)(deng)云(yun)橋(qiao)(qiao)”,寓意(yi)讀書能高(gao)登(deng)(deng)云(yun)端、飛黃騰達(da)。橋(qiao)(qiao)為(wei)南(nan)北走(zou)向,花崗巖石(shi)質,長10.1米(mi),寬2.5米(mi),高(gao)3.1米(mi),拱圈上(shang)(shang)方(fang)陽(yang)刻(ke)楷書“登(deng)(deng)云(yun)橋(qiao)(qiao)”三字,橋(qiao)(qiao)兩側分(fen)水(shui)(shui)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)陽(yang)刻(ke)獸紋(wen)圖案。橋(qiao)(qiao)面呈(cheng)方(fang)形,陽(yang)刻(ke)回輪圖案,四角橋(qiao)(qiao)欄(lan)上(shang)(shang)分(fen)別(bie)雕刻(ke)著精巧、活潑(po)的(de)(de)(de)小石(shi)獅,栩(xu)栩(xu)如生;南(nan)北兩端各有(you)(you)12級臺階,行走(zou)方(fang)便。
官廳
位于泮池左右,分東(dong)官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)(ting)與西(xi)(xi)(xi)官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)(ting)兩個部分,是(shi)古時官(guan)(guan)員休息的場所。據(ju)清乾隆(long)《崇(chong)明(ming)學宮圖》記(ji)載,東(dong)側名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)“禮門”,西(xi)(xi)(xi)側名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)“義路”。光緒(xu)《崇(chong)明(ming)學宮圖》中則更(geng)改為(wei)(wei)現名(ming)(ming),分別作東(dong)官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)(ting)與西(xi)(xi)(xi)官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)(ting)。東(dong)官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)(ting)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)寬6.5米,南北長10.1米,高6.5米;西(xi)(xi)(xi)官(guan)(guan)廳(ting)(ting)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)寬7.4米,南北長10.2米,高6.5米。1998年,上海市文(wen)物管理(li)委員會撥款修葺,現為(wei)(wei)崇(chong)明(ming)縣博物館(guan)的辦公(gong)區域。
戟門
崇明(ming)學宮(gong)(gong)的第二道大(da)(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men),位于(yu)(yu)泮池之(zhi)北,又(you)稱“大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)”。“大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)”得名于(yu)(yu)《孟子》“孔子之(zhi)謂(wei)集(ji)大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)”,古(gu)樂一(yi)變(bian)為(wei)一(yi)體(ti),九變(bian)而樂終,至九成(cheng)(cheng)完畢(bi),稱為(wei)“大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)”,后來引申指集(ji)中前(qian)人的主(zhu)張、學說(shuo)等形成(cheng)(cheng)完整(zheng)的體(ti)系(xi)為(wei)“集(ji)大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)”。戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)建于(yu)(yu)清代初,據康熙三(san)十四年(1695)《重(zhong)建崇明(ming)學宮(gong)(gong)碑記(ji)》記(ji)載,知縣(xian)解(jie)銘等曾重(zhong)修(xiu)戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)。康熙《崇明(ming)學宮(gong)(gong)圖》中稱,戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)共(gong)五楹(ying),內梁中三(san)楹(ying)高,左右二楹(ying)略低。1986年,戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)劃歸(gui)崇明(ming)縣(xian)博物館管理(li)與使用(yong),被辟(pi)為(wei)展廳。1998年,上(shang)海(hai)市文物管理(li)委員(yuan)會撥款(kuan)修(xiu)復原貌。戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)現(xian)東(dong)西長17.5米,南(nan)北寬6.6米,高8米。門(men)(men)(men)前(qian)兩株羅(luo)漢松于(yu)(yu)1972年移(yi)于(yu)(yu)此,樹齡約(yue)90年。
名宦祠鄉賢祠
