芒果视频

基本介紹

特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)是(shi)發(fa)現于亞(ya)洲地區的(de)(de)大型暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)類，在(zai)外形(xing)上與(yu)北(bei)美洲的(de)(de)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)非常相似(si)，是(shi)當(dang)時生(sheng)態系統中(zhong)的(de)(de)頂級捕食者(zhe)。特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)型比霸王龍(long)(long)(long)和諸城(cheng)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)略小，但(dan)明顯(xian)大于其它(ta)的(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)類，其頭骨(gu)的(de)(de)最(zui)大長度可達1.3米。特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)化石主要發(fa)現于蒙古，但(dan)是(shi)也有一(yi)些證(zheng)據表明這種(zhong)(zhong)巨型掠食者(zhe)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)內蒙古以(yi)及(ji)新疆等地區都(dou)有分(fen)布。如同它(ta)在(zai)北(bei)美洲的(de)(de)近親(qin)一(yi)樣，特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)標本量也非常巨大。截止到目前(qian)為止，古生(sheng)物(wu)學家至少(shao)已經找到了約(yue)30個(ge)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)標本，這其中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)乏保存精美的(de)(de)頭骨(gu)化石。在(zai)亞(ya)洲恐龍(long)(long)(long)古生(sheng)物(wu)學發(fa)展的(de)(de)早期階段(duan)，特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)不(bu)(bu)同發(fa)育階段(duan)的(de)(de)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)曾(ceng)經被(bei)當(dang)成過(guo)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)過(guo)在(zai)近期的(de)(de)研究中(zhong)這些錯誤都(dou)被(bei)一(yi)一(yi)糾正(zheng)。

命名由來

特(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)的(de)屬(shu)名意(yi)(yi)為“可怕的(de)蜥蜴”，種(zhong)名意(yi)(yi)為“勇(yong)士”。特(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)的(de)正型(xing)標本最(zui)初并(bing)沒(mei)有被(bei)歸(gui)(gui)入到(dao)(dao)特(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)屬(shu)，而是(shi)被(bei)歸(gui)(gui)入到(dao)(dao)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)屬(shu)，并(bing)命名為“Tyrannosaurus bataar”，另外三個早(zao)期的(de)歸(gui)(gui)入標本中有兩(liang)個被(bei)歸(gui)(gui)入了蛇發(fa)(fa)女怪龍(long)屬(shu)。直(zhi)到(dao)(dao)1965年蘇(su)聯古(gu)生物學家阿納托利·康斯(si)坦(tan)丁諾維(wei)奇·羅(luo)特(te)杰斯(si)特(te)文(wen)斯(si)基才(cai)發(fa)(fa)現馬列夫命名的(de)這4件標本是(shi)同一物種(zhong)不同發(fa)(fa)育階(jie)段的(de)個體，隨后它們才(cai)被(bei)并(bing)入勇(yong)士特(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)。

基本信息和形態學

正型標(biao)本：PIN 551-1保存了一部分頭(tou)骨和頸椎。最早被(bei)歸入(ru)暴龍屬，后歸入(ru)特暴龍屬。

此外蘭(lan)平暴(bao)龍(long)（Tyrannosaurus lanpingensis），吐魯番暴(bao)龍(long)（Tyrannosaurus turpanensis），Albertosaurus periculosus目前都被認為是屬于勇士特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)的(de)不同個體發育階段。除此之外，在蒙古發現(xian)的(de)分支龍(long)曾經(jing)也(ye)被懷疑過是特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)的(de)幼年個體，不過近年來由于虔州龍(long)的(de)發現(xian)，分支龍(long)類(lei)的(de)有效性已經(jing)被學(xue)術界所接受。

特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)頭骨側(ce)視與(yu)霸(ba)王龍(long)非常(chang)相似。兩者都具(ju)有(you)背腹向加(jia)深(shen)的(de)(de)頭骨，且具(ju)有(you)粗壯的(de)(de)下(xia)頜(he)。從(cong)背視可以看出兩種恐龍(long)的(de)(de)頭骨整(zheng)體輪廓的(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)，霸(ba)王龍(long)的(de)(de)后(hou)端向外側(ce)極度的(de)(de)擴(kuo)展，使得雙(shuang)眼視覺范圍(wei)具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)重疊(die)。雖(sui)然特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)頭骨后(hou)端也(ye)有(you)一定程(cheng)度的(de)(de)向外擴(kuo)展，但(dan)是(shi)與(yu)霸(ba)王龍(long)有(you)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)差(cha)距。同(tong)時特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)吻(wen)端明顯(xian)比霸(ba)王龍(long)更窄。霸(ba)王龍(long)的(de)(de)前頜(he)骨和上頜(he)骨相接的(de)(de)骨縫(feng)上有(you)一個(ge)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)開孔暴露在頭骨的(de)(de)外側(ce)面(mian)，而這一開孔在特(te)暴龍(long)頭骨的(de)(de)外側(ce)面(mian)幾乎沒有(you)。

特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)頜骨(gu)(gu)升(sheng)突(tu)粗狀發達(da)，霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)較為纖細。兩種恐龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)腹外(wai)側(ce)緣都具(ju)有(you)與上(shang)(shang)頜骨(gu)(gu)相(xiang)關(guan)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)溝，并幾乎前后(hou)向(xiang)延(yan)伸至(zhi)鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)個長(chang)度。但(dan)特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節(jie)面具(ju)有(you)很多脊，使鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)與上(shang)(shang)頜骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節(jie)更緊(jin)密，而霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)上(shang)(shang)頜骨(gu)(gu)關(guan)節(jie)更簡單。相(xiang)反的(de)(de)(de)是，霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)與淚骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節(jie)十分復雜且非常緊(jin)密，而特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)與淚骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節(jie)則較為簡單。此(ci)外(wai)，霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)比特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)更加寬大。

霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)淚骨(gu)(gu)背緣較(jiao)特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)有(you)更(geng)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)膨大。特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)淚骨(gu)(gu)降支(zhi)較(jiao)為中(zhong)空，而霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)淚骨(gu)(gu)降支(zhi)幾乎是實心的(de)(de)(de)(de)。特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)淚骨(gu)(gu)前(qian)(qian)突(tu)與霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相比(bi)更(geng)為細(xi)長，且前(qian)(qian)突(tu)關(guan)(guan)節面(mian)沒有(you)分支(zhi)。霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)淚骨(gu)(gu)前(qian)(qian)突(tu)關(guan)(guan)節面(mian)具有(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)分叉。淚骨(gu)(gu)前(qian)(qian)突(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)側(ce)面(mian)中(zhong)段(duan)具有(you)一(yi)個(ge)容納血管的(de)(de)(de)(de)開孔(kong)，這一(yi)開孔(kong)在霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)淚骨(gu)(gu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置更(geng)靠前(qian)(qian)。

