電(dian)動車充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)5種充(chong)電(dian)方法(fa)比較及充(chong)電(dian)注意事項

(1)電動車充電器—恒流充電

恒流充電是指蓄電池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，采用(yong)分(fen)段恒流的(de)(de)(de)方法進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)且(qie)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流是(shi)用(yong)調整(zheng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)來達到的(de)(de)(de)。其主(zhu)要(yao)特(te)點是(shi)該充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法有較大的(de)(de)(de)適應**，可以(yi)任意選擇和調整(zheng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。因此可以(yi)對(dui)各種(zhong)不同情況及狀態的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) (如新(xin)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、使用(yong)過的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)補(bu)充充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)及去硫充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等)。它(ta)特(te)別適用(yong)于(yu)用(yong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流長時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式，對(dui)由多數電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)串聯(lian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，且(qie)有利于(yu)容量恢復較慢(man)的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

但是，由(you)于該(gai)充(chong)電(dian)方法(fa)開始階段的充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)小，在充(chong)電(dian)后期充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)又過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大，所以(yi)整個充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)時(shi)間長、析出(chu)氣體(ti)多、對極板的沖擊大、能耗高、效(xiao)率低 (不超(chao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo) 65%)，且整個充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)必須(xu)有專人看管(guan)。所以(yi)，目(mu)前(qian)只有對蓄電(dian)池進行(xing)初充(chong)電(dian)及需要長時(shi)間小電(dian)流(liu)進行(xing)去硫充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)才使用。

采用恒流充電方法應注意(yi)以下事(shi)項：

①因恒流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的變(bian)型是分段恒流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以(yi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時為避免充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期電(dian)(dian)(dian)流過大，應及時調整充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。而且(qie)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的大小、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間、轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的時機及充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的選取等(deng)，必(bi)須嚴格執行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)規范;

②各(ge)被(bei)充蓄(xu)電池(chi)的(de)剩余容量(liang)(liang)應相接近，否則充電電流(liu)大小必須(xu)按串聯蓄(xu)電池(chi)組(zu)剩余容量(liang)(liang)最小的(de)蓄(xu)電池(chi)選定，而且(qie)當小容量(liang)(liang)蓄(xu)電池(chi)充足后應隨即摘除，再(zai)繼(ji)續對大容量(liang)(liang)蓄(xu)電池(chi)充電;

③充電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，每(mei)隔2～3h檢測一次蓄電(dian)(dian)池單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，如該電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已達到2.4V應及時轉入第(di)二階段充電(dian)(dian);

④當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)過程中電(dian)解(jie)液溫(wen)度上升(sheng)至(zhi)40℃時，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流應(ying)減半，如果繼續上升(sheng)到 45℃時應(ying)停(ting)止，待(dai)溫(wen)度降至(zhi)低于40℃后才可繼續充(chong)電(dian);

⑤充好的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)池電(dian)解液密(mi)(mi)度應(ying)符合規定要(yao)求，且各(ge)單格電(dian)池之(zhi)間電(dian)解液的(de)(de)密(mi)(mi)度差(cha)不(bu)得超(chao)過0.01g/cm3;

⑥免維護蓄電池不宜用此方法充電。

(2)電動車充電器—恒壓充電

恒壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是指每只單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)均(jun)以(yi)某一(yi)(yi)恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(一(yi)(yi)般取單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)數×2.5V)進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。其主要特(te)點為：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相當大，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢和電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液相對密(mi)度上(shang)升較快，隨著充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)延(yan)續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減小(xiao)，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終期(qi)只有(you)很小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過(guo)(guo);充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間短、能耗低(di)，一(yi)(yi)般充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)4～5h后蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)即可(ke)獲(huo)得本(ben)身容(rong)量的(de)90%～95%; 如果(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)選擇得當，8h即可(ke)完成整個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程，且整個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程不需(xu)人照管，所(suo)以(yi)廣泛應用于補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)存在的不(bu)足是： 由(you)于(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初(chu)(chu)始電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)(guo)(guo)大，對(dui)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度過(guo)(guo)(guo)大的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，會引起初(chu)(chu)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流急驟上升，易造成被充(chong)(chong)(chong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池過(guo)(guo)(guo)流及(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備損壞等;充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中，由(you)于(yu)(yu)不(bu)能調整充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，因此不(bu)適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的初(chu)(chu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和去硫充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian); 由(you)于(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的變化(hua)很難補(bu)償，所(suo)以對(dui)容量恢復較慢的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的完全充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)很難完成。

