無(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi),或(huo)支(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)(wu)祁(qi)。中國神話中的(de)(de)水(shui)怪(guai)。他的(de)(de)形(xing)狀像猿猴,塌鼻子,凸(tu)額頭(tou),白頭(tou)青身,火眼金睛。他的(de)(de)頭(tou)頸長達(da)百(bai)尺,力氣超過九頭(tou)大象,常在淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)興風(feng)作浪(lang),危害(hai)百(bai)姓。大神禹治淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)時,無(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)作怪(guai),風(feng)雷(lei)齊作,木石俱鳴(ming)。禹很惱怒(nu),召集群神,天神庚辰(一說應龍)擒獲了(le)無(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)。無(wu)(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)雖被抓,但還是(shi)擊搏(bo)跳騰,誰也管束(shu)不住。于是(shi)禹用大鐵索鎖住了(le)他的(de)(de)頸脖,拿金鈴(ling)穿在他的(de)(de)鼻子上,把他鎮壓在淮(huai)(huai)陰龜山腳下(xia),從此淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)才平(ping)靜地流入東海(hai)。
亦作“支無祁”、“無支奇”、“無支祈(qi)”,古代傳說中(zhong)淮水水怪名。濟南舜井(jing)故事里,名曰巫(wu)支祁。
《山海經》說:“水(shui)獸好為害(hai),禹鎖于軍山之下,其名(ming)曰(yue)無(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)奇(無(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)祁)”、“其形若猿猴,金目雪(xue)牙,輕(qing)利倏忽”。大禹治(zhi)淮(huai)時(shi),無(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)祁做惡(e)被(bei)其擊敗,鎖于淮(huai)井之中,這就是著名(ming)的“禹王(wang)鎖蛟”的故(gu)事(shi),從此淮(huai)水(shui)邊(bian)也有了著名(ming)的“支(zhi)(zhi)祁井”。
據《山海經》等史籍記載(zai),巫支祁(qi)是堯舜禹時(shi)期(qi)的(de)奇妖,也(ye)是我國有(you)史以來最有(you)神(shen)通(tong)也(ye)是最有(you)影響的(de)第一奇妖。巫支祁(qi)出生在豫(yu)南桐柏山中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)花果山,為天生神(shen)猴。后(hou)娶龍女為妻,生了三個兒子,都是神(shen)通(tong)廣大的(de)魔頭。他自為淮(huai)渦(wo)水神(shen),在淮(huai)河中(zhong)(zhong)建有(you)龍宮,其勢力(li)波(bo)及(ji)黃河中(zhong)(zhong)下游和(he)長江中(zhong)(zhong)下游。
在(zai)(zai)古籍和(he)民間(jian)傳說中(zhong),他一(yi)方面是(shi)妖仙、精怪,經常為(wei)患(huan)江淮(huai)(huai),禍害百姓;另一(yi)方面,卻以孝子、正神(shen)(shen)諸身份被(bei)傳頌及立廟祀奉。巫支祁有許多駭人(ren)聽聞的神(shen)(shen)話故事(shi),特別是(shi)率(lv)十幾萬山精水怪在(zai)(zai)淮(huai)(huai)源大(da)戰禹王(wang),后(hou)被(bei)庚辰降服,囚(qiu)在(zai)(zai)淮(huai)(huai)河下(xia)游的龜山下(xia)(一(yi)說囚(qiu)在(zai)(zai)桐柏(bo)山的淮(huai)(huai)井中(zhong))的故事(shi),后(hou)被(bei)吳(wu)承恩挪(nuo)移到(dao)《西(xi)游記(ji)》中(zhong),成為(wei)膾炙人(ren)口的大(da)鬧天(tian)(tian)宮(gong)齊(qi)天(tian)(tian)大(da)圣(sheng)孫(sun)悟空。巫氏(支氏)神(shen)(shen)話主要(yao)流傳在(zai)(zai)淮(huai)(huai)源和(he)淮(huai)(huai)泗地區。
巫(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)說(shuo)(shuo):1、《楚辭·九懷·思忠》云:“玄武步(bu)兮(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu),與吾(wu)期兮(xi)南(nan)榮。”這(zhe)里說(shuo)(shuo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)為(wei)(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。明(ming)陶宗儀在(zai)(zai)《輟耕錄》考證(zheng)(zheng)云:水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)為(wei)(wei)無支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)。