鱗骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)降支與方顴(quan)(quan)骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)上(shang)支具有很大的(de)(de)接觸(chu)面積(ji)，與艾伯塔龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)蛇發(fa)女(nv)怪(guai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不(bu)同，而(er)與霸(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)非常相似。在(zai)(zai)腹(fu)(fu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)視(shi)，特(te)(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)顴(quan)(quan)骨(gu)(gu)不(bu)如(ru)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)那樣很明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)外(wai)翻。特(te)(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)顴(quan)(quan)骨(gu)(gu)升突外(wai)側(ce)(ce)(ce)面都具有一(yi)不(bu)甚明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)凹(ao)(ao)陷，但是霸(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)這(zhe)一(yi)凹(ao)(ao)陷明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)小于特(te)(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)。兩(liang)者的(de)(de)顴(quan)(quan)骨(gu)(gu)后(hou)突都具有二分支的(de)(de)結構(gou)，區別(bie)在(zai)(zai)于特(te)(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)顴(quan)(quan)骨(gu)(gu)后(hou)突腹(fu)(fu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)支的(de)(de)厚度不(bu)均勻，其腹(fu)(fu)緣較(jiao)厚，向背緣發(fa)展的(de)(de)過程中逐(zhu)漸變薄，而(er)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)顴(quan)(quan)骨(gu)(gu)后(hou)突腹(fu)(fu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)支的(de)(de)厚度更(geng)為(wei)均一(yi)，且(qie)外(wai)側(ce)(ce)(ce)面更(geng)為(wei)明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)隆(long)起。特(te)(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)方顴(quan)(quan)骨(gu)(gu)柄明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)比(bi)(bi)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)更(geng)加(jia)纖弱(ruo)。霸(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)方顴(quan)(quan)骨(gu)(gu)前突比(bi)(bi)特(te)(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)更(geng)為(wei)寬大，能夠(gou)覆蓋住顴(quan)(quan)骨(gu)(gu)后(hou)突的(de)(de)大部分面積(ji)，且(qie)內側(ce)(ce)(ce)面具有一(yi)個很大的(de)(de)凹(ao)(ao)陷。特(te)(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)顎骨(gu)(gu)上(shang)的(de)(de)內鼻孔邊緣發(fa)育的(de)(de)很明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)，而(er)這(zhe)一(yi)特(te)(te)(te)征在(zai)(zai)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)顎骨(gu)(gu)上(shang)相對較(jiao)弱(ruo)。特(te)(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)外(wai)翼(yi)骨(gu)(gu)上(shang)的(de)(de)氣孔比(bi)(bi)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)更(geng)小。

特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)犁骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)前(qian)(qian)突(tu)向(xiang)前(qian)(qian)極度延伸，與前(qian)(qian)頜骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顎突(tu)相接，而(er)這(zhe)一(yi)特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)在霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)中不明(ming)顯。特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)和霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)翼(yi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大區別在于(yu)顎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)關節面的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)邊緣。霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)翼(yi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)突(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)邊緣是(shi)一(yi)條斜線，而(er)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)翼(yi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)顎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)突(tu)前(qian)(qian)邊緣向(xiang)前(qian)(qian)突(tu)出。特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上枕骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)外向(xiang)寬度小于(yu)枕髁，而(er)霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上枕骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)更寬。從側(ce)面看，特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)吻端比(bi)霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)更加尖細一(yi)點。霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)夾板骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)腹緣相較于(yu)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)有更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)傾斜角度，并(bing)且夾板骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)端位(wei)于(yu)更高的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置。特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上隅(yu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)孔較霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要發達。霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)和特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成體上頜骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)齒和齒骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)齒的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量不一(yi)樣。

歸(gui)入(ru)(ru)標本(ben)：PIN 551-2是(shi)一具(ju)接近完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)骨架。最(zui)早被歸(gui)入(ru)(ru)到(dao)特暴(bao)龍(long)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)歸(gui)入(ru)(ru)種埃(ai)夫雷莫夫特暴(bao)龍(long)(Tarbosaurus efremovi)。現已歸(gui)入(ru)(ru)到(dao)勇士(shi)(shi)特暴(bao)龍(long)，且勇士(shi)(shi)特暴(bao)龍(long)是(shi)特暴(bao)龍(long)屬(shu)(shu)下的(de)唯一有效種。

歸(gui)入(ru)標(biao)本：PIN 553-1保(bao)存了頭(tou)骨(gu)，背椎(zhui)和(he)尾椎(zhui)，掌骨(gu)和(he)跖骨(gu)。最開始被歸(gui)入(ru)到(dao)蛇發(fa)女怪龍屬。現已歸(gui)入(ru)勇士特暴龍。

歸(gui)入標本(ben)：PIN 552-2保存了頭(tou)骨和頭(tou)后(hou)骨骼(ge)。最開始(shi)被歸(gui)入到蛇發女怪(guai)龍(long)(long)屬。現已(yi)歸(gui)入勇士特暴龍(long)(long)。

歸(gui)入標(biao)本：MPC-D 107/7是一件(jian)幼(you)年的(de)標(biao)本，關聯保存。除了缺少頸椎(zhui)，前部背椎(zhui)和末端(duan)尾椎(zhui)，其它骨頭基本都有保存。

歸入標本(ben)：ZPAL MgD-I/3幾乎(hu)完(wan)整的(de)中等體型的(de)個(ge)體。保存了(le)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)，頸(jing)椎和(he)背椎，10節近端尾椎，完(wan)整的(de)腸(chang)骨(gu)(gu)，恥骨(gu)(gu)和(he)坐骨(gu)(gu)，肋骨(gu)(gu)和(he)腹膜肋，完(wan)整的(de)肩胛骨(gu)(gu)，烏喙(hui)骨(gu)(gu)，左(zuo)側的(de)前肢(zhi)，不完(wan)整保存的(de)右側后肢(zhi)。

歸入標本(ben)：ZPAL Mgd-I/4部分(fen)保(bao)存的(de)大型個體。保(bao)存了(le)左(zuo)側(ce)后肢，腸骨，13節椎體。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/5不完整保(bao)存的大(da)型骨(gu)架。保(bao)存了左(zuo)側(ce)(ce)上(shang)頜骨(gu)，左(zuo)側(ce)(ce)方骨(gu)，左(zuo)側(ce)(ce)的下頜和右側(ce)(ce)的下頜碎片，11節左(zuo)側(ce)(ce)肋骨(gu)的碎片，恥骨(gu)碎片，坐骨(gu)，腸(chang)骨(gu)碎片，左(zuo)側(ce)(ce)后肢和右側(ce)(ce)跖骨(gu)，和很多碎屑。

歸(gui)入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/26不(bu)完整保存(cun)的(de)上頜骨和一部分保存(cun)下來的(de)牙齒。