分(fen)別位于(yu)戟門東西兩(liang)側,以戟門為中心(xin),左右(you)對(dui)(dui)稱,各三楹(ying),中間開門,東西各長(chang)8.8米(mi),南北寬6.6米(mi),高6.5米(mi)。據清乾隆年間的(de)《重修(xiu)崇(chong)(chong)明學宮(gong)記》(知縣許惟枚撰(zhuan))、《崇(chong)(chong)明學宮(gong)圖(tu)》記載,其時已(yi)有名(ming)宦祠(ci)、鄉(xiang)賢(xian)祠(ci)。其中,名(ming)宦祠(ci)主(zhu)要是(shi)奉(feng)祀歷(li)代有功于(yu)崇(chong)(chong)明的(de)官宦名(ming)臣(chen),鄉(xiang)賢(xian)祠(ci)主(zhu)要奉(feng)祀崇(chong)(chong)明歷(li)代鄉(xiang)賢(xian)之士。1998年,上海市文物(wu)管理委(wei)員(yuan)會撥款對(dui)(dui)兩(liang)祠(ci)進(jin)行了(le)修(xiu)葺。名(ming)宦祠(ci)現被作(zuo)(zuo)為“崇(chong)(chong)明島史與古船”陳列的(de)序廳(ting),鄉(xiang)賢(xian)祠(ci)現被作(zuo)(zuo)為崇(chong)(chong)明縣博物(wu)館的(de)文物(wu)庫房。
大成殿
崇(chong)(chong)明學宮的(de)主體建(jian)筑,原是奉祀孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)主要(yao)場所,始建(jian)于清代康熙初年(nian)。據縣(xian)志記載,舊殿(dian)(dian)三楹。乾隆二(er)十五年(nian)(1760),知縣(xian)趙廷健(jian)增建(jian)匾(bian)額,寄寓孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)“集古(gu)圣先(xian)(xian)賢之大(da)成”之意(yi)。同治八年(nian)(1869),知縣(xian)曹文煥重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)大(da)成殿(dian)(dian),五楹,重(zhong)(zhong)檐廡(wu)殿(dian)(dian)式,深五尋,高(gao)數仞,雕梁畫(hua)棟,繪(hui)以丹青,砌以文石,前有(you)月(yue)臺,圍以石欄,庭中植松(song)柏(bo)蟠槐。1997年(nian),上海市文物管理委員會投(tou)資修復了大(da)成殿(dian)(dian),為(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)檐歇山式磚木結構,宏(hong)偉(wei)開闊,磅礴巍然,尤其(qi)是朱(zhu)紅(hong)色門扇(shan)與(yu)粗(cu)大(da)的(de)八根門柱(zhu)、粉白色的(de)墻面、灰(hui)黑色的(de)屋頂,冷暖色彩(cai)對比鮮(xian)明,在藍天白云的(de)襯托下,格外鮮(xian)亮奪(duo)目,絢麗挺拔(ba),進(jin)而突出了孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)崇(chong)(chong)高(gao)地位。大(da)成殿(dian)(dian)長21.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬17.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)15.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(其(qi)中屋脊高(gao)1.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)),總面積(ji)368.49平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);石月(yue)臺長16.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬9.57米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),面積(ji)155平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),正中心安(an)置著“至圣先(xian)(xian)師”孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)巨型石像。殿(dian)(dian)前甬道(dao)長18.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),兩旁兩相對稱而立顏回、曾參、孔(kong)(kong)伋、孟軻四人石像,史稱“四配”,他們是孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)出名的(de)四大(da)傳人。大(da)成殿(dian)(dian)內現布(bu)置“崇(chong)(chong)明島史與(yu)古(gu)船”陳列。
兩廡
分(fen)為(wei)東(dong)廡(wu)(wu)、西廡(wu)(wu)兩(liang)部分(fen),位于(yu)大成(cheng)殿前(qian)甬(yong)道(dao)兩(liang)側,東(dong)廂為(wei)東(dong)廡(wu)(wu),西廂為(wei)西廡(wu)(wu)。清順治以前(qian),各(ge)(ge)有九楹,廡(wu)(wu)前(qian)有長廊,順治十一年(nian)(nian)(1654)廢于(yu)潮。后來,順治、乾(qian)隆、道(dao)光、同治年(nian)(nian)間曾(ceng)多次修葺。1997年(nian)(nian),上海市文物管理委員會又投資(zi)修復(fu)。現(xian)(xian)東(dong)西兩(liang)廡(wu)(wu)各(ge)(ge)七楹,磚木(mu)結(jie)構(gou),廡(wu)(wu)長各(ge)(ge)26.74米,寬7.7米,高8米,建筑(zhu)面積共412平(ping)方米。兩(liang)廡(wu)(wu)原是(shi)祭祀供奉歷代先(xian)(xian)(xian)賢先(xian)(xian)(xian)儒的(de)地方,先(xian)(xian)(xian)賢對稱供奉于(yu)兩(liang)廡(wu)(wu)內(nei)(nei)北(bei)端,先(xian)(xian)(xian)儒對稱供奉于(yu)兩(liang)廡(wu)(wu)內(nei)(nei)南端,廡(wu)(wu)內(nei)(nei)建有神龕(kan),只供木(mu)主(牌位),無(wu)塑像。兩(liang)廡(wu)(wu)內(nei)(nei)現(xian)(xian)布展“崇明島史與(yu)古船”陳列的(de)有關內(nei)(nei)容。
尊經閣
