《古風其三(san)十八》李白
唐代 李白
孤蘭生幽園。
眾草共蕪沒。
雖照陽春暉。
復悲高秋月。
飛霜早淅瀝。
綠艷恐休歇。
若無清風吹。
香氣為誰發。
李白(bai)(bai)(701年(nian)-762年(nian)),字太(tai)(tai)白(bai)(bai),號(hao)青蓮居士,唐朝(chao)浪漫主(zhu)義詩人,被(bei)后人譽為(wei)“詩仙”。祖籍隴(long)西(xi)成紀(待考(kao)),出生于西(xi)域碎(sui)葉城,4歲(sui)再隨父(fu)遷至劍(jian)南道(dao)綿(mian)州(zhou)。李白(bai)(bai)存世詩文千余篇,有《李太(tai)(tai)白(bai)(bai)集》傳(chuan)世。762年(nian)病逝,享年(nian)61歲(sui)。其墓在今安徽當涂,四川江油、湖(hu)北安陸(lu)有紀念館。
李白這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)首詠(yong)(yong)(yong)蘭(lan)(lan)詩(shi)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鮮(xian)明的個性色彩。不(bu)(bu)(bu)少注家認為是(shi)(shi)(shi)李白自傷(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)詞,即(ji)(ji)借(jie)詠(yong)(yong)(yong)孤(gu)(gu)(gu)蘭(lan)(lan)表達(da)自己(ji)哀傷(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)情。首句(ju)(ju)“孤(gu)(gu)(gu)蘭(lan)(lan)生幽(you)園,眾草共蕪沒”寫(xie)蘭(lan)(lan)芳孤(gu)(gu)(gu)獨地開放幽(you)靜(jing)田園之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),被眾多雜草所遮(zhe)掩。蘭(lan)(lan)與(yu)草是(shi)(shi)(shi)兩種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同象(xiang)(xiang)征。意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道德(de)才華(hua)的君子被群小所遮(zhe)蔽(bi),未能(neng)自拔(ba)(ba)于(yu)其中(zhong)。“雖(sui)照陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)暉(hui)(hui),復悲(bei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)月(yue)(yue)。”意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)雖(sui)然有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)春(chun)(chun)日(ri)暉(hui)(hui)照,但(dan)仍然避免不(bu)(bu)(bu)了高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)月(yue)(yue)臨(lin)時(shi)的悲(bei)涼處境(jing)(jing)。在這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li),陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)暉(hui)(hui)與(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)月(yue)(yue)也(ye)同樣具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)含蓄的象(xiang)(xiang)征意(yi)(yi)味(wei)。萬物滋(zi)生離不(bu)(bu)(bu)開陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)日(ri),高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)涼月(yue)(yue)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)預示著百木凋零(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)際來臨(lin)。雖(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)和煦之(zhi)(zhi)暉(hui)(hui),也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)涼月(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)悲(bei),而重點(dian)放在后者。接著“飛(fei)霜(shuang)早(zao)淅(xi)(xi)歷,綠艷恐(kong)休歇”一句(ju)(ju)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu),即(ji)(ji)深(shen)秋(qiu)景象(xiang)(xiang)具體刻劃。飛(fei)霜(shuang)即(ji)(ji)霜(shuang)飛(fei),淅(xi)(xi)歷是(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)(xing)容飛(fei)霜(shuang)的。綠艷即(ji)(ji)深(shen)綠,休歇即(ji)(ji)零(ling)落(luo)。從全詩(shi)語意(yi)(yi)來看,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)補足上句(ju)(ju)“悲(bei)”字。生長在幽(you)園中(zhong)孤(gu)(gu)(gu)蘭(lan)(lan)雖(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)短(duan)暫陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光照耀,更多的卻(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)面(mian)對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue)。