直流充電樁簡介

直流充電樁可以從功率大小、充電槍的(de)多少、結構(gou)形式(shi)、安(an)裝方式(shi)等不(bu)同維度進行分(fen)類(lei)。其中，按結構(gou)形式(shi)比較主流(liu)的(de)分(fen)類(lei)是將直流(liu)充電樁分(fen)為兩(liang)種：一(yi)體式(shi)直流(liu)充電樁和(he)分(fen)體式(shi)直流(liu)充電樁。

直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁的(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)部分由(you)主回(hui)路(lu)和二次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)組(zu)成。主回(hui)路(lu)的(de)(de)輸入(ru)是三相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)，經過輸入(ru)斷路(lu)器(qi)、交(jiao)流(liu)智(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)能(neng)表之后由(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)模塊（整流(liu)模塊）將三相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)轉換為電(dian)池可(ke)以接受的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)，再連(lian)接熔斷器(qi)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)槍，給電(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。 二次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)由(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)、讀卡(ka)器(qi)、顯(xian)示屏(ping)、直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)表等組(zu)成。二次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)還提供(gong)“啟停”控(kong)制(zhi)與(yu)“急停”操(cao)(cao)作(zuo);信號燈提供(gong)“待機”、“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)”與(yu)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿”狀態指示;顯(xian)示屏(ping)作(zuo)為人機交(jiao)互設備則提供(gong)刷卡(ka)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式設置(zhi)與(yu)啟停控(kong)制(zhi)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)。

直流充電樁充電過程

在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩端加(jia)載(zai)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)恒(heng)定大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)漸漸地(di)緩慢地(di)上升，上升到(dao)一(yi)定程(cheng)度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到(dao)標稱值，SoC達到(dao)95%（針對不同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，不一(yi)樣）以(yi)上，繼續以(yi)恒(heng)壓(ya)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上去了(le)，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量沒有(you)(you)充(chong)滿，就(jiu)是沒有(you)(you)充(chong)實，如(ru)果(guo)有(you)(you)時間，可以(yi)改用小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)實”。 為了(le)實現(xian)這(zhe)個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)在功能上就(jiu)需(xu)要有(you)(you)“直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)”提(ti)供直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源;需(xu)要有(you)(you)“充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)控(kong)制(zhi)器”控(kong)制(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)的“開機(ji)、關機(ji)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)”;需(xu)要有(you)(you)“觸摸(mo)屏”作為人(ren)機(ji)界面下(xia)發指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)，通過(guo)控(kong)制(zhi)器將“開機(ji)、關機(ji)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)”等(deng)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)下(xia)發給充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣層(ceng)面理(li)解的最簡充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)只要有(you)(you)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)，控(kong)制(zhi)板和觸摸(mo)屏就(jiu)可以(yi)了(le); 如(ru)果(guo)開機(ji)、關機(ji)和輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)］輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)等(deng)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)上做成幾個(ge)鍵(jian)盤(pan)，那么一(yi)個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)就(jiu)可以(yi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)。

直流充電樁充電過程詳解

直流充電樁輸出由9根線組成，分別(bie)是(shi)：

直流電源(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)：DC+、DC-；設備地線(xian)：PE；充(chong)電通信線(xian)路(lu)(lu)：S+、S-；充(chong)電連(lian)接確認(ren)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)：CC1、CC2；低壓輔助(zhu)電源(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)：A+、A-。

直流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)樁就是通過這9根線給電(dian)動汽車進行充(chong)電(dian)，其具體的充(chong)電(dian)模(mo)型(xing)如下：

非車載充電機（即直流充電樁）和電動汽車二者通過(guo)車(che)輛(liang)插座相(xiang)連。S開關(guan)是一個(ge)常閉(bi)開關(guan)，與直流充(chong)(chong)電槍(qiang)頭上(shang)(shang)的按鍵(jian)（即(ji)機械鎖）相(xiang)關(guan)聯(lian)，當我們按下充(chong)(chong)電槍(qiang)頭上(shang)(shang)的按鍵(jian)，S開關(guan)即(ji)打開。而U1、U2是一個(ge)12V上(shang)(shang)拉電壓(ya)，R1~R5是阻值約1000歐的電阻，R1、R2、R3在充(chong)(chong)電槍(qiang)上(shang)(shang)，R4、R5在車(che)輛(liang)插座上(shang)(shang)。

車輛接口連接確認階段：

當我(wo)們按(an)(an)下槍(qiang)頭按(an)(an)鍵(jian)(jian)，插入(ru)(ru)車輛插座，再放(fang)開槍(qiang)頭按(an)(an)鍵(jian)(jian)。充電(dian)樁(zhuang)的檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)點1將檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)到12V-6V-4V的電(dian)平變化。一(yi)旦檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)到4V、充電(dian)樁(zhuang)將判斷充電(dian)槍(qiang)插入(ru)(ru)成功，車輛接(jie)口(kou)完全連(lian)接(jie)，并將充電(dian)槍(qiang)中的電(dian)子鎖(suo)進(jin)行鎖(suo)定，防止槍(qiang)頭脫落。

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直流充電樁自檢階段：

在車輛接口(kou)完全連接后(hou)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁將閉(bi)合(he)(he)K3、K4，使低壓(ya)輔(fu)助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路導通，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車控制裝置供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（有(you)的車輛不需要供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）（車輛得到供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，將根據(ju)監測點2的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)判斷車輛接口(kou)是否(fou)連接，若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)為6V，則車輛裝置開始周期發送通信握手報(bao)文(wen)(wen)），接著閉(bi)合(he)(he)K1、K2，進行絕(jue)緣檢(jian)測，所(suo)謂絕(jue)緣檢(jian)測，即檢(jian)測DC線(xian)路的絕(jue)緣性能，保(bao)證后(hou)續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的安全性。絕(jue)緣檢(jian)測結束后(hou)，將投入(ru)泄放回路泄放能量，并斷開K1、K2，同時開始周期發送通信握手報(bao)文(wen)(wen)。

充電準備就緒階段：

接下來，就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)與(yu)直流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁相互配(pei)置的階(jie)段，車(che)輛控(kong)制K5、K6閉(bi)合(he)，使(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路導通(tong)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁檢測到車(che)輛端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)正常（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與(yu)通(tong)信報(bao)文描述地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)誤差≤±5%，且(qie)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸(shu)出最大(da)、最小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的范圍(wei)內(nei)）后閉(bi)合(he)K1、K2，那(nei)么直流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路導通(tong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)就(jiu)準備開始充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

充電階段：

在充電階段，車輛向充電樁實時發送電池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求的參數，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)會根據該參數實時(shi)調整(zheng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，并(bing)相互發送(song)各自的狀態(tai)信(xin)息（充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、車輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、SOC等）。

充電結束階段：

車(che)輛會(hui)(hui)根據BMS是否達到充(chong)(chong)滿狀態(tai)或(huo)是受到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)發來的(de)“充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)“來判斷(duan)是否結束充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（非正常條件在后續文(wen)章進行介紹）。滿足以(yi)上充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束條件，車(che)輛會(hui)(hui)發送(song)“車(che)輛中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)“，在確(que)(que)認充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于(yu)5A后斷(duan)開(kai)K5、K6。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)在達到操作人員(yuan)設定的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束條件，或(huo)者收(shou)到汽車(che)發來的(de)”車(che)輛中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)“，會(hui)(hui)發送(song)”充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)”，并控制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在確(que)(que)認充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于(yu)5A后斷(duan)開(kai)K1、K2，并再(zai)(zai)次投入泄放電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，然后再(zai)(zai)斷(duan)開(kai)K3、K4。