直流充電樁簡介

直流充電樁可以從功率大小、充電槍的(de)多(duo)少、結構形(xing)式(shi)、安裝方式(shi)等不同維度進行分(fen)(fen)類。其中，按結構形(xing)式(shi)比(bi)較主流的(de)分(fen)(fen)類是(shi)將(jiang)直流充電樁分(fen)(fen)為兩(liang)種：一體式(shi)直流充電樁和分(fen)(fen)體式(shi)直流充電樁。

直流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁的(de)電(dian)(dian)氣部分由主回路(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)二(er)次回路(lu)(lu)(lu)組成(cheng)(cheng)。主回路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)輸(shu)入(ru)是三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)，經過(guo)輸(shu)入(ru)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器、交流(liu)(liu)智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)(biao)之后由充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模塊（整流(liu)(liu)模塊）將三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)轉換為(wei)電(dian)(dian)池可以接受(shou)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)，再連接熔(rong)斷(duan)器和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)槍，給(gei)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。 二(er)次回路(lu)(lu)(lu)由充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器、讀卡(ka)器、顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)屏、直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)等組成(cheng)(cheng)。二(er)次回路(lu)(lu)(lu)還提(ti)(ti)供(gong)“啟(qi)停”控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)與“急(ji)停”操作(zuo);信號燈(deng)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)“待機”、“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)”與“充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿”狀態指示(shi);顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)屏作(zuo)為(wei)人機交互設備則提(ti)(ti)供(gong)刷(shua)卡(ka)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式設置(zhi)與啟(qi)停控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)操作(zuo)。

直流充電樁充電過程

在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩(liang)端加載(zai)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)恒定大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)漸漸地(di)緩慢地(di)上(shang)升，上(shang)升到(dao)一(yi)定程(cheng)度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到(dao)標稱值(zhi)，SoC達到(dao)95%（針(zhen)對不同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，不一(yi)樣）以(yi)上(shang)，繼(ji)續以(yi)恒壓(ya)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)去了，但(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量沒(mei)有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，就(jiu)是沒(mei)有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)實，如果(guo)有(you)時間，可(ke)以(yi)改用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)實”。 為(wei)了實現這個(ge)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)在功能上(shang)就(jiu)需要有(you)“直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)”提供直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源;需要有(you)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器”控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)的“開(kai)機、關機、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)”;需要有(you)“觸摸屏(ping)”作為(wei)人機界面下發(fa)指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)，通過控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器將“開(kai)機、關機、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)”等指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)下發(fa)給充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣層(ceng)面理解的最(zui)簡充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)只(zhi)要有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)板和(he)觸摸屏(ping)就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)了; 如果(guo)開(kai)機、關機和(he)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)］輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)等指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)上(shang)做成幾個(ge)鍵盤(pan)，那么一(yi)個(ge)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

直流充電樁充電過程詳解

直流充電樁輸出由(you)9根線(xian)組成，分(fen)別是：

直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)路：DC+、DC-；設備(bei)地線(xian)：PE；充電(dian)(dian)通信線(xian)路：S+、S-；充電(dian)(dian)連接確認線(xian)路：CC1、CC2；低壓輔助電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)路：A+、A-。

直(zhi)流充(chong)電樁就是通過這9根線給電動(dong)汽(qi)車進行充(chong)電，其(qi)具(ju)體(ti)的充(chong)電模型如下：

非車載充電機（即直流充電樁）和電動汽車二者通(tong)過車輛插座相(xiang)(xiang)連。S開(kai)關是(shi)一個常閉開(kai)關，與直流充電(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)頭上的按(an)鍵(jian)（即(ji)機械鎖）相(xiang)(xiang)關聯，當我們按(an)下(xia)充電(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)頭上的按(an)鍵(jian)，S開(kai)關即(ji)打開(kai)。而U1、U2是(shi)一個12V上拉電(dian)壓，R1~R5是(shi)阻值約1000歐的電(dian)阻，R1、R2、R3在(zai)充電(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)上，R4、R5在(zai)車輛插座上。

車輛接口連接確認階段：

當我們按下槍(qiang)頭(tou)按鍵，插(cha)入車輛插(cha)座，再放開(kai)槍(qiang)頭(tou)按鍵。充電樁的檢測(ce)點1將檢測(ce)到(dao)12V-6V-4V的電平變化。一旦檢測(ce)到(dao)4V、充電樁將判斷充電槍(qiang)插(cha)入成功(gong)，車輛接口(kou)完全連接，并將充電槍(qiang)中(zhong)的電子鎖(suo)進行(xing)鎖(suo)定(ding)，防止槍(qiang)頭(tou)脫落。

該圖片由注冊用戶"小英"提供，版權聲明反饋

直流充電樁自檢階段：

在車(che)輛接口(kou)完全(quan)連接后(hou)(hou)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)將閉合(he)K3、K4，使低壓輔助(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)導通(tong)，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)控制裝置(zhi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（有的(de)(de)車(che)輛不需要(yao)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）（車(che)輛得(de)到供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)，將根據監測(ce)點(dian)2的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓判斷(duan)車(che)輛接口(kou)是否連接，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值為6V，則車(che)輛裝置(zhi)開始周(zhou)期發送(song)通(tong)信握(wo)手(shou)報文），接著閉合(he)K1、K2，進行絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)，所謂絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)，即檢(jian)測(ce)DC線路(lu)的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)性(xing)(xing)能，保證后(hou)(hou)續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)(xing)。絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)結束后(hou)(hou)，將投入泄(xie)放回路(lu)泄(xie)放能量(liang)，并斷(duan)開K1、K2，同時開始周(zhou)期發送(song)通(tong)信握(wo)手(shou)報文。

充電準備就緒階段：

接下來(lai)，就(jiu)(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車與直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁相互(hu)配置(zhi)的階段(duan)，車輛(liang)控制(zhi)K5、K6閉(bi)合，使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)導通，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁檢(jian)測到(dao)車輛(liang)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)正常（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與通信(xin)報文描述地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)誤差≤±5%，且在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸出最大、最小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的范圍內）后閉(bi)合K1、K2，那么(me)直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)導通，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車就(jiu)(jiu)準備開始(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)。

充電階段：

在充電階段，車輛向充電樁實時發送電池充電(dian)需(xu)求的參數，充電(dian)樁(zhuang)會根據該參數實時調(diao)整充電(dian)電(dian)壓和電(dian)流(liu)，并(bing)相互(hu)發送(song)各自的狀態信息（充電(dian)樁(zhuang)輸出電(dian)壓電(dian)流(liu)、車(che)輛電(dian)池電(dian)壓電(dian)流(liu)、SOC等）。

充電結束階段：

車輛(liang)會根據BMS是否達到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿狀態或是受到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)發來的(de)(de)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)中止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)“來判斷是否結束充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（非(fei)正(zheng)常(chang)條件(jian)(jian)在后續文(wen)章(zhang)進行介紹）。滿足以上充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束條件(jian)(jian)，車輛(liang)會發送“車輛(liang)中止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)“，在確認充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于(yu)5A后斷開K5、K6。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)在達到(dao)操作人員設定的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束條件(jian)(jian)，或者(zhe)收到(dao)汽車發來的(de)(de)”車輛(liang)中止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)“，會發送”充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)中止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)”，并控(kong)制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在確認充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于(yu)5A后斷開K1、K2，并再(zai)(zai)次投入(ru)泄(xie)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，然后再(zai)(zai)斷開K3、K4。