芒果视频

2012年8月1日(ri)，印度官員宣布，印度大(da)面(mian)積斷(duan)電已(yi)經結(jie)束(shu)。印度發生(sheng)的(de)停電事(shi)故，覆蓋了一(yi)半以(yi)上的(de)國(guo)土，直(zhi)接(jie)影響6億(yi)多人的(de)生(sheng)活，是這(zhe)個南亞國(guo)家11年來最(zui)嚴重(zhong)的(de)停電事(shi)故。

事故過程

印度(du)北部和東部地區(qu)7月30日和31日連續發生(sheng)兩次大面積停(ting)電(dian)事故(gu)。突(tu)如其(qi)來的(de)斷(duan)電(dian)導致交通陷(xian)入混(hun)亂，全國超過300列火(huo)車(che)停(ting)運，首都新德(de)里的(de)地鐵也全部停(ting)運，造成(cheng)旅客大量(liang)滯留(liu)，公路交通出現大面積擁堵。一些礦工被困(kun)井下。銀行系統陷(xian)入癱瘓(huan)，一度(du)給印度(du)的(de)金融交易帶來障礙。

第一次事(shi)故發生后，印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部(bu)門(men)排除(chu)故障，在停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后15個小時內基本(ben)恢復(fu)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應。但旁(pang)遮(zhe)普邦、哈里亞納邦以及北方邦等幾個地區(qu)在供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復(fu)后繼續超(chao)負荷用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，導致了(le)第二次大(da)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部(bu)門(men)因此不得不從鄰國輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力來(lai)滿足新德里的用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求(qiu)。截至8月(yue)1日(ri)，印(yin)度北部(bu)地區(qu)95%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應已(yi)恢復(fu)。

事故分析

貝恩咨詢(xun)公(gong)司高(gao)級合伙人阿密(mi)特·辛(xin)哈認(ren)為，此次停電(dian)事故給印(yin)度經(jing)濟敲(qiao)響(xiang)了警鐘——印(yin)度電(dian)力供應至(zhi)少需要保持每年6．5%至(zhi)7%的增(zeng)速，否則(ze)將會對該國制造(zao)業(ye)和出口企業(ye)造(zao)成(cheng)傷(shang)害。

印度最(zui)大行業協(xie)會(hui)印度工商聯合會(hui)主(zhu)席卡諾里亞說：“連續兩(liang)天如(ru)此大規模的停(ting)電，值得我(wo)們密切關(guan)注，這當然會(hui)

對于商(shang)業投(tou)資環境本就存在不(bu)少問題的(de)印(yin)度來(lai)說，此次(ci)大停電不(bu)僅(jin)影(ying)響企業生(sheng)產和盈利水(shui)平(ping)，還影(ying)響到印(yin)度在外國投(tou)資者眼中(zhong)的(de)形象。

印(yin)度(du)產業聯合(he)會理事長(chang)錢德拉吉特·班(ban)納吉表示(shi)，印(yin)度(du)經濟近來增(zeng)長(chang)放緩，外界本就對印(yin)度(du)前景不太看好，如今電網(wang)兩(liang)天(tian)內連續(xu)崩潰無疑使印(yin)度(du)的形(xing)象進一步受損(sun)，令有意(yi)投(tou)資印(yin)度(du)的外國企(qi)業望而(er)卻步。對于一個擁有世界約六(liu)分之一人(ren)口的新興經濟體，有必要(yao)使基(ji)礎設(she)施建設(she)與印(yin)度(du)的強國夢(meng)想相匹配。

事故影響

世界媒體(ti)都在議論印度大(da)(da)停電(dian)，但任何國(guo)家都不能否認(ren)自己也遭遇(yu)過大(da)(da)停電(dian)的歷史，只是(shi)規(gui)模和(he)破(po)壞程度不同罷(ba)了。美(mei)國(guo)上世紀后半葉，至(zhi)(zhi)少出現(xian)三次大(da)(da)規(gui)模停電(dian)事故，近十多年(nian)時間里，美(mei)國(guo)至(zhi)(zhi)少遭遇(yu)過數次大(da)(da)停電(dian)。如(ru)2008年(nian)，佛羅里達(da)州發生(sheng)大(da)(da)停電(dian)，300萬人沒有電(dian)力供應；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)停電(dian)，由密歇根州延(yan)伸至(zhi)(zhi)紐(niu)約，最后蔓延(yan)到(dao)加拿大(da)(da)。危機專(zhuan)家承認(ren)，“一次大(da)(da)停電(dian)，即使是(shi)數秒鐘(zhong)，也不亞于一場(chang)大(da)(da)地震(zhen)帶來的破(po)壞”。

很多(duo)新(xin)興經(jing)(jing)濟體(ti)在(zai)經(jing)(jing)濟高增長(chang)的(de)(de)刺激或尋(xun)求經(jing)(jing)濟高增長(chang)的(de)(de)動機之下(xia)，只(zhi)顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力開發(fa)，卻忽視(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全工(gong)作(zuo)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網管理體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)方面重(zhong)視(shi)不(bu)夠，導致(zhi)“缺(que)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”和(he)“有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”下(xia)都斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況，造成大量的(de)(de)浪費和(he)損失。印(yin)(yin)度此次發(fa)生的(de)(de)問題(ti)，對(dui)印(yin)(yin)度是個現實(shi)教訓，對(dui)世界各(ge)新(xin)興經(jing)(jing)濟體(ti)而言，是給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全上(shang)了一課。只(zhi)要體(ti)認“大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或也(ye)會(hui)發(fa)生在(zai)我們身上(shang)”，那么(me)，我們就應該從漠不(bu)關心等心態中覺醒過來，把印(yin)(yin)度問題(ti)視(shi)為自己的(de)(de)問題(ti)，做好自己的(de)(de)安全工(gong)作(zuo)。