歸入標本(ben)：ZPAL Mgd-I/29不完整(zheng)的(de)大型骨(gu)(gu)(gu)架。保存了(le)頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和較為完整(zheng)的(de)齒列。頭后骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼保存了(le)6節頸椎(zhui)，5節薦椎(zhui)，22節尾(wei)椎(zhui)，11節右側(ce)(ce)肋骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，腸骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，不完整(zheng)的(de)恥(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和近(jin)端(duan)(duan)坐(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，左(zuo)側(ce)(ce)肱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，尺骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和橈(rao)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)遠端(duan)(duan)，第(di)一手指(zhi)，幾乎完整(zheng)的(de)右側(ce)(ce)后肢。

歸(gui)入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/31右側上頜骨的近端。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/34頭(tou)骨右側的碎片。

歸入(ru)標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/38不完全保存的(de)(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)，12節肋骨(gu)，右側(ce)(ce)股骨(gu)的(de)(de)遠(yuan)端。右側(ce)(ce)脛骨(gu)的(de)(de)遠(yuan)端，右側(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)3-4跖骨(gu)，第4趾的(de)(de)近端趾節骨(gu)。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/44頭骨的右側。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/45頭骨碎(sui)片(pian)。

歸(gui)入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/46右側下(xia)頜(he)碎(sui)片和(he)其(qi)它7塊頭骨碎(sui)片，和(he)兩節斷掉的背椎肋骨。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/52左側(ce)下頜齒骨。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/67右側顴骨。

歸(gui)入標本(ben)：ZPAL Mgd-I/93頭骨腦顱。

歸(gui)入(ru)標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/109大的帶有圍(wei)巖的頭骨。

歸(gui)入(ru)標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/178頭骨的碎(sui)片，脊(ji)椎骨和股骨。

歸入標本：GIN 100/61頭骨碎片和頭后骨骼。

歸入標本(ben)：GIN 100/62頭骨碎(sui)片和頭后骨骼。

歸入標(biao)本：GIN 100/65頭骨的右半部分。

歸入標(biao)本(ben)：GIN 100/67頭骨的碎片，腦顱。

歸入(ru)標本(ben)：GIN 100/69枕區。

歸(gui)入標本(ben)：GIN 100/70頭骨碎片(pian)和椎體。

歸入標本：GIN 107/2完整的骨架。

歸入標本(ben)：GIN 107/3頭骨。

歸(gui)(gui)入標本：PIN 551-3骨(gu)架，保存(cun)狀況未描述。最早被歸(gui)(gui)入到特(te)暴龍(long)屬(shu)的歸(gui)(gui)入種埃夫雷莫(mo)夫特(te)暴龍(long)。現已歸(gui)(gui)入到勇(yong)士特(te)暴龍(long)。

歸入標本：PIN 551-4骨(gu)架，保存(cun)狀況未描述(shu)。最早(zao)被歸入到特(te)暴龍屬的歸入種埃夫(fu)雷莫夫(fu)特(te)暴龍。現已歸入到勇(yong)士(shi)特(te)暴龍。

歸入標本：PIN 551-91右側(ce)上(shang)頜骨。最早被歸入到特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)屬的歸入種埃夫雷(lei)莫夫特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)。現(xian)已歸入到勇士特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)。

歸(gui)入標本：PIN 552-1目前(qian)僅(jin)有復制品(pin)保存。最早被歸(gui)入到(dao)特暴龍屬的歸(gui)入種埃夫雷莫夫特暴龍。現已(yi)歸(gui)入到(dao)勇(yong)士(shi)特暴龍。

歸(gui)入(ru)標本：PIN 553-2保存狀況未(wei)描(miao)述。早被(bei)歸(gui)入(ru)到特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)屬的歸(gui)入(ru)種埃夫雷(lei)莫夫特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)。現(xian)已(yi)歸(gui)入(ru)到勇士特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)。

歸入標本：IVPP V 4878火(huo)焰山鄯善(shan)龍（Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis）的正型標本，發現于(yu)中國新疆，現在認為(wei)可(ke)能是特暴龍的幼體。保存(cun)了(le)上頜骨(gu)，下頜大部分骨(gu)塊，多(duo)節頸椎(zhui)，背椎(zhui)和(he)薦椎(zhui)，肩帶(dai)骨(gu)骼，肱骨(gu)，恥骨(gu)遠(yuan)端(duan)(duan)，股(gu)骨(gu)和(he)脛骨(gu)近端(duan)(duan)。

歸入標(biao)本(ben)：IVPP V 4733欒川暴龍（Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis）的(de)正型標(biao)本(ben)，為5顆牙齒，現認為也可能屬(shu)于特暴龍。

歸入標本(ben)：IVPP V 836為破(po)碎金剛口龍(long)（Chingkankousaurus fragilis）的正型標本(ben)，為一節(jie)不完整的肩胛骨標本(ben)。布魯薩特(te)等(deng)人認(ren)為很有可能是特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)，但(dan)不太確定(ding)。

系統發育位置

特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)同霸王龍(long)(long)一樣(yang)，是暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)超科中(zhong)最進步(bu)的(de)(de)成員。大多數的(de)(de)系統(tong)發育分析(xi)都支(zhi)持霸王龍(long)(long)和特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)構(gou)成一個姐妹(mei)群，諸城暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)作為(wei)兩者所構(gou)成單系的(de)(de)姐妹(mei)群。也有一些分析(xi)認(ren)為(wei)特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)與諸城暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)親緣(yuan)關(guan)系更(geng)近(jin)。

體型大小

如果不考慮標(biao)本(ben)量很少且(qie)質(zhi)量很差(cha)的(de)諸城暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)，特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)體(ti)型(xing)基本(ben)穩坐暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)第二把交(jiao)椅。最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)頭骨(gu)長(chang)度(du)達(da)到1.3米，這一大(da)(da)小顯著的(de)大(da)(da)于其它的(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)類(lei)，并基本(ben)達(da)到了(le)個別霸王龍(long)(long)成年標(biao)本(ben)的(de)頭骨(gu)長(chang)度(du)。目前最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)標(biao)本(ben)體(ti)長(chang)是肯定(ding)能超過10米的(de)。特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)體(ti)重一般估(gu)計在(zai)4噸(dun)左右。