采(cai)用恒壓(ya)充電(dian)方(fang)法(fa)應注意(yi)以下事項：

①正確選擇充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。若充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)(guo)高(gao)，會(hui)引起(qi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)(guo)大，嚴重時會(hui)引起(qi)極板彎曲、活**物(wu)質大量(liang)脫落以及蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫升過(guo)(guo)高(gao)等危(wei)害(hai)。過(guo)(guo)低則會(hui)使蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足，導致容(rong)量(liang)降低、壽命縮短;

②被充蓄電池的端電壓必(bi)須完全(quan)相同。

(3) 電動車充電器—均衡充電

對于由許多單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)，如固定型蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，在運行(xing)一定日期以后，要定期進(jin)(jin)行(xing)均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這是因(yin)為平時按相同條件(jian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，極板各個部(bu)分的(de)活**物質出現(xian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)程度不(bu)同的(de)現(xian)象，結果(guo)活**物質出現(xian)反應不(bu)均衡(heng)狀(zhuang)態。另外(wai)，考慮到(dao)單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)之間某些(xie)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)特**也有差別，某些(xie)單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會產生充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足狀(zhuang)態。因(yin)此在正常(chang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)后繼續用(yong)約20h率的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流再充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)1～3h。這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也稱為過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。凡是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)平時在相同條件(jian)下(xia)使用(yong)時，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)維護(hu)上定期進(jin)(jin)行(xing)均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是有好處的(de)。

均(jun)(jun)衡充電(dian)相隔(ge)時間(jian)的(de)長短各用戶有不(bu)同規定，有的(de)規定三個月或半年(nian)進行一次。近年(nian)來根(gen)據蓄電(dian)池設計和制造技術的(de)進步，蓄電(dian)池的(de)特**差(cha)別不(bu)大，因此對均(jun)(jun)衡充電(dian)的(de)間(jian)隔(ge)時間(jian)有延長的(de)趨勢。

(4) 電動車充電器—浮充電

間(jian)歇使(shi)用的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池或(huo)僅在交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)才使(shi)用的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式為浮(fu)充(chong)式。例如，對固定型(xing)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池每個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池加上2.15～2.2V的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，以連續的(de)(de)微小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池并聯，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流主(zhu)要能補充(chong)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)損失，即約 10h率的(de)(de)0.3% ～1.0%范圍，而平時(shi)的(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷由充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器負(fu)(fu)擔，對于(yu)短時(shi)間(jian)大負(fu)(fu)荷也由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)時(shi)由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)降(jiang)而自動進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

(5)電動車充電器—恒壓限流充電

恒壓(ya)限流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)要是用來(lai)補(bu)救恒壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)大的缺點(dian)(方法同恒壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))，通過(guo)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源和被充(chong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)之間串聯(lian)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(限流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻) 來(lai)自動調節充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

當(dang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大時(shi)，其限流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上的(de)壓(ya)降也(ye)大，從而減小了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya); 當(dang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小時(shi)，限流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上的(de)壓(ya)降也(ye)很(hen)小，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)輸出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)損失也(ye)小。這樣，就自動調節充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，使之不超(chao)過(guo)某個限度。該方(fang)法目前(qian)被廣泛(fan)應(ying)用于免維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)初(chu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)補(bu)充充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。