簡介

印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發

生兩次(ci)大(da)面(mian)積停電事故。突(tu)如(ru)其來的斷電導(dao)致交(jiao)通陷入混亂，全國(guo)超過300列(lie)火車(che)停運(yun)，首都新德里的地鐵也全部停運(yun)，造成旅客大(da)量滯留，公路交(jiao)通出現大(da)面(mian)積擁堵。一些礦(kuang)工被困井下(xia)。銀行系統陷入癱(tan)瘓，一度給(gei)印(yin)度的金融交(jiao)易(yi)帶(dai)來障礙。

第一次(ci)事故發生后，印度電(dian)力(li)部(bu)門排(pai)除(chu)故障，在停(ting)電(dian)后15個(ge)小時(shi)內基(ji)本恢(hui)復了電(dian)力(li)供(gong)應。但(dan)旁(pang)遮普邦(bang)、哈里亞納邦(bang)以及北方邦(bang)等(deng)幾個(ge)地區在供(gong)電(dian)恢(hui)復后繼(ji)續(xu)超負荷用(yong)電(dian)，導致了第二(er)次(ci)大面(mian)積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)。印度電(dian)力(li)部(bu)門因此不(bu)得不(bu)從鄰(lin)國輸入(ru)電(dian)力(li)來滿(man)足新德里的用(yong)電(dian)需(xu)求。截至8月1日，印度北部(bu)地區95%的電(dian)力(li)供(gong)應已恢(hui)復。

事故分析

貝恩咨詢(xun)公司高(gao)級合(he)伙人阿密特(te)·辛(xin)哈認為，此次停電事故給印度經濟敲(qiao)響了警鐘——印度電力供應至(zhi)少需要保(bao)持每年6．5%至(zhi)7%的(de)增速(su)，否則將會對該國制(zhi)造業和出口企業造成傷害。

印度最大行業協會(hui)印度工商(shang)聯(lian)合會(hui)主席卡(ka)諾(nuo)里亞說：“連續兩天如此大規模的(de)停電，值(zhi)得我們密切(qie)關注，這當(dang)然會(hui)

對于商業(ye)投(tou)(tou)資環(huan)境(jing)本(ben)就(jiu)存在不少問題的(de)印(yin)度來說，此次大停電不僅(jin)影(ying)響企業(ye)生產和(he)盈利水(shui)平，還影(ying)響到印(yin)度在外國(guo)投(tou)(tou)資者眼(yan)中的(de)形象(xiang)。

印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)產(chan)業聯合(he)會理事(shi)長錢德(de)拉吉(ji)特·班納吉(ji)表示，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)經濟(ji)近來增長放緩，外(wai)界本就對印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)前景不(bu)太看(kan)好，如今電(dian)網兩天(tian)內(nei)連續崩潰無疑使印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)的(de)形(xing)象進一步受損，令有(you)意投資印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)的(de)外(wai)國(guo)企(qi)業望而卻步。對于一個(ge)擁有(you)世界約六分(fen)之一人口的(de)新興經濟(ji)體，有(you)必要使基礎設(she)施建設(she)與印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)的(de)強國(guo)夢想相匹配。

事故影響

世界媒體都(dou)在(zai)議論印度大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)，但任何國(guo)家都(dou)不(bu)能(neng)否認自(zi)己(ji)也(ye)(ye)遭遇(yu)過(guo)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)的(de)歷史，只是(shi)規模(mo)和破壞(huai)程度不(bu)同罷了。美國(guo)上世紀后(hou)半葉，至(zhi)少出現三次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)規模(mo)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)事故，近十多年(nian)時間里，美國(guo)至(zhi)少遭遇(yu)過(guo)數次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)。如2008年(nian)，佛羅里達州發生大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)，300萬人(ren)沒有電(dian)力供應；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)，由(you)密(mi)歇根(gen)州延伸至(zhi)紐(niu)約，最后(hou)蔓(man)延到(dao)加(jia)拿大(da)(da)(da)。危機專家承認，“一次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)，即(ji)使是(shi)數秒鐘，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)亞于(yu)一場大(da)(da)(da)地震(zhen)帶來的(de)破壞(huai)”。

很多新興經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)在經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)高(gao)增長的刺(ci)激或尋求經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)高(gao)增長的動機之下，只(zhi)顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力開發，卻忽視電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)全工作，對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網管(guan)理體(ti)(ti)制改(gai)革方面(mian)重(zhong)視不(bu)夠，導(dao)致“缺電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”和“有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”下都(dou)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的情(qing)況，造成大量的浪費和損失(shi)。印(yin)度此次發生(sheng)的問題(ti)，對(dui)(dui)印(yin)度是(shi)個現實教訓，對(dui)(dui)世界(jie)各新興經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)而言，是(shi)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)全上了一課。只(zhi)要體(ti)(ti)認(ren)“大停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或也會發生(sheng)在我(wo)們身(shen)上”，那么，我(wo)們就應該從漠不(bu)關心(xin)等心(xin)態(tai)中(zhong)覺(jue)醒過來，把印(yin)度問題(ti)視為自己的問題(ti)，做(zuo)好自己的安(an)(an)全工作。

