芒果视频

基本介紹

食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)是發現于(yu)(yu)北美洲晚侏羅世莫里(li)遜(xun)組的(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)獸腳類(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)，與著名(ming)的(de)異特(te)龍(long)同屬于(yu)(yu)異特(te)龍(long)超科(ke)。該(gai)屬下(xia)目前只有一種，巨(ju)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)。依據目前有限(xian)的(de)化(hua)石資料(liao)來看，食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)是該(gai)組報道的(de)體(ti)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)最大(da)的(de)捕食(shi)者，體(ti)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)大(da)于(yu)(yu)發現于(yu)(yu)同一地區的(de)異特(te)龍(long)和(he)蠻(man)龍(long)。由于(yu)(yu)食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)的(de)化(hua)石記錄(lu)非常少，古(gu)生物學家對于(yu)(yu)這種巨(ju)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)獵(lie)手知之甚少。目前對于(yu)(yu)食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)的(de)體(ti)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)估計認為它(ta)的(de)長(chang)度可(ke)能接近霸王(wang)龍(long)和(he)其它(ta)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鯊齒龍(long)類(lei)(lei)，但由于(yu)(yu)體(ti)態較修長(chang)，因此體(ti)重要輕一些。

命名由來

“Sauros”意(yi)為(wei)蜥蜴，“phagein”是(shi)“以…為(wei)食(shi)”，“anax”的意(yi)思是(shi)統治者。因(yin)此食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍的屬名意(yi)為(wei)“以蜥蜴為(wei)食(shi)的王(wang)者”。種名則是(shi)強調它巨大的體(ti)型。

基本信息和形態學

關(guan)于食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)研究(jiu)可以追溯(su)至20世紀30年代(dai)。斯托瓦爾在俄(e)克拉(la)荷(he)馬州錫馬龍(long)(long)縣(xian)發現了(le)(le)一(yi)具大(da)型獸腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)化石，它將其命名(ming)(ming)為(wei)“Saurophagus maximus”。由于在命名(ming)(ming)時缺乏對標本詳細的(de)形態學描述，這一(yi)命名(ming)(ming)被認為(wei)是(shi)裸(luo)名(ming)(ming)(nomen nudum, 生物命名(ming)(ming)中的(de)無效命名(ming)(ming)）。之后的(de)研究(jiu)發現，屬(shu)名(ming)(ming)“Saurophagus”已經(jing)被用于一(yi)種鳥類的(de)命名(ming)(ming)，因(yin)此(ci)即使經(jing)過正式描述，原有的(de)屬(shu)名(ming)(ming)也(ye)是(shi)無效的(de)。在1995年，古生物學家丹尼爾.舒爾建立了(le)(le)一(yi)個新屬(shu)，即“Saurophaganax”，并(bing)選(xuan)擇OMNH 01123，即一(yi)節神經(jing)棘作(zuo)為(wei)食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)正型標本。食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)材料可能來自于4個個體。