頭骨生物力學

通過(guo)(guo)仔細對比(bi)霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)及其它北美暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)亞科(ke)(ke)成員的(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)各(ge)個骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)塊骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)縫與(yu)(yu)(yu)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)可以(yi)發(fa)現霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)與(yu)(yu)(yu)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)具有(you)不太(tai)一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)生物力學結構(gou)。大型暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)類(lei)都具有(you)毀滅性的(de)(de)(de)咬(yao)合力，而(er)它們的(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也必須在(zai)撕(si)咬(yao)獵(lie)物的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)承(cheng)受同樣巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)反作(zuo)(zuo)用力。北美洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)亞科(ke)(ke)主(zhu)要通過(guo)(guo)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)-鼻骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)-淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)-額(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)/前(qian)額(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)緊密關(guan)節(jie)(jie)構(gou)成來承(cheng)受撕(si)咬(yao)獵(lie)物過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)產生的(de)(de)(de)反作(zuo)(zuo)用力。其中(zhong)，鼻骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)構(gou)成了(le)非(fei)常(chang)強的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節(jie)(jie)，且這(zhe)一(yi)特(te)(te)征普遍存在(zai)于(yu)北美的(de)(de)(de)大型暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)亞科(ke)(ke)中(zhong)。對于(yu)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究顯(xian)示，與(yu)(yu)(yu)北美洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)親戚(qi)們相比(bi)，特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)前(qian)突(tu)(tu)向下偏(pian)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)更(geng)多，并且擁有(you)比(bi)北美洲(zhou)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)類(lei)更(geng)為強壯的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)升(sheng)突(tu)(tu)，使得這(zhe)兩(liang)個塊骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)頭通過(guo)(guo)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節(jie)(jie)面緊密關(guan)節(jie)(jie)在(zai)一(yi)起。同時(shi)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)額(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也有(you)非(fei)常(chang)緊密的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節(jie)(jie)。非(fei)常(chang)強大的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)-淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)關(guan)節(jie)(jie)也見于(yu)異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)和中(zhong)華(hua)盜(dao)龍(long)(long)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)大型異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)類(lei)中(zhong)。

對(dui)于異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)限元(yuan)分析顯示，異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在攻擊獵(lie)物時(shi)，頭骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)頜骨(gu)-淚(lei)骨(gu)關節處會承受非(fei)常(chang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反作用力。另外一(yi)(yi)點區(qu)別是，北美洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類下頜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)骨(gu)和后面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)塊具有(you)較(jiao)為靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關節，使得它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下頜可以一(yi)(yi)定程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內外擴展和收縮，而(er)特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)沒(mei)有(you)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關節，使得它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下頜更為一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)。造成這些區(qu)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因主要(yao)是亞(ya)洲暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類和北美洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類所(suo)面(mian)對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獵(lie)物不太一(yi)(yi)樣。晚白堊世北美洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類主要(yao)捕食角龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類和鴨嘴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類，而(er)亞(ya)洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類則有(you)更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會捕獵(lie)大(da)(da)型蜥腳(jiao)類恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，比如泰坦巨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類。目前(qian)還未有(you)研究使用模型化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)精確(que)計(ji)算過特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咬合力，但(dan)定性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比較(jiao)認(ren)為，特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與其它大(da)(da)型暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類一(yi)(yi)樣擁有(you)非(fei)常(chang)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咬合力。

腳印和皮膚印痕

菲利普(pu).柯瑞等人在2003年的一(yi)項(xiang)研究中報道了2個(ge)可能屬于特暴(bao)龍(long)的腳(jiao)印。這(zhe)些腳(jiao)印非常巨大(da)，有61厘米(mi)長(chang)，保(bao)存了第三趾爪(zhua)在地(di)上(shang)留(liu)下(xia)的痕(hen)跡。同時(shi)放(fang)大(da)觀察腳(jiao)印還可以看(kan)到里(li)面的皮(pi)膚印痕(hen)。皮(pi)膚印痕(hen)中的每個(ge)鱗(lin)片(pian)(pian)大(da)約(yue)有2毫米(mi)寬。另外一(yi)件(jian)特暴(bao)龍(long)的骨架上(shang)也發現(xian)了皮(pi)膚印痕(hen)。皮(pi)膚印痕(hen)保(bao)留(liu)在接近咽(yan)喉的位置(zhi)，鱗(lin)片(pian)(pian)的寬度約(yue)為2.4毫米(mi)。遺憾的是這(zhe)件(jian)標本已經被破壞，無法對其進行更深入的研究。

腦結構

一件(jian)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標本保存了(le)(le)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)顱腔。通過制作顱內(nei)模(mo)可(ke)以了(le)(le)解(jie)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)結構。特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)結構與霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)十分相似，其主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區別僅存在于(yu)個(ge)別腦(nao)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)基部的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置，如(ru)(ru)三叉神(shen)經(jing)(jing)和(he)副神(shen)經(jing)(jing)。一只(zhi)12米(mi)(mi)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)體積約為184立(li)方(fang)厘米(mi)(mi)。特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)一樣擁有(you)非常大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嗅(xiu)葉，這說(shuo)明(ming)它們有(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)嗅(xiu)覺(jue)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)它們也(ye)具有(you)發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)犁(li)鼻(bi)器用于(yu)探(tan)測荷爾蒙，這說(shuo)明(ming)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)可(ke)能(neng)擁有(you)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)交配行為。特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聽神(shen)經(jing)(jing)也(ye)很發達，說(shuo)明(ming)它們有(you)較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)聽力。特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中腦(nao)頂部（midbrain tectum）不甚(shen)發達，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)動眼(yan)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)和(he)視(shi)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)也(ye)是如(ru)(ru)此。在頭骨的(de)(de)(de)(de)宏觀形態形態上，特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭骨后端向(xiang)外側擴(kuo)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)較少，其雙眼(yan)視(shi)覺(jue)疊(die)加范(fan)圍不如(ru)(ru)霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。因此特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在生活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候對嗅(xiu)覺(jue)和(he)聽覺(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)依賴要(yao)遠大(da)于(yu)對視(shi)覺(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)依賴。

個體發育

同北美的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)類一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣，特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)在生長發(fa)(fa)育過程中也(ye)伴隨著一(yi)(yi)(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)形態(tai)變化。目前發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)多數(shu)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)標本(ben)屬于(yu)(yu)亞(ya)成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)或成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)，只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)很少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)年(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)。2011年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)體(ti)(ti)標本(ben)使得古生物(wu)學家對于(yu)(yu)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)年(nian)(nian)時期有(you)(you)了更(geng)多了解。這(zhe)只(zhi)(zhi)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)體(ti)(ti)在死亡的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)大(da)約只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)2-3歲(sui)。與(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)相(xiang)比，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)較(jiao)為脆弱，牙(ya)齒(chi)也(ye)不(bu)夠強壯(zhuang)，說明(ming)(ming)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)獵物(wu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)體(ti)(ti)有(you)(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同。與(yu)(yu)(yu)霸王龍(long)(long)和懼龍(long)(long)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，這(zhe)件幼(you)(you)(you)(you)年(nian)(nian)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)標本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)骨(gu)齒(chi)和上頜骨(gu)齒(chi)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量與(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量一(yi)(yi)(yi)致，說明(ming)(ming)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)在個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)育的(de)(de)(de)過程中不(bu)存在牙(ya)齒(chi)數(shu)量變化的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)區別是(shi)否廣泛存在與(yu)(yu)(yu)亞(ya)洲(zhou)(zhou)和北美洲(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)其它暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)亞(ya)科物(wu)種還需(xu)(xu)要(yao)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步檢驗。對于(yu)(yu)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)體(ti)(ti)鞏膜環(huan)的(de)(de)(de)研究表(biao)(biao)明(ming)(ming)，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)體(ti)(ti)可能(neng)具有(you)(you)夜(ye)行的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)性。成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)是(shi)否具有(you)(you)夜(ye)行習(xi)性還需(xu)(xu)要(yao)更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)化石證據支持。