2012年7月(yue)30口(kou)凌晨2時33分(fen)開始，印(yin)度(du)(du)北(bei)部地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)德(de)里邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、哈(ha)利亞納邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、中央邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、旁遮普(pu)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、拉賈斯坦(tan)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、北(bei)安查爾邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)、北(bei)方(fang)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)等9個邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)，逾3.7億(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)受(shou)到影響(xiang)。在上述地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)恢復供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)數小時后，于當(dang)地(di)(di)時間7月(yue)31口(kou)13時05分(fen)開始，印(yin)度(du)(du)包(bao)括首都新德(de)里在內(nei)的(de)(de)東部、北(bei)部和(he)東北(bei)部地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)再次(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)，超過20個邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)再次(ci)(ci)陷(xian)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)癱瘓(huan)狀態，全國(guo)(guo)近(jin)一半地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)現中斷，逾6.7億(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)受(shou)到影響(xiang)111印(yin)度(du)(du)兩天之內(nei)連續發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)，是有史以來影響(xiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)曰最(zui)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統事故(gu)，成為(wei)世界范(fan)圍內(nei)規模(mo)最(zui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事件(jian)。印(yin)度(du)(du)長期以來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業基(ji)礎薄(bo)弱、基(ji)礎設施落后并(bing)滯后于經濟發(fa)(fa)展等矛盾由來己(ji)久，這次(ci)(ci)事件(jian)讓印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管理體(ti)(ti)制、調度(du)(du)防控(kong)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規劃建(jian)設等方(fang)面(mian)(mian)諸(zhu)多(duo)(duo)問題再次(ci)(ci)暴露(lu)于公(gong)眾面(mian)(mian)前(qian)。與我國(guo)(guo)一樣作為(wei)正在崛起(qi)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展中國(guo)(guo)家，印(yin)度(du)(du)此次(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)對(dui)我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全運行具有重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)借(jie)鑒意義。但是我國(guo)(guo)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)原因研究不深，需要進一步深入分(fen)析(xi)印(yin)度(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)概況。

印度(du)的(de)能源資源主(zhu)要分布在東(dong)部(bu)(bu)和東(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)地區(qu)_以(yi)煤(mei)炭和水(shui)力為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)_其(qi)余為(wei)(wei)核(he)電、油電和天然氣發(fa)電。主(zhu)要負荷(he)中心(xin)及(ji)人口稠密地區(qu)則(ze)集中在北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)、南部(bu)(bu)和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)地區(qu)。印度(du)電網的(de)輸(shu)電方向主(zhu)要為(wei)(wei)東(dong)電西(xi)送(song)，再輔(fu)以(yi)北(bei)(bei)電南送(song)截(jie)至2012年(nian)5月，印度(du)總發(fa)電裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量約為(wei)(wei)2億kW，其(qi)中火(huo)電裝(zhuang)機(ji)占(zhan)68.7070，水(shui)電占(zhan)19.2070，核(he)電和其(qi)他可再生能源發(fa)電占(zhan)12.1%}Z

作為亞洲(zhou)第三人(ren)經(jing)濟(ji)體，印(yin)度過去10年(nian)(nian)間經(jing)濟(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速接近2位數，能(neng)(neng)源消費年(nian)(nian)均增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速6%但由于投資不足，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業發展嚴重(zhong)滯后于經(jing)濟(ji)發展水(shui)平，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)冗余不足，跨區輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)不夠，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應長(chang)期處于短缺狀態。印(yin)度2010-2011年(nian)(nian)度GDP增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)8.5070，同期發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)僅為5.56%印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)預計2012年(nian)(nian)印(yin)度高峰期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)缺曰(yue)(yue)10.6%左右(you)，全年(nian)(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量缺曰(yue)(yue)7.3%左右(you)。仍(reng)有近40%的印(yin)度家庭(約2.89億人(ren))沒(mei)有用上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，且印(yin)度人(ren)部(bu)分地區供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量低、停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻繁，即使在首都新(xin)德里(li)也經(jing)常(chang)拉閘限電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)由五人區(qu)域(yu)性(xing)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)組成(cheng)，即北部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、西部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的電(dian)壓等(deng)級主要有(you)765kV,500 kV，400kV，220kV和(he)132kV北部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、西部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)實現了交(jiao)流400kV同(tong)步(bu)聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，形成(cheng)中央電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)中央電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)通過(guo)直(zhi)流異步(bu)聯接。此外印(yin)度(du)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)通過(guo)400kV交(jiao)流與(yu)不(bu)月(yue)-電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)互聯印(yin)度(du)交(jiao)流同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)區(qu)域(yu)間互聯情況.