2、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)現代神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)(hua)學大(da)(da)(da)師袁(yuan)(yuan)珂(ke)先(xian)生在(zai)(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)(hua)傳說(shuo)(shuo)詞典》水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)條謂:“龍(long)王、共工、應龍(long)、無支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)皆(jie)屬水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”。3、在(zai)(zai)頗(po)具(ju)權威的(de)(de)(de)(de)工具(ju)書《辭源》中(zhong)(zhong),巫(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辭條謂“淮(huai)(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)也”(見中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)國(guo)四年(nian)〔1915〕版)。4、袁(yuan)(yuan)珂(ke)先(xian)生在(zai)(zai)《西(xi)(xi)游記散論》中(zhong)(zhong)考證(zheng)(zheng):“《柳(liu)(liu)毅(yi)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柳(liu)(liu)毅(yi)和(he)龍(long)女,《古岳瀆經》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi),這(zhe)些神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)(hua)人物,由于塑造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成功,在(zai)(zai)民(min)(min)間產生了(le)很大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。人民(min)(min)信(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),甚(shen)至為(wei)(wei)他們(men)立祠造(zao)像。解(jie)放前在(zai)(zai)河南(nan)省(sheng)黃河附近出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵鑄(zhu)無支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)坐像,曲頸僂背,頭有(you)雙角(jiao),高約一米,背上(shang)刻有(you)大(da)(da)(da)宋建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)元(yuan)年(nian)三(san)月□日造(zao)。宋徽宗趙佶曾建(jian)“建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)靖國(guo)”年(nian)號,元(yuan)年(nian),即1101年(nian),據今(jin)已(yi)近千年(nian)。說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)在(zai)(zai)黃淮(huai)(huai)(huai)流域,至少從斯時(shi)(shi)始,巫(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)已(yi)被供奉為(wei)(wei)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)了(le)。5、在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)(da)禹導淮(huai)(huai)(huai)前,巫(wu)氏(支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氏)已(yi)自稱(cheng)(cheng)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)渦水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。《上(shang)古神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)(hua)演(yan)義》中(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo):“巫(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)獨霸淮(huai)(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流域數十年(nian),已(yi)自稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君了(le),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子(zi)都稱(cheng)(cheng)太(tai)子(zi)。”