混合動力(li)車(che)的(de)(de)分類 混合動力(li)車(che)的(de)(de)缺點有哪些

混合動力(li)車(che)的(de)(de)分類 混合動力(li)車(che)的(de)(de)缺點有(you)哪些

一、混合動力車的分類

A、根據混合動(dong)力(li)驅動(dong)的聯結(jie)方式，混合動(dong)力(li)系統主要分為以(yi)下三(san)類(lei)：

一是串聯(lian)式混合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力系統（Series Hybrid)。串聯(lian)式混合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力系統一般由(you)內(nei)燃機(ji)直接帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)通過控制單元傳到電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，再由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)傳輸給電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉化為動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)能(neng)，最(zui)后通過變速機(ji)構來驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車。在(zai)這(zhe)種聯(lian)結(jie)方式下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就象一個(ge)水庫(ku)，只是調(diao)節的(de)對(dui)象不(bu)是水量(liang)，而是電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)對(dui)在(zai)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)產生的(de)能(neng)量(liang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)需要的(de)能(neng)量(liang)之(zhi)間(jian)進行調(diao)節，從(cong)而保證(zheng)車輛正常工作。這(zhe)種動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力系統在(zai)城市公交上的(de)應用比較多，轎(jiao)車上很少(shao)使用。

二是并(bing)聯(lian)式(shi)混合動(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(Parallel Hybrid)。并(bing)聯(lian)式(shi)混合動(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)有兩套(tao)驅動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)：傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的內燃機系統(tong)(tong)(tong)和電機驅動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)。兩個系統(tong)(tong)(tong)既可以同時(shi)協調工作(zuo)，也可以各(ge)自單獨工作(zuo)驅動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)。這(zhe)種(zhong)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)適用于多種(zhong)不同的行駛工況，尤其適用于復(fu)雜的路況。該聯(lian)結方式(shi)結構簡單，成本低。

三是混(hun)聯式(shi)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統。混(hun)聯式(shi)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)特點在(zai)于內(nei)燃機系(xi)(xi)統和電機驅(qu)動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統各(ge)有一(yi)套機械(xie)變速機構(gou)(gou)，兩套機構(gou)(gou)或(huo)通過齒(chi)輪系(xi)(xi)，或(huo)采(cai)用行星輪式(shi)結構(gou)(gou)結合(he)(he)在(zai)一(yi)起，從而綜合(he)(he)調節(jie)內(nei)燃機與電動(dong)機之(zhi)間的(de)轉(zhuan)速關(guan)系(xi)(xi)。與并聯式(shi)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統相比(bi)，混(hun)聯式(shi)動(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統可以更加靈活地(di)根據工(gong)況(kuang)來調節(jie)內(nei)燃機的(de)功率輸出和電機的(de)運轉(zhuan)。此聯結方式(shi)系(xi)(xi)統復雜，成本高(gao)。

B、根據在(zai)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)統中，電機的輸(shu)出功率在(zai)整個系(xi)(xi)統輸(shu)出功率中占的比重(zhong)，也就是常說的混(hun)合(he)(he)度的不同，混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)統還可(ke)以(yi)分為以(yi)下四(si)類：

一是(shi)微混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。這種混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)在傳統(tong)(tong)內燃機上(shang)的(de)(de)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)機（一般為12V）上(shang)加裝了皮帶驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)機（也就是(shi)常說的(de)(de)Belt-alternator Starter Generator, 簡稱BSG系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)）。該電(dian)機為發電(dian)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(Stop-Start)一體(ti)式電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機，用(yong)來(lai)控制(zhi)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)停止(zhi)，從(cong)而(er)取(qu)消了發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)怠速，降低了油(you)耗和(he)排(pai)放(fang)。從(cong)嚴格意義上(shang)來(lai)講，這種微混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)車不屬于真正的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)汽(qi)(qi)車，因為它的(de)(de)電(dian)機并沒(mei)有(you)為汽(qi)(qi)車行駛提供(gong)持續的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)。在微混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)里，電(dian)機的(de)(de)電(dian)壓通常有(you)兩種：12v 和(he)42v。其中(zhong)42v主要用(yong)于柴油(you)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。