注家說這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)借(jie)此比喻雖(sui)然蒙明主(zhu)(zhu)知遇(即(ji)(ji)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)暉(hui)(hui)),但(dan)孤(gu)(gu)(gu)寒之(zhi)(zhi)士最終仍被小人(ren)讒(chan)毀,處境(jing)(jing)維艱。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)理解很符(fu)合(he)李白性格實際。他(ta)孤(gu)(gu)(gu)傲清(qing)(qing)高(gao)(gao)(gao)、落(luo)拓不(bu)(bu)(bu)羈,很難見(jian)容于(yu)世(shi)俗,屢(lv)遭讒(chan)毀,心中(zhong)自然有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)過他(ta)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)憤激與(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)發(fa)(fa)泄對(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)群小而不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)君王(wang),他(ta)對(dui)君王(wang)始終抱有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)幻想、企冀和希望(wang)。最后“若無(wu)(wu)清(qing)(qing)風(feng)吹(chui),香氣(qi)為誰(shui)發(fa)(fa)?”意(yi)(yi)思(si)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)如果(guo)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)執(zhi)政(zheng)者披(pi)拂吹(chui)噓,蘭(lan)(lan)花(hua)雖(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)德(de)馨,也(ye)無(wu)(wu)法(fa)顯露(lu)發(fa)(fa)揚(yang)。清(qing)(qing)人(ren)陳沆《詩(shi)比興箋》曾指出:“在野不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)自拔(ba)(ba),雖(sui)蒙主(zhu)(zhu)知,已被眾嫉,若無(wu)(wu)當(dang)位之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),披(pi)拂而吹(chui)噓之(zhi)(zhi),雖(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)德(de)馨,何(he)由自達(da)哉!此自傷(shang)(shang)遇主(zhu)(zhu)被讒(chan),孤(gu)(gu)(gu)立莫援(yuan)(yuan)也(ye)。”通篇詠(yong)(yong)(yong)蘭(lan)(lan)著意(yi)(yi)于(yu)“孤(gu)(gu)(gu)”字,孤(gu)(gu)(gu)獨無(wu)(wu)援(yuan)(yuan),孤(gu)(gu)(gu)獨無(wu)(wu)助,寂(ji)寂(ji)一人(ren),企冀明主(zhu)(zhu)引薦拔(ba)(ba)擢。據他(ta)贈(zeng)友人(ren)詩(shi)寫(xie)道:“蘭(lan)(lan)生不(bu)(bu)(bu)當(dang)戶(hu),別是(shi)(shi)(shi)閑庭草。夙被霜(shuang)露(lu)欺,紅榮已先老。謬接瑤華(hua)枝,結根(gen)君王(wang)池。顧無(wu)(wu)馨香美,叨沐清(qing)(qing)風(feng)吹(chui)。馀芳若可(ke)佩(pei)(pei),卒歲(sui)常相(xiang)隨(sui)。”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li),蘭(lan)(lan)花(hua)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)被霜(shuang)欺孤(gu)(gu)(gu)立無(wu)(wu)援(yuan)(yuan)的形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)幸得在君王(wang)池邊,但(dan)卻(que)無(wu)(wu)馨香美,所以有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)愧于(yu)清(qing)(qing)風(feng)吹(chui)揚(yang)。但(dan)最終還是(shi)(shi)(shi)一轉,“馀芳若可(ke)佩(pei)(pei),卒歲(sui)常相(xiang)隨(sui)”,仍有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)敬之(zhi)(zhi)處。統(tong)觀(guan)全詩(shi),雖(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)為蘭(lan)(lan)花(hua)鳴(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi),但(dan)語氣(qi)卑弱,較之(zhi)(zhi)前首詠(yong)(yong)(yong)蘭(lan)(lan)的溫柔(rou)敦厚格調(diao)看更多些委婉曲折之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)。就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)詠(yong)(yong)(yong)物托志這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)點(dian)說,李白這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)首詠(yong)(yong)(yong)蘭(lan)(lan)的古風(feng)堪稱(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鮮(xian)明個性特點(dian)的有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)寄托的詠(yong)(yong)(yong)物之(zhi)(zhi)作。