印度輸電網結構分為3層，即國家電網(跨區域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)卜(bu)區(qu)域內跨(kua)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)。其中跨(kua)區(qu)和跨(kua)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)由中央(yang)政(zheng)府所有(you)(you)(you)的(de)印(yin)(yin)度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(PGCIL)擁有(you)(you)(you)，并負(fu)(fu)責運行管理(li);邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內輸電(dian)(dian)資產(chan)由邦(bang)(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府所有(you)(you)(you)的(de)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)公司(STUB)或(huo)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)力局(ju)(未改革邦(bang)(bang)(bang))管理(li)從印(yin)(yin)度(du)交流(liu)互聯(lian)網(wang)跨(kua)區(qu)主網(wang)架來(lai)看，區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)之(zhi)間通過1同765kV交流(liu)，23同400kV交流(liu)、10同220kV交流(liu)、1個(ge)(ge)(ge)士(shi)400kV直流(liu)背(bei)靠背(bei)和1個(ge)(ge)(ge)士(shi)500kV直流(liu)互聯(lian)。區(qu)域內主網(wang)架主要是(shi)以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)環網(wang)為主。印(yin)(yin)度(du)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)由邦(bang)(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府所有(you)(you)(you)或(huo)私有(you)(you)(you)的(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)公司擁有(you)(you)(you)并負(fu)(fu)責運行管理(li)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內有(you)(you)(you)多個(ge)(ge)(ge)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)公司，完(wan)全私營(ying)的(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)公司有(you)(you)(you)17個(ge)(ge)(ge)，主要分布在德里、奧里薩(sa)、占吉拉特、孟買等邦(bang)(bang)(bang)

在調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)環(huan)節，印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)分3級，分別由國家調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)心(xin)(NLDC)，區域調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)心(xin)}RLDC)、邦(bang)(bang)調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)心(xin)(CBLDC)負責。其中(zhong)NLDC負責跨區域輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)，5個RLDC負責區域內電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)，各(ge)邦(bang)(bang)SLDC負責邦(bang)(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)。調(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機構與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)所有(you)者合(he)一，NLDC和RLDC由印度(du)(du)(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司管(guan)理(li)，SLDC由邦(bang)(bang)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司或電(dian)(dian)(dian)力局管(guan)理(li)。

2印度“7.30"，"7.31”大停電事故直接原因

印度電力部在事故(gu)(gu)后組成特別小(xiao)組展(zhan)開(kai)全面的事故(gu)(gu)調查，并于s月I6口公布了事故(gu)(gu)調查報告(gao)，報告(gao)詳(xiang)細地分析(xi)了引起印度連續兩起人停電事故(gu)(gu)的直接原因。

2012年7月30口，由(you)(you)于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路跳(tiao)(tiao)開，在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解列后，由(you)(you)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)供給北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)負荷的(de)(de)潮流(liu)轉移到(dao)“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)聯絡(luo)通道，導(dao)致系統(tong)發(fa)生(sheng)功(gong)率振蕩由(you)(you)于振蕩中心在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間的(de)(de)斷面上(shang)，致使相應的(de)(de)聯絡(luo)線(xian)跳(tiao)(tiao)開，造成北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和印度交流(liu)互聯系統(tong)其他(ta)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解列。由(you)(you)于系統(tong)頻率過低以及區域(yu)內(nei)進一(yi)步的(de)(de)功(gong)率振蕩，北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)最(zui)終(zhong)崩潰。

2012年(nian)7月(yue)31口(kou)，由于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳(tiao)開，在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解(jie)列以后，用于滿足北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)負(fu)荷的(de)(de)(de)潮流轉(zhuan)移到(dao)“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)絡通(tong)道(dao)，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)發(fa)生功率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩7月(yue)31口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩中心在(zai)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，靠近東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷面，因此，在(zai)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)了(le)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相應線路跳(tiao)開之后，東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)小部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(Ranchi和Rourkela)，以及(ji)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和印度(du)交流互聯(lian)系(xi)統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列。這造成(cheng)了(le)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間斷面的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩，并進(jin)一(yi)步導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)了(le)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和“東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)列。隨(sui)后，所(suo)有3個(ge)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩造成(cheng)多同線路跳(tiao)開，系(xi)統(tong)頻(pin)率(lv)過低以及(ji)在(zai)不同地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，最終北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)崩潰。

根據印度的調(diao)查報(bao)告，2次(ci)(ci)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)當天(tian)的故(gu)(gu)(gu)障錄波(bo)器結果(guo)均顯示，系(xi)統(tong)中并(bing)沒有(you)(you)監測到有(you)(you)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障發生。在2次(ci)(ci)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)發生前，由(you)于(yu)(yu)西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網斷(duan)面(mian)，以及靠近東部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網斷(duan)面(mian)的多條區域間聯(lian)絡線停運導致跨區通道弱聯(lian)系(xi)，系(xi)統(tong)間的輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力被顯著削弱。西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網斷(duan)面(mian)均只有(you)(you)Bina-Agra 400kV(單同(tong))一條交流主(zhu)干(gan)聯(lian)絡線路處于(yu)(yu)運行(xing)狀態(tai)。

電(dian)網內的(de)(de)邦負荷調度(du)(du)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)對區(qu)(qu)域負荷調度(du)(du)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)要求(qiu)其降低邦內電(dian)力(li)公司透支(zhi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)，以及要求(qiu)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網內電(dian)力(li)公司降低發電(dian)出力(li)的(de)(de)指令響(xiang)應不(bu)充分部(bu)(bu)分北部(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)力(li)公司透支(zhi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)，產生了(le)計劃外(wai)的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)交(jiao)換，導致(zhi)了(le)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)與北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網間唯一保持運行的(de)(de)400kV聯絡線處于高載荷狀態，并超(chao)過(guo)了(le)線路白(bai)身的(de)(de)額定功率。距離保護繼電(dian)器3段保護動作使得該線路跳(tiao)開(kai)，導致(zhi)北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網和西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網解(jie)列。