二(er)是輕(qing)混(hun)合動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。代(dai)表車型(xing)是通用的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合動(dong)力皮卡車。該混(hun)合動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)采用了集成啟(qi)動(dong)電機(ji)(ji)（也就(jiu)是常說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)Integrated Starter Generator，簡稱(cheng)ISG系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)）。與微混(hun)合動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)相(xiang)比，輕(qing)混(hun)合動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)除了能(neng)夠實(shi)現用發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)控制發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)動(dong)和(he)停止，還能(neng)夠實(shi)現：（1）在(zai)減速和(he)制動(dong)工況下，對部分(fen)能(neng)量進(jin)行(xing)(xing)吸收；（2）在(zai)行(xing)(xing)駛過程中(zhong)，發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)等速運(yun)轉，發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)產生的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量可以(yi)在(zai)車輪的(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)需求(qiu)和(he)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)充電需求(qiu)之間進(jin)行(xing)(xing)調節。輕(qing)混(hun)合動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合度一般在(zai)20%以(yi)下。

三(san)是(shi)中(zhong)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。該混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)同樣(yang)采用了(le)ISG系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。與輕度混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)不(bu)同，中(zhong)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)采用的(de)(de)是(shi)高(gao)壓電機(ji)。另(ling)外，中(zhong)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)還增加了(le)一個(ge)功(gong)能(neng)：在汽車(che)處于加速(su)或者大負荷工況時，電動(dong)機(ji)能(neng)夠輔助(zhu)驅動(dong)車(che)輪(lun)，從而補(bu)充發動(dong)機(ji)本(ben)身動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)輸出的(de)(de)不(bu)足，從而更好的(de)(de)提高(gao)整車(che)的(de)(de)性能(neng)。這種系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)程度較(jiao)高(gao)，可以達到30%左右，技術(shu)已(yi)經成(cheng)熟，應用廣泛。

四是完(wan)(wan)全(quan)(quan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動力(li)系統(tong)。該系統(tong)采用(yong)了(le)272-650v的(de)(de)(de)高壓(ya)啟動電機，混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)程度更高。與中混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動力(li)系統(tong)相比，完(wan)(wan)全(quan)(quan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動力(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)度可以達到甚至超過50%。技術的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)將使得完(wan)(wan)全(quan)(quan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動力(li)系統(tong)逐漸(jian)成為混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動力(li)技術的(de)(de)(de)主要發(fa)展(zhan)方向。

二、混合動力車的缺點有哪些

混合動力(li)車輛(liang)的(de)(de)缺點是在(zai)純(chun)電力(li)模式的(de)(de)噪音(yin)過(guo)低，行人無(wu)法借由聲音(yin)來(lai)察覺行駛中(zhong)的(de)(de)車輛(liang)，容易造成危(wei)險;最好加裝喇叭制(zhi)造警(jing)示音(yin)。

電(dian)池(chi)重量會讓汽車更重，因(yin)此研(yan)發(fa)更輕的(de)電(dian)池(chi)可以增加效益。

必(bi)須(xu)確保(bao)電(dian)池所需(xu)的鋰礦(kuang)安(an)(an)全及供應量;馬達需(xu)要(yao)的稀(xi)土金屬(shu)目(mu)前(qian)被中國壟斷，政治風險高;中國對稀(xi)土礦(kuang)場的管理差，稀(xi)土價格也沒有反(fan)應開采稀(xi)土需(xu)要(yao)的污染防制及安(an)(an)全成本(ben)。

不論以環保或經濟(ji)觀點，目前(qian)的油(you)電(dian)兩用車并不適合只有(you)在假日(ri)使用的人士，這是因為：

價格(ge)較高(gao)，必(bi)須降(jiang)低電池等成(cheng)本，以利普及。

普通鎳氫電池(chi)有自(zi)放(fang)電問題(經常使用效益才夠(gou)高)，低自(zi)放(fang)電鎳氫電池(chi)和可供(gong)車用的鋰電池(chi)目前價格(ge)容(rong)量(liang)比還(huan)比較(jiao)高。

電(dian)池(chi)制造(zao)及回(hui)收(shou)會消耗(hao)能源、制造(zao)污(wu)染，需(xu)要進一步降低電(dian)池(chi)污(wu)染及耗(hao)能;否(fou)則(ze)目(mu)前的油電(dian)兩用車(che)輛要在行駛數萬(wan)公里以后才會有環(huan)保效益。