正(zheng)型標本：OMNH 01123一(yi)節背椎神經棘。

食蜥(xi)王龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)材料(liao)僅包括一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)右側眶后骨(gu)(gu)，兩件(jian)(jian)不完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頂骨(gu)(gu)，以及三顆(ke)牙冠。方(fang)骨(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)骨(gu)(gu)孔(kong)(kong)。寰(huan)椎(zhui)很大(da)，缺乏與前(qian)(qian)(qian)寰(huan)椎(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節面。頸(jing)椎(zhui)為后凹(ao)(ao)形。前(qian)(qian)(qian)部(bu)(bu)頸(jing)椎(zhui)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)中(zhong)等發(fa)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)突(tu)。椎(zhui)體(ti)兩側具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)與內部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)腔化(hua)構造相(xiang)連通。中(zhong)段頸(jing)椎(zhui)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)發(fa)育(yu)氣(qi)腔化(hua)構造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)弓(gong)橫突(tu)。中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)沙漏型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)體(ti)。椎(zhui)體(ti)與神(shen)經棘(ji)(ji)(ji)相(xiang)連接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橢(tuo)圓形凹(ao)(ao)陷(xian)。背(bei)椎(zhui)椎(zhui)體(ti)也為后凹(ao)(ao)形。唯一(yi)(yi)完(wan)整(zheng)保存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)神(shen)經棘(ji)(ji)(ji)可能來(lai)自(zi)于一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)中(zhong)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)神(shen)經棘(ji)(ji)(ji)。這枚神(shen)經棘(ji)(ji)(ji)與其(qi)它獸腳(jiao)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)經棘(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別。在它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基部(bu)(bu)延伸出(chu)了一(yi)(yi)對類似于前(qian)(qian)(qian)后關(guan)節突(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)骨(gu)(gu)片(pian)。尾椎(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)體(ti)呈前(qian)(qian)(qian)凹(ao)(ao)形。前(qian)(qian)(qian)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈弧(hu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)(qian)突(tu)。肱骨(gu)(gu)粗壯，與異特龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很相(xiang)似。前(qian)(qian)(qian)肢也具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)三個(ge)(ge)指，但是第一(yi)(yi)指沒(mei)有(you)(you)比其(qi)它手指強壯太(tai)多。腸骨(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)窄(zhai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾骨(gu)(gu)短肌附著脊。恥骨(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)開(kai)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉孔(kong)(kong)，以及膨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遠(yuan)端(duan)(duan)。坐(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉孔(kong)(kong)突(tu)位(wei)于靠(kao)近近端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置。股骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)轉子比較靠(kao)近近端(duan)(duan)。

歸入標(biao)本：OMNH 01135寰椎(zhui)。

歸入標本：OMNH 01444前(qian)部頸(jing)椎。

歸入標本：OMNH 01190背(bei)椎(zhui)椎(zhui)體。

歸入標本：OMNH 01685中段尾椎。

歸入(ru)標本：OMNH 01338左側腸骨。

歸入標(biao)本(ben)：OMNH 01737右側(ce)坐(zuo)骨的(de)近(jin)端。

歸(gui)入標本：OMNH 01425右側(ce)恥骨的(de)遠(yuan)端。

歸入標本：OMNH 01707左側(ce)恥骨的近端。

歸入(ru)標(biao)本：OMNH 01708右側股骨。

歸入標(biao)本：OMNH 01370右側脛骨。

歸(gui)入標本：OMNH 01935左側肱骨(gu)。

其余歸入標本：舒爾(er)(er)1995年(nian)的(de)描述文獻(xian)中(zhong)所(suo)描述的(de)一些材料沒有(you)提(ti)及標本號，包括一些頭骨骨塊(kuai)，細節見舒爾(er)(er)1995年(nian)和2000年(nian)的(de)文獻(xian)。

古生態學

發現食(shi)(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)莫里遜組也(ye)發現了眾多恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)化石。與它(ta)同(tong)時期的(de)獸(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)還(huan)(huan)有(you)角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，史(shi)(shi)托(tuo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)嗜鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。植食(shi)(shi)(shi)性恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)包括(kuo)屬(shu)于(yu)蜥(xi)腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)圓(yuan)頂(ding)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，腕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，梁(liang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，重龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，還(huan)(huan)有(you)屬(shu)于(yu)鳥臀類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，橡樹龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，侏儒(ru)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)彎龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。食(shi)(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)那個時代最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)捕食(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)，可(ke)能會以(yi)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)的(de)蜥(xi)腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)，但同(tong)時也(ye)會面臨多方的(de)競爭壓力。史(shi)(shi)托(tuo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)和(he)嗜鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都是(shi)小型(xing)獸(shou)腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)中等體型(xing)的(de)掠食(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)。異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與食(shi)(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)似，高居食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)鏈的(de)上游。一些(xie)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)標本表面具(ju)有(you)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)的(de)齒痕(hen)，這些(xie)齒痕(hen)很(hen)可(ke)能來自一種比異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都巨大(da)(da)(da)的(de)動物(wu)，最(zui)有(you)可(ke)能的(de)選擇就是(shi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，暗(an)示著這兩種頂(ding)級(ji)捕食(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)能會發生沖突(tu)。

系統發育位置

目前的(de)主(zhu)流觀點認為食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)(long)屬于異特(te)龍(long)(long)超科中的(de)異特(te)龍(long)(long)類，與異特(te)龍(long)(long)具(ju)有很近的(de)親緣關系。