位(wei)于大成殿(dian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北(bei),原名(ming)“奎星閣(ge)”,“奎”是(shi)星名(ming),是(shi)中國古代天文(wen)(wen)學(xue)中二十八宿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一,為(wei)(wei)西方(fang)白虎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首,有(you)星16顆,屈(qu)曲(qu)如(ru)鉤,猶如(ru)文(wen)(wen)字(zi),稱為(wei)(wei)“奎宿”,后(hou)被稱為(wei)(wei)主宰文(wen)(wen)章興衰的神,并演化為(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首。“奎文(wen)(wen)閣(ge)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming),喻意孔子(zi)為(wei)(wei)天上的“奎星”。尊經(jing)閣(ge)是(shi)古時候(hou)收藏閱(yue)覽儒家諸子(zi)著(zhu)作的場所(suo),其(qi)所(suo)藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書供(gong)縣學(xue)諸生閱(yue)讀,故又(you)名(ming)“藏書樓”。始(shi)建(jian)于明天啟四(si)年(nian)(1624),清乾隆、道(dao)光年(nian)間先后(hou)修葺。1991年(nian),上海(hai)文(wen)(wen)物管理(li)委員會又(you)投資進行修葺,今(jin)屹然而立,風采(cai)依舊。整幢(chuang)建(jian)筑為(wei)(wei)重檐(yan)歇(xie)山式(shi)磚(zhuan)木結構,五楹,上下(xia)十間,兩(liang)層(ceng)飛檐(yan),四(si)垂斗栱;四(si)周回廊,窗欞(ling)爽敞。其(qi)地基長18.65米(mi)(mi),寬14.4米(mi)(mi),占地面(mian)積(ji)268.56平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。其(qi)中,底層(ceng)面(mian)闊18米(mi)(mi),進深13.45米(mi)(mi),高5米(mi)(mi),建(jian)筑面(mian)積(ji)242.1平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi);二層(ceng)面(mian)闊13.8米(mi)(mi),進深9.25米(mi)(mi),高7.5米(mi)(mi),建(jian)筑面(mian)積(ji)127.65平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。尊經(jing)閣(ge)內現布展(zhan)“崇明民俗”陳(chen)列(lie)。
崇圣祠
又名“崇(chong)圣宮”,位于大(da)成殿北(bei)、尊經(jing)閣東,始建于清雍正(zheng)五年(nian)(nian)(1727),共三楹,昔(xi)前有大(da)門,后為正(zheng)殿,是奉祀孔子父母的場所。乾(qian)隆、同(tong)治年(nian)(nian)間(jian)又先(xian)后修葺。1991年(nian)(nian)上海市文(wen)物管理委員會投資修復(fu)正(zheng)殿。今(jin)為單檐歇山(shan)式磚木斗栱建筑,面闊(kuo)12.5米(mi),進深(shen)11.75米(mi),高11米(mi),占地面積169.62平方米(mi)。崇(chong)圣祠(ci)內現布展“崇(chong)明民俗”陳(chen)列。
儒學大門
位于欞星門(men)(men)東(dong)、儀門(men)(men)正南(nan)。儒學(xue)(xue)署原是舊時文(wen)人(ren)研討(tao)學(xue)(xue)術的專門(men)(men)場所。乾隆二十五年(nian)(1760年(nian))由知縣(xian)趙廷健修(xiu)(xiu)葺,見于清光緒《崇(chong)明學(xue)(xue)宮圖》。民國四年(nian)(1915年(nian))為崇(chong)明縣(xian)立初級中學(xue)(xue)校門(men)(men)。2004年(nian)由崇(chong)明縣(xian)人(ren)民政府投資(zi)修(xiu)(xiu)復,長10.7米(mi),寬8.8米(mi),高8米(mi),建筑面積94平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。
儀門
位于欞星門(men)(men)東、儒學(xue)(xue)署大門(men)(men)北(bei)。乾隆《崇(chong)明學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)圖(tu)》中稱(cheng)為“佑門(men)(men)”,光緒《崇(chong)明學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)圖(tu)》中改稱(cheng)為“二門(men)(men)”。2001年崇(chong)明縣人(ren)民政府投(tou)資修(xiu)復,面闊10.6米(mi),進深9.7米(mi),高9.07米(mi),建筑面積102.8平(ping)方米(mi)。儀門(men)(men)內現布置為“黃(huang)丕謨版畫(hua)陳列室”。
明倫堂
儒(ru)學署的(de)主要建(jian)筑,位于儀門北(bei),始(shi)建(jian)于明天啟四年(nian)(1624),清雍(yong)正、乾隆年(nian)間又先后修(xiu)葺,原共有五(wu)楹,深三(san)丈余。2001年(nian)崇明縣(xian)(xian)人民(min)政(zheng)府投資修(xiu)復,面闊20.6米,進深12.7米,高10.37米,建(jian)筑面積為261.6平方米。明倫(lun)堂現為崇明縣(xian)(xian)博物館(guan)的(de)臨時展(zhan)廳。
碑廊