巫(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)還(huan)在(zai)(zai)龜山腳下(現洪(hong)(hong)澤湖)建(jian)了(le)宮(gong)(gong)殿,俗稱(cheng)(cheng)龍(long)宮(gong)(gong)。并分別在(zai)(zai)河南(nan)省(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光山縣(xian)(xian)(xian)北,安(an)徽省(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)霍邱縣(xian)(xian)(xian)西(xi)(xi)和(he)懷遠縣(xian)(xian)(xian)東(dong)建(jian)了(le)三(san)座(zuo)宮(gong)(gong)殿,讓三(san)個兒子(zi)各(ge)鎮守(shou)一方水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域。“他又竭(jie)力(li)擴(kuo)張勢(shi)力(li),振(zhen)起洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),將淮(huai)(huai)(huai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下流與長江下流合二為(wei)(wei)一”。“自桐柏(bo)山以(yi)南(nan),直至云夢大(da)(da)(da)澤,更通(tong)到(dao)湘水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源,到(dao)處都有(you)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)黨羽(yu)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)千里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,木魅(mei)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)靈(ling)、山妖、石怪,莫(mo)不聽他的(de)(de)(de)(de)命令,受(shou)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)節制。”6、民(min)(min)間傳承。在(zai)(zai)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)河中(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)游的(de)(de)(de)(de)巫(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong),多(duo)稱(cheng)(cheng)巫(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)孝子(zi)變(bian)龍(long),如桐柏(bo)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《淮(huai)(huai)(huai)河的(de)(de)(de)(de)由來》《蛟(jiao)龍(long)探(tan)母(mu)》等,或(huo)稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)良蛟(jiao)善(shan)龍(long),如信(xin)(xin)陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)《烏龍(long)和(he)烏龍(long)集》、《龍(long)蛋(dan)》等;在(zai)(zai)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)河中(zhong)(zhong)下游,多(duo)稱(cheng)(cheng)其為(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)猿大(da)(da)(da)圣、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)或(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)娘娘(見淮(huai)(huai)(huai)陰市徐省(sheng)生搜集的(de)(de)(de)(de)《明(ming)祖陵(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說(shuo)(shuo)》等)。在(zai)(zai)明(ming)清時(shi)(shi)期,巫(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)被搬上(shang)舞臺(tai)后,甚(shen)至與孫悟空(kong)和(he)驪山老(lao)母(mu)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)兄(xiong)妹等(見明(ming)·楊景賢的(de)(de)(de)(de)雜劇《西(xi)(xi)游記》等)。總之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)(zai)巫(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)孽和(he)為(wei)(wei)善(shan)或(huo)先(xian)孽后善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說(shuo)(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong),后者卻占了(le)上(shang)風。