影視作品

食蜥王龍(long)(long)登(deng)場(chang)于BBC的紀錄片《恐龍(long)(long)星(xing)球》中，在片中，食蜥王龍(long)(long)對(dui)(dui)(dui)一(yi)只異特龍(long)(long)大打出手，撕咬對(dui)(dui)(dui)手的頭部(bu)，并搶走了對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)的獵物。

常見種類

中文名稱(cheng)(chinese)→食蜥(xi)王龍

其它中文名稱(chinese[other])→無

拉(la)丁(ding)文學名( name )→ saurophaganax

發音( pronounced )→ sawr-oh-fag-ah-naks

含義(yi)( meaning )→食蜥蜴(恐龍)的(de)龍的(de)國王

目( order )→蜥臀(tun)目(saurischia)

亞目( suborder)→獸(shou)腳亞目(theropoda)

類( infraorder)→新獸腳(jiao)類(neotheropoda)

堅尾龍類(lei)(tetanurae)

鳥獸腳類(lei)(avetheropoda)

肉食龍(long)類(carnosauria)

超科(super family)→ 異特龍超科(allosauroidea)

科( family)→ 異特龍科(allosauridae)

屬( genus )→食蜥(xi)王(wang)龍(saurophaganax)

模式種( type species )→巨(ju)食(shi)蜥王龍(s. maximus)

其它種(zhong)( other species )→ 無

錯誤歸屬(shu)種( misassigned species )→無

時代( period )→ 侏羅紀晚(wan)期到末期( kimmeridgian- tithonian)

分布(bu)( found in )→美國(The United States)、西班牙(Spain)

發現地層( stratum )→莫里森層(morrison)

食(shi)性(xing)( diet )→ 肉食(shi)(meat)

典(dian)型狀態( length up to )→ 長10-13.9米(The length of the10-13m)

推測體重( mass )→ 4-8.2噸

發現者(zhe)( discoverer )→ hunt &lucas,1987

命名者( first described )→chure,1995

在世(shi)界(jie)出現的(de)地方:美國(guo)的(de)俄克拉何馬(ma)州

生長與分布

食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)是(shi)侏羅紀晚(wan)期北美(mei)洲的(de)(de)(de)最大型肉食(shi)性恐龍(long)之(zhi)一，早期身長估(gu)計(ji)值(zhi)約14到15公尺，近(jin)年(nian)估(gu)計(ji)值(zhi)則略(lve)短。食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)化石發現于新墨(mo)西哥州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與奧克拉荷(he)馬(ma)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)莫里(li)遜組最晚(wan)層(ceng)，顯示(shi)它(ta)們很晚(wan)才(cai)出(chu)現于該地區、或(huo)者是(shi)數量比較稀少(shao)(shao)。食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)是(shi)種晚(wan)期的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)特龍(long)科，體型大于年(nian)代相近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)特龍(long)、蠻龍(long)。但在莫里(li)遜組的(de)(de)(de)獸腳類恐龍(long)化石中，食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)化石很稀少(shao)(shao)，因此無法得知其食(shi)性、行為(wei)。奧克拉荷(he)馬(ma)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)莫里(li)遜組曾發現許多迷惑龍(long)化石，食(shi)蜥王(wang)龍(long)可能會以它(ta)們為(wei)食(shi)。

形態及特征

食(shi)蜥王龍數件著名標本情況如(ru)下:

正模omnh 1708長10.95米(mi)(mi)，重5噸。化(hua)石包(bao)括(kuo):薦椎(zhui)，尾椎(zhui)，頸椎(zhui)，髂(qia)骨(gu)，坐骨(gu)，大腿骨(gu)1.135米(mi)(mi)，脛骨(gu)，腓骨(gu)，趾骨(gu)(williamson and chure 1996)。

OMNH 1935，發現于美國(guo)，，一(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)完整的肱(gong)骨化(hua)石(shi)，這塊(kuai)(kuai)化(hua)石(shi)的數據(ju)有多個版(ban)本，根據(ju)最小的版(ban)本，這只(zhi)恐龍體重(zhong)約5噸，和(he)正模(mo)相仿;根據(ju)最大(da)版(ban)本，則超過8噸甚至有9噸。

歐洲西班(ban)牙的一個長達102厘米(mi)的足跡化石(shi)，但屬(shu)于(yu)食蜥(xi)王(wang)龍還存在一些爭議。