位于儀門與明倫堂(tang)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)東西兩(liang)(liang)側,包(bao)括南(nan)(nan)北兩(liang)(liang)端各有(you)一部分,2001年由上海市文物管理(li)委員(yuan)會投(tou)資修復。碑(bei)廊全長76.7米(mi)(mi),其中,東西兩(liang)(liang)側寬(kuan)皆(jie)為2.5米(mi)(mi),長30.5米(mi)(mi);南(nan)(nan)北長15.7米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)2.5米(mi)(mi),面積為191.75平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。分墓志類(lei)(lei)(lei)、記(ji)事類(lei)(lei)(lei)、告示類(lei)(lei)(lei)、藝(yi)術類(lei)(lei)(lei)等類(lei)(lei)(lei)別,共計(ji)53通,大(da)部分是(shi)由崇明縣(xian)博物館自(zi)民間收集而來,因歷(li)史久遠,有(you)三分之(zhi)二的(de)(de)古(gu)碑(bei)字跡模糊,難(nan)以辨認,比較(jiao)清晰且完整(zheng)的(de)(de)有(you)十余(yu)通,具(ju)有(you)很(hen)高的(de)(de)藝(yi)術和(he)文物價值,為研(yan)究崇明的(de)(de)地方(fang)歷(li)史,有(you)很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)參考(kao)作用。
杏壇
相(xiang)傳(chuan)本是(shi)孔子(zi)生前講(jiang)學的(de)地方,后(hou)來成為(wei)各地歷代修(xiu)建孔廟規制的(de)一個組成部分。杏(xing)(xing)壇(tan)位于崇(chong)明(ming)學宮萬仞(ren)宮墻東(dong),原為(wei)點綴(zhui)孔廟而人工(gong)所筑的(de)土(tu)丘,周(zhou)圍砌以(yi)石頭,古樸典雅(ya)。壇(tan)上(shang)有銀杏(xing)(xing)樹(shu)兩株,約(yue)植(zhi)于清雍(yong)正年(nian)間,樹(shu)齡(ling)已達270多年(nian)。民國初,壇(tan)上(shang)還豎有孫中山紀念碑,抗日(ri)戰爭時期被毀(hui)。杏(xing)(xing)壇(tan)現(xian)東(dong)西長23.6米,南(nan)北(bei)寬13.7米,高(gao)3.2米。2004年(nian),崇(chong)明(ming)縣博物館(guan)募資(zi)在(zai)欞星(xing)門東(dong)南(nan)角的(de)土(tu)丘上(shang)新設“杏(xing)(xing)壇(tan)”青石一塊(kuai),其名由(you)上(shang)海(hai)博物館(guan)館(guan)長陳燮(xie)君題寫。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)崇(chong)(chong)明(ming),學(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)既(ji)(ji)是專門祭祀孔子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場所,也(ye)是舊時官辦(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方學(xue)府(fu)。崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)學(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)早建(jian)于(yu)何時,由于(yu)史料(liao)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)語焉(yan)不詳,現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)已(yi)無從(cong)考證。不過,我(wo)們(men)從(cong)流傳下來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)關文獻資料(liao)中可以(yi)推知(zhi),崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)學(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)約始(shi)建(jian)于(yu)宋元時期。據清乾隆七年(1742)崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)縣知(zhi)縣許惟枚在(zai)(zai)(zai)《重修崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)學(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)碑記(ji)(ji)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載(zai):“崇(chong)(chong)之學(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)……有(you)宋迄今(jin)歷六百余年。”乾隆二十(shi)七年(1762)崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)縣知(zhi)縣趙(zhao)廷健在(zai)(zai)(zai)《重修崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)學(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)碑記(ji)(ji)》中則(ze)指出:“崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)涌沙成(cheng)邑,元泰定時千戶楊(yang)世興始(shi)建(jian)學(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。”