古生態學

特暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)其所處生態系(xi)統中最大的(de)捕(bu)食(shi)者，與其共存的(de)植食(shi)性恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)包括蜥腳類(lei)的(de)耐(nai)梅蓋(gai)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)后凹尾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，甲(jia)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)美(mei)甲(jia)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，腫頭(tou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)傾頭(tou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，鴨嘴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)櫛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)巴(ba)(ba)思缽(bo)氏龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，屬(shu)于(yu)鐮刀(dao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)鐮刀(dao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，屬(shu)于(yu)似(si)(si)鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)似(si)(si)鵝龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，似(si)(si)雞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)體型巨大的(de)恐手龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。肉食(shi)性恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)則包括同屬(shu)于(yu)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科的(de)分支(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，屬(shu)于(yu)傷齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)無(wu)聊龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，鴕鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)扎納巴(ba)(ba)扎爾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，屬(shu)于(yu)竊蛋龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)單足龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，耐(nai)梅蓋(gai)特母(mu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)瑞欽龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。

影視作品

特(te)暴龍(long)曾登(deng)場于BBC的紀錄片《恐龍(long)兇面目》以(yi)及《與龍(long)同行特(te)輯：尋爪記》。近期它又在紀錄片《史前星球》中登(deng)場。

在電影方面，特暴龍登場(chang)于韓國的(de)動畫(hua)電影《韓半島的(de)恐(kong)龍》以及國產恐(kong)龍動畫(hua)電影《恐(kong)龍王(wang)》。

常見種類

物種分類

特暴龍位于食物鏈的頂端，是(shi)一種(zhong)頂級(ji)掠食動(dong)物。特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)在(zai)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)科中的(de)(de)分類位置仍未確定。以前(qian)，有些(xie)科學家認為勇士(shi)特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)其實是(shi)北美(mei)洲暴(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)亞洲種(zhong)。如果屬(shu)實，將使(shi)(shi)特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)成(cheng)為無效的(de)(de)分類。即(ji)使(shi)(shi)特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)與暴(bao)龍(long)(long)不是(shi)同種(zhong)動(dong)物，它(ta)們(men)被(bei)認為有接近(jin)的(de)(de)親(qin)緣關系。有些(xie)科學家認為，同樣發現于(yu)蒙古的(de)(de)分支龍(long)(long)，是(shi)特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)近(jin)親(qin)。

特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)化石記(ji)錄保存良(liang)好，已有數十個標本，包含(han)至少5個完整的(de)頭顱骨與骨骸。這些化石讓科學(xue)(xue)家(jia)得以(yi)(yi)研(yan)究它們的(de)種系發生學(xue)(xue)、頭部(bu)力學(xue)(xue)、以(yi)(yi)及腦部(bu)結(jie)構。

特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)屬于暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)亞科(ke)。該亞科(ke)還包含較(jiao)早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)懼龍(long)、較(jiao)晚期的(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)，都(dou)發(fa)現于北美(mei)洲，可能還有蒙古的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)支龍(long)。暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)亞科(ke)包含親緣(yuan)關系(xi)較(jiao)接近暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)，而(er)離艾伯塔(ta)龍(long)較(jiao)遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)物種;與艾伯塔(ta)龍(long)亞科(ke)相比，暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)亞科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體格較(jiao)重(zhong)型，頭顱(lu)骨的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)較(jiao)大，以(yi)及較(jiao)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)股骨。

勇士特暴龍最初被視為暴龍的一個種，某些近年的分類也支持這個說法(fa)。其他的(de)(de)(de)科學家則將它們(men)列為獨(du)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)屬，并為暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)姐妹(mei)分(fen)類單元。在(zai)2003年，一個(ge)親緣分(fen)支分(fen)類法(fa)研究提(ti)出分(fen)支龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)近親，因為它們(men)具有其他暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)科沒有的(de)(de)(de)頭部特(te)(te)征。如果屬實，將排除特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)異名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)性，并顯示暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)科在(zai)北美(mei)洲(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)亞(ya)洲(zhou)(zhou)演(yan)化出個(ge)別的(de)(de)(de)支系。分(fen)支龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)唯一標本具有幼(you)年體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征，但牙齒數(shu)量(liang)較(jiao)多，約76到78顆，而(er)且口鼻部上面有獨(du)特(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)低矮骨(gu)質瘤，因此并非特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)年體(ti)。

生長與分布

分布范圍

特(te)暴龍過去生(sheng)存于潮濕(shi)的泛濫平(ping)原，布滿者河道。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的分布包括黑(hei)(hei)龍江，河南，山東，廣東，云(yun)南，內蒙古等地，國(guo)外主要是蒙古。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)黑(hei)(hei)龍江，河南，山東，廣東的所謂中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)"暴龍"其實都是特(te)暴龍。

形態及特征

體型

特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)是最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)的暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)科(ke)動物(wu)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，但(dan)略小于暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)。已知最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)的個體身(shen)長(chang)12米，頭部離地面約(yue)4.2米。一(yi)(yi)般體重(zhong)3噸(dun)到5噸(dun)，最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)的化石體重(zhong)可達到7.5噸(dun)。如同(tong)大(da)(da)(da)部分已知的暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)科(ke)恐龍(long)(long)(long)，特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)是種(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)、二(er)足掠食動物(wu)，重(zhong)達數(shu)噸(dun)，擁(yong)有(you)(you)數(shu)十顆(ke)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)、銳利的牙齒。特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的下頜(he)有(you)(you)特殊的接合構造。另外，就前肢/身(shen)體比例而(er)言(yan)，特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)擁(yong)有(you)(you)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)科(ke)中最(zui)小型(xing)的前肢。特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)是種(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)、二(er)足掠食動物(wu)，重(zhong)達數(shu)噸(dun)。特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)唯一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)個有(you)(you)效種(zhong)的體型(xing):勇士特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)Tarbosaurus bataar 8-12米。

軀體

暴龍(long)科的(de)身體(ti)外形差異不大。特暴龍(long)的(de)頸部為S狀彎曲，其余的(de)脊(ji)柱，包含(han)尾巴(ba)，與(yu)地面保持(chi)者水平的(de)姿(zi)態(tai)。

就前(qian)肢(zhi)/身體比(bi)例而言，特暴(bao)龍擁有(you)(you)暴(bao)龍科中最小型的(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)。有(you)(you)兩根(gen)迷(mi)你(ni)的(de)(de)手指。后肢(zhi)長(chang)而粗厚，將(jiang)身體支撐為二足(zu)的(de)(de)步態，上有(you)(you)三(san)根(gen)腳趾。長(chang)而重的(de)(de)尾巴可以平(ping)衡(heng)頭部與胸(xiong)部的(de)(de)重量，將(jiang)重心(xin)保(bao)持(chi)在臀部。