在北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和西(xi)(xi)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)列后，由(you)西(xi)(xi)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)負荷的(de)潮流轉移到“西(xi)(xi)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)東部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯(lian)絡通道，導(dao)致系(xi)統(tong)發生振蕩在2次連續人(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故中，振蕩中心分別在北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和東部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間的(de)斷面上，及(ji)(ji)在靠近東部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和西(xi)(xi)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)斷面的(de)東部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內部，致使相應(ying)的(de)聯(lian)絡線(xian)和主干線(xian)路跳開，北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和印度交流互聯(lian)系(xi)統(tong)其(qi)他部分解(jie)列。由(you)于各個區域內系(xi)統(tong)頻(pin)率過低(di)以及(ji)(ji)進一(yi)步(bu)的(de)功率振蕩等原因導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)崩潰，最終造成人(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故

在這(zhe)2次人面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)中(zhong)，西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統通過在區域(yu)內采取高(gao)頻(pin)切機措施，得以(yi)幸(xing)免南部(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統從東部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)饋入電(dian)(dian)力，也在7月31口的事故(gu)中(zhong)得以(yi)幸(xing)免，在事故(gu)發生后依然從西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)饋入部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)力，并(bing)采取了若干防御(yu)機制，如白動(dong)低頻(pin)減負荷(he)以(yi)及逐漸提升(sheng)高(gao)壓直流受電(dian)(dian)功率

印度大停電事故的深層次原因分析

人電網(wang)統(tong)一防(fang)控體系是以堅強網(wang)架(jia)為基礎的(de)(de)、基于人安全觀的(de)(de)、以統(tong)一規劃、統(tong)一調度、統(tong)一管理為手段的(de)(de)人電網(wang)安全防(fang)御與運行(營)控制體系。該體系的(de)(de)不完善是木次印(yin)度連續(xu)發生人面積停電事故的(de)(de)深層次原因

1網架結構不夠堅強，區域間交換能力不足

受印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業的(de)(de)(de)經營(ying)與(yu)管理體制限制，各級(ji)電(dian)(dian)網建設缺乏區域(yu)間統(tong)籌協調，區域(yu)主(zhu)網架以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)磁環(huan)網為主(zhu)，沒(mei)有(you)合理的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)層(ceng)分(fen)區，網架結構較易引發穩定破壞。400kV線路作為主(zhu)干網架己不(bu)滿足印(yin)度(du)經濟的(de)(de)(de)快速增(zeng)長對電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)負荷的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要，765kV系統(tong)剛(gang)剛(gang)啟動建設，還未成(cheng)網。跨區主(zhu)網架之(zhi)間呈弱(ruo)連接(jie)，一旦局部故障引發連鎖反應，或者區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網白(bai)身發電(dian)(dian)能力(li)(li)人(ren)幅減少，各區域(yu)間彼(bi)此難以形成(cheng)有(you)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)支援(yuan)，加入了發生人(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)可能性。

2電網發展缺乏統一規劃

印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、建設主體和資產歸屬(shu)復雜，主要(yao)包括印度(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)、邦(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)以及私人企業印度(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze)區(qu)(qu)域及跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)(qu)域輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)，邦(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze)邦(bang)內(nei)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)。盡(jin)管由隸屬(shu)于(yu)印度(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)5個區(qu)(qu)域級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze)協(xie)調(diao)(diao)和管理有關邦(bang)之間輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)關事(shi)務(wu)，但其對邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)并無管理關系，無力(li)(li)有效實現(xian)跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)(qu)、跨(kua)(kua)邦(bang)和邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)統一規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)，各區(qu)(qu)域間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)發展規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)較難形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)合(he)理的(de)(de)匹配(pei)和有效的(de)(de)銜接。除(chu)上述所述的(de)(de)長期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)問題外，印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)還存在(zai)短期運(yun)行(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)中(zhong)，區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)停運(yun)計(ji)劃(hua)不(bu)協(xie)調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)嚴重問題，并因此直接造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)了區(qu)(qu)域間聯絡線(xian)的(de)(de)功率調(diao)(diao)控能力(li)(li)缺失。

3電網缺乏統一調度機制

除(chu)了固有的(de)發電冗余不足(zu)，調(diao)(diao)峰能力(li)(li)弱(ruo)等(deng)客觀原因(yin)外，此次(ci)事故暴露(lu)出印度(du)電網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)體制(zhi)不健全(quan)，電網(wang)(wang)運(yun)行缺乏統一(yi)調(diao)(diao)度(du)，不同級調(diao)(diao)度(du)機構約束(shu)能力(li)(li)弱(ruo)、跨(kua)邦跨(kua)區調(diao)(diao)度(du)協調(diao)(diao)能力(li)(li)不足(zu)，調(diao)(diao)度(du)指揮不暢，調(diao)(diao)度(du)指令失靈(ling)等(deng)問(wen)題。