所(suo)(suo)以(yi),把巫(wu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祁(qi)(qi)作為(wei)(wei)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)河水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen),在(zai)(zai)相當一部分百姓(xing)中(zhong)(zhong),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)是(shi)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
注:這里所說《山(shan)海經(jing)》并非今本(ben)《山(shan)海經(jing)》,而是出自唐代李(li)(li)肇的(de)(de)《唐國史補(bu)》對(dui)古本(ben)《山(shan)海經(jing)》的(de)(de)引用:“楚(chu)州有(you)漁人,忽于淮中釣得古鐵(tie)鎖(suo),挽之不絕(jue),以(yi)告官。刺史李(li)(li)陽大集人力引之。鎖(suo)窮,有(you)青獼猴躍出水,復沒(mei)而逝(shi)。后有(you)驗《山(shan)海經(jing)》云:“水獸好(hao)為害,禹鎖(suo)于軍山(shan)之下,其(qi)名(ming)曰‘無(wu)支奇’。”《唐國史補(bu)》收錄(lu)于《四庫全書(shu)》中。
《太平廣(guang)記(ji)》:唐貞元丁丑歲,隴西李公佐泛瀟湘(xiang)、蒼梧(wu),偶遇征(zheng)南從事弘農(nong)楊衡泊(bo)舟古岸,淹留(liu)佛寺(si),江空月浮,征(zheng)異(yi)話奇(qi)。
楊告(gao)公佐云:“永泰(tai)中,李湯任楚州刺史時,有(you)漁人(ren),夜(ye)釣(diao)于龜山之下。其(qi)釣(diao)因物所(suo)制,不(bu)復出。漁者健水,疾沉(chen)于下五(wu)(wu)十(shi)丈。見大鐵鎖(suo)(suo),盤繞山足,尋不(bu)知極。遂告(gao)湯,湯命漁人(ren)及能水者數(shu)十(shi),獲其(qi)鎖(suo)(suo),力(li)莫能制。加以牛(niu)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)余頭(tou),鎖(suo)(suo)乃(nai)振動,稍(shao)稍(shao)就(jiu)岸。
時無(wu)風濤,驚(jing)浪(lang)翻涌,觀者大駭(hai)。鎖之末,見一獸,狀(zhuang)有如猿(yuan),白(bai)首長鬐,雪牙金爪,闖然上岸,高五丈許(xu)。蹲踞之狀(zhuang)若(ruo)(ruo)猿(yuan)猴,但(dan)兩目不能開(kai),兀(wu)若(ruo)(ruo)昏昧。目鼻(bi)水(shui)(shui)流如泉,涎沫腥穢,人不可近。久乃引(yin)頸伸(shen)欠(qian),雙目忽開(kai),光彩若(ruo)(ruo)電。顧(gu)視人焉,欲(yu)發狂怒。觀者奔走。獸亦徐徐引(yin)鎖拽牛,入水(shui)(shui)去,竟不復出。時楚多知名士,與湯(tang)相(xiang)顧(gu)愕悚(song),不知其(qi)由。
爾時,(“時”原在“者”字下,據明(ming)抄本移上(shang)。)乃漁者知(zhi)鎖所(suo),其(qi)獸(shou)竟不復見(jian)。”公(gong)佐至元和(he)八年冬,自常州(zhou)餞送給事(shi)中孟蕳至朱方,廉(lian)使薛(xue)公(gong)蘋(pin)館待禮備。時扶風馬(ma)植、范陽盧簡(jian)能(neng)、河東裴(pei)蘧皆(jie)同館之,環(huan)爐會語終(zhong)夕焉。公(gong)佐復說前事(shi),如楊所(suo)言(yan)。
至九年(nian)春,公(gong)佐訪古東吳,從太守元公(gong)錫泛(fan)洞庭,登(deng)包山,宿道者(zhe)周(zhou)焦君(jun)廬(lu)。入靈洞,探仙書,石穴間(jian)得(de)古《岳(yue)瀆經》第八卷,文字古奇,編次蠹(du)毀,不能(neng)解(jie)。公(gong)佐與焦君(jun)共(gong)詳讀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):“禹理水(shui),三至桐柏山,驚風(feng)走雷,石號木(mu)鳴(ming),夔龍土伯擁川,天老肅兵(bing),功不能(neng)興(xing)。禹怒,召集百靈,授(shou)(shou)(shou)命羹(geng)龍,桐柏等山君(jun)長稽首請命,禹因囚鴻(hong)蒙氏,章(zhang)商氏,兜盧氏,犁婁氏,乃獲淮渦水(shui)神名(ming)無支(zhi)祁(qi),善應對言語,辨江(jiang)淮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淺深,原隰(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遠近,形若(ruo)猿猴,縮鼻高額,青軀白首,金(jin)目雪牙(ya),頸伸百尺(chi),力逾九象,搏(bo)擊騰踔(chuo)疾奔,輕(qing)利倏忽,聞視不可久。禹授(shou)(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)童律,不能(neng)制(zhi)(zhi);授(shou)(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烏木(mu)由,不能(neng)制(zhi)(zhi);授(shou)(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庚辰,能(neng)制(zhi)(zhi)。