頭部

在2003年，特(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)首次經過完整的(de)研(yan)究。科學家們發現特(te)暴(bao)龍與(yu)(yu)北美(mei)洲(zhou)暴(bao)龍科之間(jian)有(you)幾(ji)個顯著的(de)差異。這些(xie)差異與(yu)(yu)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)在咬(yao)合時，力(li)(li)(li)量(liang)的(de)傳(chuan)遞(di)有(you)關。當特(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)上(shang)(shang)頜(he)咬(yao)住物(wu)體(ti)時，力(li)(li)(li)量(liang)從上(shang)(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)傳(chuan)遞(di)到(dao)(dao)上(shang)(shang)頜(he)周(zhou)遭的(de)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)。而北美(mei)洲(zhou)暴(bao)龍科咬(yao)合時，力(li)(li)(li)量(liang)從上(shang)(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)傳(chuan)遞(di)到(dao)(dao)口(kou)鼻(bi)部(bu)上(shang)(shang)方(fang)的(de)固定鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，然(ran)后再經由(you)鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)(yu)淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)間(jian)的(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)質連結，傳(chuan)遞(di)到(dao)(dao)淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)。

特暴龍(long)的(de)(de)鼻骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)淚(lei)(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)間(jian)缺乏骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質的(de)(de)連結。但上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)后(hou)方(fang)有個大型(xing)突起，楔合(he)入(ru)淚(lei)(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)內;而北(bei)美洲暴龍(long)的(de)(de)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)突很(hen)小。這個特征顯(xian)示，咬(yao)合(he)的(de)(de)力量從特暴龍(long)的(de)(de)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)直接傳遞到淚(lei)(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。而淚(lei)(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、前額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)間(jian)更為牢固。由(you)于(yu)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、淚(lei)(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、前額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)間(jian)牢牢地固定者，使(shi)得上(shang)頜(he)非常堅固。

另一個主(zhu)要的(de)(de)差別則是堅固的(de)(de)下頜。許多獸腳類恐龍，包括北美洲暴龍科在內，下頜的(de)(de)齒骨與后面骨頭間有(you)靈活(huo)的(de)(de)關節。特(te)暴龍的(de)(de)隅骨側邊棱脊連接者齒骨后方的(de)(de)方形(xing)突(tu)，使它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)下頜無法靈活(huo)外(wai)內扳動。

有(you)些科(ke)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)提出(chu)假(jia)設，認(ren)為特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)堅硬頭部是(shi)種適應演(yan)化(hua)，用來獵殺(sha)耐梅(mei)蓋特(te)組(zu)的(de)(de)大型(xing)蜥腳類恐龍(long)，泰坦巨(ju)(ju)龍(long)類，因為晚白堊紀(ji)的(de)(de)北美洲并沒有(you)如(ru)此巨(ju)(ju)大的(de)(de)恐龍(long)存在。這種頭部力(li)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)差異也(ye)影響(xiang)了暴(bao)龍(long)科(ke)的(de)(de)種系發(fa)生學(xue)(xue)。同樣發(fa)現于(yu)蒙古的(de)(de)分支龍(long)，也(ye)具有(you)類似(si)(si)特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)頭部力(li)學(xue)(xue)特(te)征，這顯(xian)示暴(bao)龍(long)并非特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)近親。特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)與暴(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)相似(si)(si)處可能導(dao)因于(yu)它們巨(ju)(ju)大的(de)(de)體型(xing)，是(shi)平行(xing)演(yan)化(hua)的(de)(de)結(jie)果。

腦部

一(yi)個(ge)(ge)在(zai)1948年(nian)發現(xian)的(de)顱骨，一(yi)度(du)被歸類于(yu)蛇(she)發女怪龍(long)的(de)G. lancinator，因為具(ju)有顱腔，有助于(yu)科(ke)學(xue)家了解特暴龍(long)的(de)腦(nao)(nao)部結構。在(zai)1965年(nian)，馬列夫制作(zuo)了一(yi)個(ge)(ge)石膏顱腔模型，并做了初步的(de)腦(nao)(nao)部形狀檢查。在(zai)2005年(nian)，謝爾蓋·薩伐黎耶夫(Sergei V. Saveliev)制作(zuo)了一(yi)個(ge)(ge)聚氨酯顱腔模型，并做了更詳細的(de)腦(nao)(nao)部結構與功能研(yan)究。

根(gen)據暴(bao)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)部結構研究，它(ta)們兩者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)部結構相似，只有(you)(you)某(mou)些(xie)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)根(gen)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置不一樣，包(bao)含(han)三叉神(shen)經(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)副(fu)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)。暴(bao)龍科的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)部較(jiao)類似鱷魚與(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)他(ta)爬蟲類，而較(jiao)不類似鳥類。特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)部體積為184立方厘米。腦(nao)(nao)(nao)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型嗅(xiu)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、末端神(shen)經(jing)(jing)、嗅(xiu)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)，顯示(shi)(shi)特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍具有(you)(you)靈敏(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗅(xiu)覺(jue)，這(zhe)(zhe)點如同(tong)暴(bao)龍。犁鼻(bi)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)大型，而且與(yu)(yu)(yu)嗅(xiu)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)分離，顯示(shi)(shi)可以感應費洛(luo)蒙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)犁鼻(bi)器發(fa)展良(liang)好。這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)特(te)(te)征顯示(shi)(shi)特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍可能具有(you)(you)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)求偶行為。聽神(shen)經(jing)(jing)也很(hen)大，顯示(shi)(shi)它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聽力(li)很(hen)好，可能用在聲音的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝通(tong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)警告上。聽神(shen)經(jing)(jing)連(lian)接者發(fa)展良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)庭(ting)系統，顯示(shi)(shi)它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平衡感與(yu)(yu)(yu)協調性很(hen)好。相反(fan)地(di)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)視力(li)有(you)(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)部區域與(yu)(yu)(yu)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)較(jiao)小。爬蟲類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)頂蓋(gai)連(lian)接控制眼球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視神(shen)經(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)動(dong)(dong)眼神(shen)經(jing)(jing)，是用來處理(li)視力(li)訊息，但(dan)特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)頂蓋(gai)非常(chang)小。暴(bao)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眼睛(jing)朝前(qian)，因此具有(you)(you)一定程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立體視覺(jue);但(dan)特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顱骨(gu)狹(xia)窄(zhai)，眼睛(jing)朝向兩側，如同(tong)典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)龍科動(dong)(dong)物。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)特(te)(te)征顯示(shi)(shi)特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍較(jiao)依靠嗅(xiu)覺(jue)與(yu)(yu)(yu)聽覺(jue)，而非視覺(jue)。

顱骨

已知最(zui)大(da)型的(de)特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)長度超過1.3米，小(xiao)于暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)和諸城暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)以及懼(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)，但大(da)于其它的(de)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)科。如(ru)同暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)，特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)高大(da)，前段狹(xia)窄(zhai)。顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)后段擴張幅度不大(da)，意味(wei)著特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)所以不如(ru)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)擁有的(de)立體視覺(jue)好。