印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)實行(xing)(xing)分散的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)體制，存在國(guo)家、區(qu)(qu)(qu)域、邦(bang)級以(yi)及邦(bang)內各(ge)(ge)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)4級以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)理_缺乏統一調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)制。各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構獨(du)立于(yu)(yu)國(guo)家和區(qu)(qu)(qu)域調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構，主(zhu)要受(shou)當(dang)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局或(huo)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司管(guan)(guan)理。國(guo)家調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構對(dui)邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構的(de)(de)約束能力(li)較弱，白上(shang)而卜的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)無(wu)法(fa)做到“一票(piao)到底”。當(dang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)發生矛盾時(shi)，需(xu)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會反應并(bing)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會負(fu)責(ze)協調(diao)(diao)解決。事故中北(bei)部(bu)各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)不(bu)服從區(qu)(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網設備持續維持超負(fu)荷運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，區(qu)(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)指令對(dui)各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)超計劃受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)無(wu)能為力(li)。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)多位(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)官員(yuan)表示，各(ge)(ge)州沒有按照規定調(diao)(diao)整負(fu)荷需(xu)求(qiu)，致使(shi)跨(kua)邦(bang)聯(lian)絡線超負(fu)荷運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，導致了系統崩潰(kui)此外，印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)標準(zhun)偏低(di)，調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)足印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運(yun)(yun)(yun)營模式(shi)允許用頻(pin)率(lv)換用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為，系統運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)經常出現背離計劃的(de)(de)情況(kuang)，而且輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)范圍值為48.5--50.2Hz，允許頻(pin)率(lv)偏差(cha)較人，這些造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)長期處于(yu)(yu)緊(jin)張狀態。

4電力管理體制分散，缺乏統一管理

印(yin)度電(dian)力管理體制缺乏集約化，各邦政(zheng)府對電(dian)力改革擁(yong)有較高白主(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)，使得各邦改革進程不盡相同，統籌協調發(fa)展(zhan)實現困難。發(fa)、輸(shu)、配電(dian)所有權(quan)(quan)和經營權(quan)(quan)分(fen)散，利益(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)體多元(yuan)，電(dian)網發(fa)展(zhan)長期(qi)各白為(wei)政(zheng)，注重局(ju)部利益(yi)，不重視(shi)整體安全，電(dian)網管理水平偏低(di)、線損(sun)高、人部分(fen)電(dian)力企(qi)業(ye)處(chu)于虧(kui)損(sun)狀態(tai)、投資能力弱。

一方面，由于(yu)印度(du)(du)(du)推(tui)行以私有化為方向的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)改革，輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)在(zai)體制(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)并非一體化運(yun)(yun)行;另一方面，印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)管理(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)為中央和邦2個(ge)層次的(de)分散管理(li)模式，各(ge)邦政府對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)改革擁(yong)有較(jiao)高(gao)白主權邦電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)(jian)會(hui)不受中央電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)(jian)會(hui)管理(li)，邦電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)(jian)會(hui)在(zai)邦內發、輸、配、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交易和輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)定價等方面有較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)白主權這種整體層面比較(jiao)分散的(de)管理(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)模式，在(zai)很(hen)人程度(du)(du)(du)上(shang)造成了印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發展很(hen)難形(xing)成統(tong)一、科學的(de)規劃。加入了印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建設與(yu)運(yun)(yun)行難度(du)(du)(du)，也影響(xiang)了印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業運(yun)(yun)營(ying)與(yu)積極性，導致印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)在(zai)整體上(shang)統(tong)籌(chou)協調發展實現困難。

5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全

印度(du)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)體(ti)系中的(de)“第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)道(dao)防線”不(bu)健全，基(ji)(ji)于頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)的(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)和(he)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)不(bu)力。在“7.30”第(di)(di)(di)一次(ci)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)崩潰前，北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)與其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列運(yun)(yun)行。北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)損失約(yue)5800MW外來電(dian)(dian)(dian)，導致(zhi)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)降低(di)(di)。為了(le)改善頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)，避免系統崩潰，北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)了(le)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)(可(ke)以減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)約(yue)4000MW的(de)負荷(he))和(he)基(ji)(ji)于頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)的(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)(可(ke)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)約(yue)6000MW的(de)負荷(he))。然而，2項計(ji)劃(hua)的(de)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)并(bing)(bing)未減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)足夠的(de)負荷(he)，導致(zhi)除了(le)Badax-p二(er)(er)和(he)NAPS幾個小區域外的(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)崩潰在“7.31”第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)崩潰前，北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)與其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)首(shou)先解列運(yun)(yun)行，并(bing)(bing)遭遇(yu)了(le)與第(di)(di)(di)一次(ci)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故類似的(de)“第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)道(dao)防線”失效的(de)情況(kuang)在緊急情況(kuang)卜的(de)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)基(ji)(ji)于頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)的(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)策略木應能維(wei)持頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)來保(bao)證系統安全運(yun)(yun)行，但印度(du)的(de)事故分(fen)析報(bao)告指出(chu)，7月(yue)31口并(bing)(bing)沒有監(jian)測到低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)基(ji)(ji)于頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)的(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)計(ji)劃(hua)有適當的(de)動作(zuo)。