現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)看來,宋代(dai)(dai)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“學(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)”還僅(jin)僅(jin)是一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)校,尚無祭孔、藏經(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能,而元代(dai)(dai)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)學(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),因其擁(yong)有(you)了“廟(miao)(miao)(孔廟(miao)(miao))學(xue)(學(xue)校)合(he)一”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規制,而且其內部既(ji)(ji)有(you)可以(yi)舉辦(ban)(ban)祭孔活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大成(cheng)殿(dian),又(you)有(you)興學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儒學(xue)設施,所以(yi)更符合(he)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)意義(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“學(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)”或“孔廟(miao)(miao)”、“文廟(miao)(miao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念。
自宋元至(zhi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)代中葉,崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)諸沙飽(bao)受風潮侵(qin)(qin)襲(xi),沙洲漲(zhang)坍(tan)多(duo)變,州、縣(xian)治城(cheng)(cheng)曾被迫六(liu)建五遷,崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)也(ye)因(yin)此屢建屢圮,隨縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)多(duo)次遷徙(xi)。今日位(wei)置上的(de)崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)是在(zai)(zai)明(ming)(ming)(ming)天啟(qi)二(er)(er)年(1622),由知(zhi)縣(xian)唐世涵建于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)壕外東南隅,初基地為(wei)二(er)(er)畝二(er)(er)里五毫,后(hou)擴基地為(wei)西長八十六(liu)步(bu)二(er)(er)尺五寸(cun)(138.4米(mi)),東長八十九步(bu)(142.4米(mi)),南北(bei)闊各(ge)四十八步(bu)(76.8米(mi))。“始有(you)(you)欞星門,有(you)(you)尊經閣(ge),有(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)(ming)倫堂、敬一亭、博(bo)文約禮二(er)(er)齋,規制粗備。”據統計,自明(ming)(ming)(ming)天啟(qi)二(er)(er)年至(zhi)清同治八年(1622—1869),在(zai)(zai)這247年的(de)時間中,崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)內的(de)古(gu)建筑因(yin)“潮汐(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)沖坍(tan),風雨之(zhi)(zhi)剝蝕”,先后(hou)修建達14次之(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)。光緒十七(qi)年(1891),崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)筑南門海塘護坡工(gong)程后(hou),由于(yu)有(you)(you)效地控(kong)制了(le)海潮的(de)侵(qin)(qin)襲(xi),風潮雷雨不(bu)再成為(wei)威(wei)脅縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)安全和(he)損毀(hui)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)建筑的(de)主要大(da)患。
清(qing)光(guang)緒(xu)《崇明(ming)縣志(zhi)·學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)圖》描繪了其時崇明(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的人文盛景:崇明(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)前有(you)東西(xi)牌(pai)坊、萬仞宮(gong)(gong)(gong)墻、文昌宮(gong)(gong)(gong)及(ji)(ji)魁星(xing)閣等;東為(wei)儒(ru)學(xue)(xue),共(gong)五(wu)重,自(zi)南(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)(bei)依(yi)次有(you)儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)署大(da)(da)門(men)、儀門(men)及(ji)(ji)書(shu)斗公所、明(ming)倫堂、學(xue)(xue)海堂、后(hou)樓(lou)及(ji)(ji)東西(xi)兩廂;中軸線是孔(kong)廟建(jian)筑,共(gong)五(wu)重,自(zi)南(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