顱(lu)骨的大型洞(dong)孔(kong)可減輕重(zhong)量。特暴龍的下頜有(you)特殊(shu)的接合構造。

顎(e)部有(you)60到64顆牙(ya)齒(chi)，略少于暴(bao)龍(long)，但(dan)大于其它(ta)體型較小的(de)暴(bao)龍(long)科(ke)，例如(ru)蛇發女怪(guai)龍(long)與分(fen)(fen)支龍(long)。大部分(fen)(fen)的(de)牙(ya)齒(chi)橫剖面為(wei)橢圓形，而前上(shang)顎(e)骨的(de)牙(ya)齒(chi)橫剖面為(wei)D形。暴(bao)龍(long)科(ke)都具有(you)這種異型齒(chi)特征。上(shang)顎(e)骨的(de)牙(ya)齒(chi)最長，齒(chi)冠長達(da)85公厘。如(ru)同其它(ta)大型暴(bao)龍(long)科(ke)與現(xian)代的(de)科(ke)莫多龍(long)，特暴(bao)龍(long)的(de)幼年(nian)與近成(cheng)年(nian)個體的(de)身上(shang)發現(xian)過(guo)有(you)齒(chi)痕，符合(he)成(cheng)年(nian)個體或其它(ta)較小型獸腳(jiao)類恐龍(long)的(de)牙(ya)齒(chi)。

特暴龍與分支龍的下顎外側各(ge)有(you)一道棱脊，從隅骨延(yan)伸到齒骨后方，形成相(xiang)扣(kou)的結構。其它暴龍科動物缺乏這道棱脊，因此下顎更為靈(ling)活。

生活習性

特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)位于食(shi)物鏈的(de)頂(ding)(ding)端(duan)，是一種頂(ding)(ding)級(ji)掠(lve)食(shi)者，可能以大型恐龍(long)(long)(long)為食(shi)，例如鴨(ya)嘴龍(long)(long)(long)類的(de)櫛龍(long)(long)(long)，或是蜥腳類的(de)納摩蓋吐龍(long)(long)(long)。

成年特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)可能(neng)與其它(ta)小(xiao)型(xing)獸(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有少許(xu)競爭，例如(ru)傷齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科的(de)(de)無聊龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、鴕鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、蜥(xi)鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，以(yi)及偷蛋龍(long)(long)(long)(long)下目(mu)的(de)(de)單足(zu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、瑞欽龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，或(huo)者(zhe)還有小(xiao)掠(lve)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，一種有時(shi)被認為(wei)是(shi)基底暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)超科的(de)(de)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。其它(ta)的(de)(de)獸(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，包含:巨大的(de)(de)鐮(lian)(lian)刀龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、似(si)(si)鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)下目(mu)的(de)(de)似(si)(si)鵝龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、似(si)(si)雞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、恐(kong)手龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，鐮(lian)(lian)刀龍(long)(long)(long)(long)可能(neng)是(shi)草食性(xing)，而上述(shu)似(si)(si)鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)可能(neng)為(wei)雜食性(xing)，以(yi)小(xiao)型(xing)動物(wu)為(wei)食，不會(hui)跟特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)競爭食物(wu)。

病害防治

病征

在2001年，布(bu)魯斯·羅斯柴(chai)爾德(Bruce Rothschild)等人發表一份獸腳(jiao)類恐龍的(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)性骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折(zhe)與肌腱(jian)撕(si)裂(lie)(lie)傷(shang)研究(jiu)，并(bing)研究(jiu)它們的(de)(de)行為(wei)模式(shi)。壓(ya)力(li)性骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折(zhe)較常(chang)導因(yin)于(yu)(yu)習慣性動作，較少來自于(yu)(yu)外力(li)沖擊。他們研究(jiu)18個(ge)(ge)特(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)(de)腳(jiao)掌(zhang)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼，沒有(you)發現壓(ya)力(li)性骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折(zhe)的(de)(de)跡象(xiang);而在10個(ge)(ge)被研究(jiu)的(de)(de)手(shou)(shou)掌(zhang)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)頭中，其中一個(ge)(ge)手(shou)(shou)部(bu)(bu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)頭有(you)發現壓(ya)力(li)性骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折(zhe)的(de)(de)跡象(xiang)。腳(jiao)部(bu)(bu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)頭的(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)性骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折(zhe)，可(ke)以歸咎(jiu)于(yu)(yu)奔跑(pao)、長(chang)途遷徙(xi)。手(shou)(shou)部(bu)(bu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)頭的(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)性骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折(zhe)，極(ji)可(ke)能導因(yin)于(yu)(yu)捕(bu)抓獵物而受(shou)傷(shang)。這(zhe)些壓(ya)力(li)性骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折(zhe)、肌腱(jian)撕(si)裂(lie)(lie)傷(shang)跡象(xiang)，顯示(shi)特(te)暴(bao)龍常(chang)因(yin)為(wei)捕(bu)抓獵物而受(shou)傷(shang)，而非吞食尸體(ti)。

價值及其他

考古發掘

在1946年(nian)，一(yi)個蘇聯與蒙古挖掘團(tuan)隊在蒙古南戈壁省的(de)耐梅(mei)蓋(gai)特(te)組發現一(yi)個接近完整的(de)絕大(da)部(bu)分大(da)型頭(tou)顱骨與一(yi)些脊椎骨，屬于(yu)一(yi)個大(da)型的(de)獸腳類(lei)恐龍。

在1955年(nian)，蘇(su)聯古(gu)生物學家葉甫根尼(ni)·馬列夫(Evgeny Maleev)將這正模標本(ben)(PIN 551-1)建立為暴龍的一(yi)個種，勇士(shi)暴龍(Tyrannosaurus bataar)。種名баатар/baatar在蒙古(gu)語中意(yi)為"勇士(shi)"，但被(bei)誤拼(pin)為bataar。

同年，馬列夫(fu)(fu)將3個獸腳類的(de)化(hua)石敘述并命(ming)名(ming)，三者都是(shi)頭顱(lu)骨，外(wai)加部分身體(ti)，全是(shi)同一個挖(wa)掘團隊(dui)在1948到49年間發(fa)現(xian)的(de)。第(di)一個(編號(hao)PIN 551-2)被(bei)建立(li)為(wei)新屬，埃(ai)夫(fu)(fu)雷(lei)莫(mo)夫(fu)(fu)特暴龍(long)(T. efremovi)，ταρβο?/tarbos在希臘文(wen)文(wen)中意為(wei)"恐怖的(de)"、"敬畏(wei)的(de)"，而σαυρο?/saurus意為(wei)"蜥蜴(yi)"，種(zhong)名(ming)是(shi)以蘇(su)聯古生物學家兼(jian)科(ke)幻小說作者伊凡·埃(ai)夫(fu)(fu)雷(lei)莫(mo)夫(fu)(fu)(Ivan Yefremov)為(wei)名(ming)。另外(wai)兩個(編號(hao)PIN 553-1與(yu)PIN 552-2)被(bei)歸類于北(bei)美洲的(de)蛇發(fa)女怪龍(long)，G. lancinator與(yu)G. novojilovi。這(zhe)三個標本都小于1946年發(fa)現(xian)的(de)標本。