印(yin)度電網的(de)各級調度中心(xin)缺(que)乏電力系統(tong)(tong)動態(tai)(tai)安全評估(gu)和快(kuai)速狀態(tai)(tai)估(gu)計的(de)研究機制，無法(fa)有效(xiao)制定補救措施(shi)計劃;在(zai)系統(tong)(tong)運行調度過(guo)程中一也(ye)沒有在(zai)計劃外電力交換情(qing)況卜，對功率透(tou)支與(yu)過(guo)度發電的(de)情(qing)況進行監(jian)管。在(zai)這2次停電事故中，均發生了在(zai)負荷逐漸損失的(de)情(qing)況卜距(ju)離保護(hu)誤動現象，而且缺(que)乏足夠的(de)無功補償裝置和動態(tai)(tai)補償裝置對故障中的(de)系統(tong)(tong)電壓提供支撐(cheng)。

6電力投資不足

電(dian)力(li)投(tou)資不(bu)足一直(zhi)是(shi)印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)工業發(fa)展的核心制約因素，印(yin)度(du)曾(ceng)試圖采(cai)取多項措施吸引(yin)(yin)電(dian)力(li)投(tou)資，但收效甚微2003年印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)法案明確(que)鼓勵引(yin)(yin)入競爭。2005年印(yin)度(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)力(li)發(fa)展政(zheng)策(ce)也提出要(yao)在(zai)輸電(dian)環(huan)節引(yin)(yin)入私人投(tou)資。但在(zai)實(shi)際操作中，并未(wei)建(jian)立完善的電(dian)力(li)投(tou)資體制和順暢的資金(jin)渠道(dao)，往往由于土地糾(jiu)紛和其他(ta)繁(fan)瑣(suo)的政(zheng)策(ce)障(zhang)礙，導(dao)致基礎設施建(jian)設資金(jin)無(wu)法到位。另(ling)一方(fang)面(mian)，電(dian)價水平等(deng)諸多因素也導(dao)致電(dian)力(li)行業難(nan)以(yi)吸引(yin)(yin)投(tou)資。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)價機制不(bu)順，存在(zai)電(dian)價同收難(nan)、線損(sun)居高不(bu)卜等(deng)問題，印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)企業普遍虧損(sun)，政(zheng)府(fu)補貼(tie)對電(dian)力(li)市場運營虧損(sun)來說也是(shi)“杯(bei)水車薪(xin)”，企業缺(que)乏白主投(tou)資能(neng)力(li)和積極性

印度大停電對我國電力發展的啟示

印(yin)度2天(tian)內(nei)連續2次發生人面(mian)積停電事(shi)故(gu)，給當地(di)經濟發展、社會穩(wen)定(ding)及國家形象帶來嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)。此次印(yin)度人停電事(shi)件對我國電力工業發展具(ju)有重(zhong)要啟示(shi)。

電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)是現代經(jing)濟(ji)社會發(fa)(fa)展的基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)，也(ye)是組成(cheng)(cheng)國民(min)經(jing)濟(ji)的重要組成(cheng)(cheng)部分。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業的基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)性特征、工(gong)程建設周期(qi)長、系(xi)統運行備(bei)用需(xu)(xu)求等要求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)展必須適度(du)(du)超(chao)前如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)展滯(zhi)后，就會成(cheng)(cheng)為制約(yue)經(jing)濟(ji)社會發(fa)(fa)展和人民(min)生活水(shui)平(ping)提高的瓶(ping)頸(jing)。印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)設施(shi)薄弱，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供需(xu)(xu)矛盾突出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全可靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)平(ping)低。近年來，印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)持續存(cun)在10%左(zuo)右的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)缺}!，而在夏季用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰這個比例可能超(chao)過20%如(ru)此滯(zhi)后的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業，不僅嚴(yan)重影響了水(shui)民(min)的生活，更讓(rang)印度(du)(du)在對外招(zhao)商(shang)引資、經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展方(fang)面(mian)都(dou)面(mian)臨多方(fang)垢病，國際競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)也(ye)因此人打(da)折扣。

加強電網統籌規劃，夯實電網安全的基礎

無論美加(jia)“8.14”人停(ting)電(dian)(dian)、巴西“11.10”人停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，還是(shi)木次印度(du)連(lian)續2次人停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，其中一(yi)(yi)個重要原因就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)發展(zhan)滯后，沒有形(xing)成結(jie)構堅強、運行靈(ling)活的(de)主網(wang)(wang)架。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)由不同電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級設(she)備緊密連(lian)接在一(yi)(yi)起的(de)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，必須(xu)堅持統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)規劃、統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)建設(she)，從(cong)源頭上消除隱患，提高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)建設(she)安全質量和(he)抵御白然災害(hai)的(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，滿(man)足能(neng)(neng)源資(zi)源配(pei)置要求和(he)事故(gu)情況卜相互支(zhi)援的(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)。立足我國能(neng)(neng)源逆向分布(bu)實際，加(jia)快發展(zhan)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)跨區輸電(dian)(dian)，構建“強交強直”的(de)全國特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)堅強骨干(gan)網(wang)(wang)架，是(shi)保障我國電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供應安全的(de)必備物質基礎。

堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”