)(bei)依(yi)次有(you)欞星(xing)門(men)、登云橋、泮池、東西(xi)官廳(ting)、戟門(men)、名宦(huan)祠(ci)、鄉賢(xian)祠(ci)、大(da)(da)成殿、東西(xi)兩廡、尊經閣和崇圣祠(ci);西(xi)為(wei)瀛洲(zhou)書(shu)院(yuan),共(gong)四重,初建(jian)有(you)書(shu)院(yuan)大(da)(da)門(men)(后(hou)毀于海潮(chao)),自(zi)南(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)(bei)依(yi)次有(you):忠(zhong)(zhong)義孝悌(ti)祠(ci)、唐(tang)趙二公祠(ci)、沈忠(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)公祠(ci)和正(zheng)廳(ting)、后(hou)殿。至(zhi)(zhi)此,崇明(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)規制具(ju)備,建(jian)筑宏偉,大(da)(da)典聞(wen)名,禮(li)樂齊全,舞分文武,凸現“中和”。
崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮是封建(jian)時代培養人才(cai)、選拔人才(cai)的搖籃(lan)。明(ming)(ming)代洪武(wu)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1371)至崇(chong)(chong)禎十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1643),明(ming)(ming)政(zheng)府共舉(ju)(ju)行過(guo)89次(ci)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)考(kao)(kao)試,崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)縣(xian)中(zhong)舉(ju)(ju)人31名,中(zhong)進(jin)士4名。其中(zhong),成(cheng)化年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)的戊戌、甲辰年(nian)(nian)(nian)和正德(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)的丁(ding)丑、辛(xin)巳年(nian)(nian)(nian)四(si)(si)科(ke)(ke),崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)每(mei)科(ke)(ke)中(zhong)進(jin)士1名。而在清(qing)(qing)順治(zhi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1646)至光(guang)緒三十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1904)舉(ju)(ju)行的112次(ci)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)中(zhong),崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)縣(xian)中(zhong)舉(ju)(ju)人119人,中(zhong)進(jin)士32名。其中(zhong),順治(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)的八次(ci)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)有四(si)(si)科(ke)(ke)各中(zhong)進(jin)士1名,康熙年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)中(zhong)進(jin)士13名。通(tong)過(guo)崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)學(xue)(xue)宮走上科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)之途(tu)的學(xue)(xue)子(zi)中(zhong),不(bu)乏出類拔萃(cui)的歷(li)史人物(wu)。如(ru):明(ming)(ming)末航海家、兵部右(you)侍郎沈廷揚(yang),清(qing)(qing)文(wen)華(hua)殿大學(xue)(xue)士宋德(de)宜(yi),清(qing)(qing)會元黃礽緒,清(qing)(qing)初(chu)四(si)(si)大家之一、校勘(kan)家何焯,清(qing)(qing)山東學(xue)(xue)政(zheng)王希(xi)曾,清(qing)(qing)探花、山西提學(xue)(xue)使沈文(wen)鎬(hao),清(qing)(qing)監察御史袁(yuan)銑,清(qing)(qing)福建(jian)主(zhu)考(kao)(kao)、常(chang)熟游文(wen)書院主(zhu)講柏謙,清(qing)(qing)末駐外公使、外交家李鳳(feng)苞,清(qing)(qing)商部右(you)丞、實業家王清(qing)(qing)穆,民國《崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)縣(xian)志》總纂(zuan)、教育家曹炳麟等,都是通(tong)過(guo)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)考(kao)(kao)試脫(tuo)穎而出,以(yi)自己的非凡才(cai)干,取得(de)輝(hui)煌(huang)成(cheng)就,成(cheng)為崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)后(hou)世學(xue)(xue)子(zi)學(xue)(xue)習的楷(kai)模。