鴟脾桓胡木(mu)魅水(shui)靈山祆(xian)石怪奔號聚繞,以(yi)數千(qian)載,庚辰以(yi)戰(一作戟(ji))逐(zhu)去,頸鎖(suo)大索,鼻穿金(jin)鈴,徙(xi)淮陰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)龜(gui)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)足下,俾淮水(shui)永安流注海也。庚辰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,皆圖此形者(zhe),免淮濤(tao)風(feng)雨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)難。
禹(yu)為了治理洪水,三次(ci)到過桐(tong)柏山(shan)(shan)。可是(shi),每次(ci)桐(tong)柏山(shan)(shan)都狂(kuang)風大(da)作,電閃(shan)雷鳴,山(shan)(shan)石號叫(jiao),樹木驚鳴,土伯壅(yong)川,天老進(jin)兵。有一(yi)股(gu)看不見的暴虐力量,阻止禹(yu)動工治水。
禹知道遇到妖怪了,非常生氣,召集諸神和各部(bu)落(luo)(luo)首領開會,讓夔(kui)龍去掃除妖孽。這時,桐柏山,以及(ji)附近(jin)諸山的部(bu)落(luo)(luo)首領,唯恐雙方打起仗(zhang)來禍及(ji)自己,都(dou)面露懼色,懇請(qing)禹收回除妖的命令。
看到(dao)鴻(hong)蒙氏、商章氏、兜盧氏、犂婁氏等(deng)部落首領(ling)臨戰怯(qie)陣(zhen),不愿出力,禹把(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)些人都關了(le)起(qi)來(lai)。這(zhe)(zhe)才知(zhi)道:原來(lai)他們包庇的妖怪(guai)是(shi)淮(huai)渦(wo)水怪(guai)——無支祁。
無(wu)支祁能(neng)言善辯,知道江水、淮水各處的深(shen)淺,以及地(di)勢的高(gao)低遠近。他長得形似猿猴,縮(suo)鼻高(gao)額(e)、青軀白(bai)首、金目雪牙(ya)。脖子一伸,好(hao)像有一百(bai)尺長,力氣比九頭(tou)象還大。無(wu)論是(shi)搏擊(ji)跳躍(yue),還是(shi)快速奔跑,他都非常迅捷(jie),常常是(shi)眨眼之間就看不(bu)見了。
雙方在桐(tong)柏山下(xia)展開惡戰。禹先(xian)后派童律(lv)、烏(wu)木由出戰,都(dou)打不敗無支(zhi)祁。最后,派庚辰出戰,才擒獲了無支(zhi)祁。鴟脾(pi)、桓胡、木魅、水靈、山妖(yao)、石怪等數以千計的妖(yao)怪,看(kan)到無支(zhi)祁被(bei)捉(zhuo),都(dou)叫喊著沖了上來,想要搶走無支(zhi)祁。庚辰揮舞方天戟,和眾神一(yi)起(qi)沒費(fei)吹(chui)灰之力就殺散(san)了這(zhe)群烏(wu)合之眾。
禹命人用大鐵(tie)鏈鎖(suo)住無支祁(qi)的(de)頸子,又把(ba)他的(de)鼻(bi)孔穿上銅鈴鐺,然后(hou)把(ba)他壓在(zai)淮河南邊的(de)龜山腳(jiao)下。
打(da)敗了無支祁(qi),禹在桐柏山(shan)的(de)治水工作才得(de)以順利進行下去,淮水從此(ci)平安入海(hai)中。
無支祁的形象,始見于(yu)唐代李(li)肇《唐國史(shi)補》:“楚(chu)州有(you)漁人(ren),忽(hu)于(yu)淮(huai)中釣得古鐵鎖(suo),挽之不絕(jue),以告官(guan)。刺史(shi)李(li)陽大集人(ren)力引之。鎖(suo)窮,有(you)青獼猴躍出水,復沒而逝(shi)。后有(you)驗《山海經》云:「水獸好為害,禹鎖(suo)于(yu)軍山之下,其名曰無支奇。」”
北宋李(li)昉編(bian)撰(zhuan)的《太平廣記》卷467引(yin)唐朝(chao)小說(shuo)《戎幕閑談》曰:“有(you)李(li)湯者,永泰楚州刺(ci)史,問漁人見龜山下水中有(you)大鐵鎖(suo),乃以人牛曳(yè)出之。霎時風濤陡作(zuo),有(you)一(yi)獸(shou)形如猿猴,高五(wu)丈許,白首長鬐,雪牙金爪(zhua),闖然上岸(an),張(zhang)目若電,顧視人群,欲(yu)發(fa)狂怒。觀(guan)者畏而(er)奔走(zou),獸(shou)亦徐(xu)徐(xu)引(yin)鎖(suo)曳牛入水去,竟不(bu)復出。”后(hou)代學者考證《西游記》中“孫悟(wu)空”的原型(xing)可能始于無(wu)支(zhi)祁。
英雄戰(zhan)水(shui)怪是一個典(dian)型的神話命題(ti)。禹治水(shui)的范圍之廣,規(gui)模之大,都是空前(qian)的。這(zhe)就必(bi)然與居住在各江(jiang)河流(liu)域的許多氏族部落(luo)發生接觸,協(xie)調(diao)關系,處(chu)理利益糾紛,有些矛盾分歧可(ke)以通過聯姻、合作等(deng)方(fang)式解(jie)決;有些則必(bi)須通過武力才能解(jie)決。因此,禹在各地治水(shui)過程(cheng)中不僅要與天斗(dou),還(huan)要與人斗(dou),后(hou)者(zhe)甚至比(bi)前(qian)者(zhe)更為困(kun)難。
原始社會氏族之間的(de)融合,武力兼(jian)并是一種(zhong)必不可少的(de)形(xing)式。比如(ru):前面提(ti)到的(de)“禹逐共工,殺相柳”和本篇“擒無支祁”的(de)故事都比較典型地反(fan)映了這一事實。