太(tai)陽(yang)能如何轉(zhuan)化 太(tai)陽(yang)能轉(zhuan)化成熱能和電(dian)能的方(fang)式
太(tai)陽能如何轉化(hua) 太(tai)陽能轉化(hua)成熱能和電能的方(fang)式
太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是一種輻射能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),具有即(ji)時(shi)性,必須即(ji)時(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)其(qi)它形(xing)式(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)利(li)用(yong)和(he)貯存。將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)不同形(xing)式(shi)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量需(xu)要不同的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)器:集熱器通(tong)過(guo)吸收(shou)面(mian)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),利(li)用(yong)光(guang)伏效(xiao)應(ying)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電池(chi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),通(tong)過(guo)光(guang)合作用(yong)植物(wu)(wu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)生物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),等(deng)等(deng)。原則上,太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)直接或間接轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)任何形(xing)式(shi)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量,但轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)次(ci)數越多,最終(zhong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)的(de)效(xiao)率便越低(di)。
太陽能-熱能轉換
黑(hei)(hei)色吸收(shou)面(mian)吸收(shou)太(tai)陽(yang)輻射,可以將太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)轉換成熱(re)(re)能(neng),其吸收(shou)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好(hao),但輻射熱(re)(re)損失大,所(suo)以黑(hei)(hei)色吸收(shou)面(mian)不是理想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)吸收(shou)面(mian)。選擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)吸收(shou)面(mian)具有高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)吸收(shou)比和(he)(he)低的(de)(de)(de)發射比,吸收(shou)太(tai)陽(yang)輻射的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好(hao),且輻射熱(re)(re)損失小,是比較理想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)吸收(shou)面(mian)。這種吸收(shou)面(mian)由(you)選擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)吸收(shou)材(cai)料制成,簡稱(cheng)為選擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)涂層(ceng)。它是在(zai)本世紀40年代提出的(de)(de)(de),1955年達到實用要求,70年代以后研(yan)制成許(xu)多新型(xing)選擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)涂層(ceng)并進行批量生(sheng)產和(he)(he)推廣應用,目前已研(yan)制成上百種選擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)涂層(ceng)。
太陽能-電能轉換
電能(neng)是(shi)一種高(gao)品位能(neng)量,利(li)用、傳輸和(he)分配都(dou)比較(jiao)方便。將太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)為電能(neng)是(shi)大規模利(li)用太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)的(de)重(zhong)要技術基礎,世界各國都(dou)十分重(zhong)視,其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)途徑(jing)很多,有光(guang)電直(zhi)接轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan),有光(guang)熱電間(jian)接轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)等。這里重(zhong)點介(jie)紹光(guang)電直(zhi)接轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)器件(jian)--太(tai)(tai)陽電池。
世界上,1941年出現有(you)關(guan)硅太(tai)(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)池報(bao)導,1954年研制成效(xiao)(xiao)率達6%的單晶(jing)硅太(tai)(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)池,1958年太(tai)(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)池應用(yong)于(yu)衛星供電(dian)(dian)。在70年代(dai)以前(qian),由于(yu)太(tai)(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)池效(xiao)(xiao)率低(di),售價昂(ang)貴,主(zhu)要應用(yong)在空間。70年代(dai)以后,對太(tai)(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)池材料、結構和(he)工藝進行了廣泛研究,在提高效(xiao)(xiao)率和(he)降低(di)成本方面取得較(jiao)大進展(zhan),地面應用(yong)規模(mo)逐漸擴大,但從大規模(mo)利用(yong)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)而(er)言,與(yu)常規發(fa)電(dian)(dian)相比,成本仍然大高。
目前(qian),世界上(shang)太(tai)陽電(dian)池的實驗室效率(lv)最高水準為(wei):單晶(jing)硅(gui)電(dian)池24%(4cm2),多晶(jing)硅(gui)電(dian)池18.6%(4cm2),InGaP/GaAs雙結電(dian)池30.28%(AM1),非晶(jing)硅(gui)電(dian)池14.5%(初(chu)始)、12.8(穩(wen)定),碲化鎘電(dian)池15.8%,硅(gui)帶電(dian)池14.6%,二(er)氧化鈦(tai)有機納(na)米電(dian)池10.96%。