印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力公司縮減(jian)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)維護成(cheng)木，在電(dian)(dian)網(wang)超負荷運(yun)行、頻率(lv)卜降時，技術上沒有相應的(de)“第(di)三(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)防線”，最終拖垮整(zheng)個電(dian)(dian)網(wang)。而在美國(guo)等(deng)一些國(guo)家也存在類(lei)似(si)我國(guo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力安(an)全(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)“三(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)防線”，但(dan)因制(zhi)度(du)體制(zhi)等(deng)問題，讓(rang)“三(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)防線”運(yun)行失靈。隨(sui)著我國(guo)人容量交(jiao)/直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)工程、人規模間歇(xie)式電(dian)(dian)源的(de)投運(yun)，交(jiao)直流(liu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)拙合關系(xi)增(zeng)強(qiang)，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)行方(fang)式多變(bian)，容易發生多重擾(rao)動(dong)/故障，對(dui)人電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)運(yun)行提(ti)出了更高(gao)的(de)要求需(xu)要進一步加強(qiang)“三(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)防線”建設，落實《電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安(an)全(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)導則(ze)》要求，深入開展系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安(an)全(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)分析和(he)校(xiao)核，健(jian)全(quan)安(an)全(quan)管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)，提(ti)高(gao)運(yun)行維護水平(ping)、人員素質，加強(qiang)安(an)全(quan)基礎管理(li)和(he)細節控制(zhi)，以(yi)“嚴、細、實”的(de)作(zuo)風保障電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)

加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究

各國電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)向其(qi)(qi)目(mu)標網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)渡過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程中，都存在(zai)薄(bo)弱環節和(he)(he)安(an)(an)全風(feng)(feng)(feng)險，忽(hu)視這(zhe)些(xie)環節和(he)(he)對相應風(feng)(feng)(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)控(kong)將加入電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)生(sheng)類似于(yu)印(yin)度人(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性(xing)。為(wei)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)渡過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程中避(bi)免發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故，必須樹立(li)立(li)足于(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全觀，結合人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)及其(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)全運行(xing)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)趨勢，進(jin)一步加強對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)骨(gu)干(gan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架安(an)(an)全保障(zhang)理論的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)與技術(shu)措(cuo)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理，提(ti)高(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)監測、預警和(he)(he)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)能力，構建時空協(xie)調綜合防(fang)御系統(tong)，提(ti)高(gao)技術(shu)保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力，保證系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)安(an)(an)全穩定運行(xing)。深化人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全風(feng)(feng)(feng)險管(guan)(guan)理，實現(xian)安(an)(an)全風(feng)(feng)(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)(de)超前分析和(he)(he)流程化控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi);開展(zhan)周期(qi)性(xing)輸電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、城市電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全性(xing)評價，滾動排查電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)薄(bo)弱環節和(he)(he)設備重人(ren)(ren)(ren)隱患;加強資產(chan)全壽命周期(qi)管(guan)(guan)理和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全監督管(guan)(guan)理;完善人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)應急處置機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)等手段(duan)和(he)(he)措(cuo)施全過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程動態(tai)防(fang)范電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故風(feng)(feng)(feng)險。

強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制

分析國際(ji)上(shang)這些(xie)人(ren)(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故的直接(jie)原因(yin)，人(ren)(ren)都(dou)是因(yin)為(wei)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制混亂、利(li)益主體(ti)(ti)多元、調(diao)度(du)(du)指令失(shi)靈(ling)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事故得(de)不到(dao)(dao)及(ji)時控(kong)制，最終發(fa)展成為(wei)人(ren)(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這次(ci)印(yin)度(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的原因(yin)，再(zai)一(yi)次(ci)說明缺乏(fa)統一(yi)的調(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制和嚴格(ge)的調(diao)度(du)(du)紀律，人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全無(wu)法得(de)到(dao)(dao)保障。長期以來(lai)，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)實施電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化運行機(ji)制，實現了統一(yi)高效的調(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統協調(diao)運行，有效降低了重人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事故風險(xian)，沒有發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)崩潰和人(ren)(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等重人(ren)(ren)及(ji)以上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事故特別是近(jin)年來(lai)，在(zai)連續遭受歷(li)史罕見的嚴重冰(bing)災(zai)、特人(ren)(ren)地震及(ji)重人(ren)(ren)洪水、臺風、泥石(shi)流等白然災(zai)害(hai)的情況卜，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制為(wei)確保人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的安全和可(ke)靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)揮了重要作用(yong)

總結

當前我(wo)國經濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)負荷需求增長較快，結(jie)構性(xing)和(he)季(ji)節性(xing)電(dian)力(li)(li)緊張時有(you)發(fa)生，新能源發(fa)電(dian)迅(xun)猛(meng)發(fa)展(zhan)、并網規模口益增人(ren)(ren)(ren)，電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構口趨(qu)復雜，未來供電(dian)安全(quan)穩(wen)定問題將更加突出(chu)。為此，我(wo)國應(ying)(ying)積(ji)極從印(yin)度(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)事故中(zhong)汲取經驗教訓(xun)。在人(ren)(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)增強電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)物理網絡支撐的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，要堅(jian)持各級電(dian)網和(he)調度(du)的(de)(de)(de)一體(ti)化運(yun)行機制，充分發(fa)揮電(dian)網統一管理和(he)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)優勢，最人(ren)(ren)(ren)限度(du)地提(ti)升電(dian)網調度(du)安全(quan)保障能力(li)(li)，為我(wo)國經濟(ji)社會快速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)提(ti)供安全(quan)、可靠、優質、高效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)供應(ying)(ying)。