自從蘇聯與蒙古的挖掘團隊在40年(nian)代的挖掘過后，一個波蘭與蒙古的挖掘團隊再度回到戈壁沙漠(mo)挖掘，從1963年(nian)持(chi)續(xu)到1971年(nian)，發(fa)現了(le)許多新(xin)的化(hua)石，并(bing)在耐梅蓋特組(zu)發(fa)現了(le)特暴龍的新(xin)標(biao)本。

在(zai)1965年(nian)，蘇聯古生物學家阿納托利·康斯坦(tan)丁諾維奇·羅特杰斯特文斯基(Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky)認為馬列夫所發現的(de)標本，其實是同(tong)種動物的(de)不同(tong)生長階段，而且(qie)不同(tong)于(yu)北美洲的(de)暴龍(long)。

1979年，董枝明在根(gen)據欒(luan)川(chuan)縣發(fa)掘到五(wu)顆大型牙齒命名為巒川(chuan)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis)和霸王龍(long)(long)(long)相(xiang)似種(Tyrannosaurus cf. T. rex )的(de)動物后來就被改為欒(luan)川(chuan)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)等(deng)，而欒(luan)川(chuan)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)實際也不(bu)能成立，因為后來的(de)研究(jiu)把它(ta)歸入了勇士特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)，認為它(ta)實際只是勇士特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)青年個體(ti)。在欒(luan)川(chuan)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)發(fa)現(xian)之前，廣東(dong)河源發(fa)現(xian)過(guo)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)未(wei)定種的(de)化(hua)石。發(fa)現(xian)欒(luan)川(chuan)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)秋扒(ba)組巖(yan)(yan)石，秋扒(ba)組巖(yan)(yan)石是分布在潭頭盆(pen)地(di)欒(luan)川(chuan)縣一帶(dai)的(de)白(bai)堊(e)紀晚(wan)期地(di)層，是由紫紅色(se)的(de)砂(sha)泥(ni)巖(yan)(yan)構成，最底部含有磚紅色(se)的(de)礫石，其(qi)他發(fa)現(xian)過(guo)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)地(di)層也都屬(shu)于白(bai)堊(e)紀晚(wan)期。

在1986年，雖然(ran)已經(jing)發現許多特(te)暴龍(long)(long)標(biao)本，但很少(shao)(shao)已確定的明確資料，特(te)暴龍(long)(long)被(bei)推論與其他暴龍(long)(long)科(ke)恐龍(long)(long)有許多共同特(te)征(zheng)。這些相近的特(te)征(zheng)讓某些科(ke)學家(jia)提出(chu)當時的北美洲與歐(ou)亞大陸之間有可能的連(lian)結，也許是陸橋。他將四個(ge)標(biao)本與新發現的化石(shi)，統(tong)合為勇士特(te)暴龍(long)(long)(T.bataar)。后來的研究人員都同意羅(luo)特(te)杰斯(si)特(te)文(wen)斯(si)基的分類(lei)，包(bao)含(han)馬列夫在內，但少(shao)(shao)數科(ke)學家(jia)使用埃夫雷莫夫特(te)暴龍(long)(long)，而非勇士特(te)暴龍(long)(long)。

在1992年，美國古生物(wu)學家肯尼思·卡彭(peng)特(te)(Kenneth Carpenter)重新檢驗這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)化石，他根(gen)據頭顱骨(gu)的(de)相似處，提出這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)化石大(da)部分屬(shu)于暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)，并(bing)將勇(yong)士特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)改回勇(yong)士暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long);而蛇發女怪龍(long)(long)的(de)G. novojilovi是個(ge)較(jiao)小型的(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)科動物(wu)，另外建立為馬(ma)列夫龍(long)(long)(Maleevosaurus novojilovi)。

在1995年，喬治·奧利舍(she)夫(fu)(fu)斯基(George Olshevsky)建立了勇士(shi)成(cheng)吉思汗龍(long)(Jenghizkhan bataar)，取代勇士(shi)特暴龍(long)，并(bing)以成(cheng)吉思汗為名;他并(bing)提出埃夫(fu)(fu)雷莫夫(fu)(fu)特暴龍(long)、馬列夫(fu)(fu)龍(long)、勇士(shi)成(cheng)吉思汗龍(long)是三(san)個獨(du)立的屬，都生存于相同時(shi)期(qi)的耐梅蓋特組。

在1999年(nian)，一個(ge)研究(jiu)(jiu)提(ti)出馬列夫龍(long)(long)是(shi)特(te)暴龍(long)(long)的幼(you)年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)。自從1999年(nian)以(yi)來，所有(you)的研究(jiu)(jiu)認為(wei)這些化石(shi)皆為(wei)同種動物，勇(yong)士特(te)暴龍(long)(long)或是(shi)勇(yong)士暴龍(long)(long)。

在1993年(nian)到(dao)1998年(nian)，日本與蒙古的(de)(de)挖掘團隊，以及21世(shi)紀(ji)初，加拿大古生物學(xue)家(jia)菲力·柯爾(Phil Currie)的(de)(de)挖掘小組，也發現了許多特暴龍化石。不算上私(si)人收藏(zang)的(de)(de)標(biao)本，已發現了至(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)37個(ge)標(biao)本，包含超過15個(ge)完整和部分的(de)(de)頭顱骨化石，與至(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)5個(ge)完整的(de)(de)顱后骨骸(hai)。

21世紀初，廣東河源(yuan)盆(pen)地也(ye)出土過大型(xing)(xing)獸(shou)腳類的大型(xing)(xing)暴(bao)(bao)龍類牙(ya)齒化石，推(tui)測可能是特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍。

研究進展

特(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)(de)(de)大(da)部(bu)分化石(shi)(shi)，是成(cheng)年或亞成(cheng)年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)，很少(shao)發現(xian)幼年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)化石(shi)(shi)。在2006年發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)幼年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)身體(ti)骨骼，帶有完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)顱骨，頭(tou)(tou)部(bu)長(chang)度為29厘(li)米，使得古生物學(xue)家(jia)可以研(yan)究(jiu)特(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)模式(shi)。這個(ge)(ge)幼年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)化石(shi)(shi)，死亡時的(de)(de)(de)年齡大(da)約是2到3歲。與成(cheng)年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)相比，這個(ge)(ge)幼年頭(tou)(tou)顱骨的(de)(de)(de)結構虛弱，牙齒較細，顯示(shi)特(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)(de)(de)幼年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)、成(cheng)年個(ge)(ge)體(ti)占據不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)生態位，以免競爭相同(tong)食物來源。