“戊戌維新變法(fa)”后,隨著西風(feng)東(dong)漸,崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)有不少思想開(kai)明(ming)(ming)的縣庠生開(kai)始從(cong)這里(li)走出國(guo)門(men)留洋求學(xue)(xue)(xue)。1899年(nian)至1902年(nian)間,東(dong)渡(du)日(ri)本(ben)留學(xue)(xue)(xue)的崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)子有馮閱模(mo)、陸(lu)夢(meng)熊(xiong)、陸(lu)家(jia)鼎、馮鴻(hong)圖(tu)等(deng)人。此后,政府(fu)利用(yong)“庚(geng)子賠款”興(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue),崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)又有學(xue)(xue)(xue)子陸(lu)續分批赴日(ri)本(ben)、歐美留學(xue)(xue)(xue),其中不乏有優(you)秀者,如民國(guo)初(chu)擔任江蘇(su)實業廳(ting)廳(ting)長的徐蘭墅(shu)、愛國(guo)民主人士(shi)(shi)蔡申甫(fu)、建筑學(xue)(xue)(xue)家(jia)陳植等(deng)。興(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)士(shi)(shi)也(ye)從(cong)這里(li)萌(meng)生辦(ban)學(xue)(xue)(xue)理念(nian),崇(chong)實公學(xue)(xue)(xue)、樂群公學(xue)(xue)(xue)、義務學(xue)(xue)(xue)堂(tang)先后同世;“立停科舉,以廣(guang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)校”之(zhi)后,師(shi)范傳習所(suo)和公私(si)立初(chu)等(deng)小學(xue)(xue)(xue)、縣立中學(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)紛紛興(xing)起(qi)。
改革開放,欣(xin)遇盛世,民安物阜,學(xue)宮(gong)復(fu)興。1984年5月,崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)學(xue)宮(gong)被上(shang)海市(shi)人(ren)民政府(fu)公(gong)布(bu)為(wei)(wei)市(shi)級文物保護單位(wei)。1995年至今,崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)學(xue)宮(gong)又先后進行了(le)三期修復(fu)工程,土地(di)面積亦擴大(da)至23.21畝,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)整個(ge)上(shang)海地(di)區占地(di)面積較大(da)的(de)一座孔廟,分批(pi)修復(fu)了(le)大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿、東(dong)西兩(liang)廡及(ji)月臺(tai),以及(ji)東(dong)西牌(pai)坊、欞星(xing)門、東(dong)西官廳、泮池、登云橋、戟門、名宦祠、鄉賢祠、尊經(jing)閣、崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)圣祠、明(ming)(ming)倫堂(tang)、儀門、碑(bei)廊、儒學(xue)大(da)門、杏壇等古建筑,并在(zai)以大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿為(wei)(wei)主體的(de)學(xue)宮(gong)古建筑內推出了(le)“崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)島(dao)史與古船”、“崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)民俗(su)”兩(liang)個(ge)基本陳(chen)列,以及(ji)“黃丕謨版畫(hua)陳(chen)列室”。從(cong)此,崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)學(xue)宮(gong)真(zhen)正成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)島(dao)上(shang)一個(ge)集(ji)文化、展示、旅游于一體的(de)宣傳窗(chuang)口,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)民群(qun)眾了(le)解歷史、觀(guan)賞藝術(shu)的(de)文化和(he)學(xue)習休閑的(de)高(gao)雅場(chang)所。古老的(de)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)學(xue)宮(gong)以嶄新的(de)面貌、新的(de)內容(rong),呈(cheng)現在(zai)人(ren)們的(de)面前,巍峨軒敞,氣勢(shi)恢宏(hong),如一個(ge)閱盡人(ren)世滄桑的(de)長者,以寬厚的(de)胸懷笑(xiao)迎島(dao)內外(wai)各界人(ren)士前往參(can)觀(guan)、游覽(lan),積極發揮出它獨特的(de)宣傳作用與教(jiao)育(yu)功(gong)能。
交通線路:
一是(shi)從上(shang)海體育場乘(cheng)旅游五號線到(dao)寶(bao)楊路碼(ma)(ma)頭(tou),二是(shi)乘(cheng)公交車(che)到(dao)吳淞、寶(bao)楊路或(huo)石洞(dong)口碼(ma)(ma)頭(tou);再(zai)乘(cheng)船到(dao)崇(chong)明南(nan)(nan)門(men)港,沿南(nan)(nan)門(men)路向東500米(mi)。
自(zi)駕路(lu)(lu)線:中環--翔殷路(lu)(lu)隧道--五洲大道--G40滬陜高速公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(上海長江隧橋)--陳海公(gong)路(lu)(lu)--鼓浪嶼路(lu)(lu)--鰲山路(lu)(lu)--崇明學宮(瀛洲公(gong)園)。