太陽能光伏發電原理

太陽能電池與蓄電池組成系統的電源單元(yuan)，因此蓄電池(chi)性能(neng)直接(jie)影響(xiang)著系統工(gong)作特性。

（1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)元(yuan)：由(you)(you)于(yu)技(ji)術和(he)(he)材(cai)(cai)料原因，單(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量是(shi)十分有限(xian)的(de)(de)，實用中(zhong)的(de)(de)太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)單(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)經串、并聯組(zu)成的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)系統，稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件（陣列）。單(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)一只硅晶體二極管，根(gen)據半(ban)(ban)導(dao)體材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子學特性，當太(tai)陽光(guang)照射到由(you)(you)P型(xing)和(he)(he)N型(xing)兩種不同導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)類型(xing)的(de)(de)同質半(ban)(ban)導(dao)體材(cai)(cai)料構成的(de)(de)P-N結(jie)上時(shi)，在一定的(de)(de)條件下，太(tai)陽能(neng)輻射被(bei)半(ban)(ban)導(dao)體材(cai)(cai)料吸(xi)收，在導(dao)帶(dai)和(he)(he)價帶(dai)中(zhong)產生(sheng)非平(ping)衡載(zai)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)子即(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子和(he)(he)空穴。同于(yu)P-N結(jie)勢壘區存在著較強的(de)(de)內建(jian)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場，因而(er)能(neng)在光(guang)照下形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)J，短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)Isc，開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓Uoc。若在內建(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)兩側面引(yin)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極并接(jie)上負載(zai)，理論上講由(you)(you)P-N結(jie)、連接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和(he)(he)負載(zai)形成的(de)(de)回路，于(yu)是(shi)就(jiu)有“光(guang)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)”流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)過，太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件就(jiu)實現了(le)對負載(zai)的(de)(de)功率P輸出。

（2）電能儲存單元：太陽能電池產(chan)生的(de)直流電(dian)先進入蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)儲存(cun)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)特性影響著(zhu)系統的(de)工作效率和(he)特性。蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)技術(shu)是十分成熟(shu)的(de)，但其容量要受到末端需電(dian)量，日照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)（發電(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)）的(de)影響。因此蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)瓦時(shi)容量和(he)安時(shi)容量由預定的(de)連續無日照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)決定。

設置原理

太(tai)陽能光(guang)伏發電系統(tong)的設計需(xu)要考慮的因素：

1、需要(yao)考慮太陽能(neng)光(guang)伏(fu)發電系統使(shi)用的地方以及該地日光(guang)輻射情況(kuang)；

2、需(xu)要(yao)考(kao)慮太(tai)陽能光(guang)伏發電(dian)系統需(xu)要(yao)承載的負載功率(lv)；

3、系統所輸出(chu)電(dian)壓，以及考慮應該(gai)使用直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)還是交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)；

4、系統每天(tian)需要(yao)工作的(de)小時數；

5、如(ru)遇到沒有日光照(zhao)射的陰雨天(tian)氣(qi)，系統需連續供(gong)電多少(shao)天(tian)；

6、考慮負載(zai)的情(qing)況，是(shi)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)性(xing)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容性(xing)還是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)性(xing)，啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的大小。

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太陽能光伏發電系統組成

光伏系統(tong)是由太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)方陣(zhen)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)，充放(fang)電(dian)控制器，逆(ni)變器，交流配電(dian)柜、自動太(tai)陽(yang)能跟蹤系統(tong)、自動太(tai)陽(yang)能組(zu)件除塵系統(tong)等設備(bei)組(zu)成。其各部分設備(bei)的作(zuo)用是：

1、太陽能電池

在有光(guang)照（無論(lun)是太陽光(guang)，還是其它發光(guang)體產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)照）情(qing)況下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)吸收(shou)光(guang)能(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)出現(xian)異(yi)號電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)累，即產(chan)生“光(guang)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓”，這就是“光(guang)生伏特效(xiao)應”。在光(guang)生伏特效(xiao)應的(de)(de)(de)作用下(xia)，太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)端(duan)產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢，將光(guang)能(neng)(neng)轉換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，是能(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換的(de)(de)(de)器件。太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一般為(wei)硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，分為(wei)單晶(jing)硅(gui)太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，多晶(jing)硅(gui)太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和非晶(jing)硅(gui)太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)三種。

原材料特點：

電池片：采(cai)用高效率（16.5%以(yi)上(shang)）的單晶(jing)硅太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)片封(feng)裝，保證太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電池板(ban)發(fa)電功率充足。

玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)：采用(yong)低(di)鐵鋼化絨面(mian)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(又稱為白(bai)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li))，厚度3.2mm,在太陽電池光譜響應的(de)波(bo)長范圍(wei)內(320-1100nm)透光率(lv)達(da)91%以上，對(dui)于大于1200 nm的(de)紅外(wai)光有(you)較高(gao)的(de)反射(she)率(lv)。此玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)同時能耐(nai)太陽紫外(wai)光線的(de)輻射(she)，透光率(lv)不下降。

EVA：采用加有抗紫外劑(ji)、抗氧化劑(ji)和固化劑(ji)的厚度為0.78mm的優質EVA膜層作為太(tai)陽電池的密封劑(ji)和與玻(bo)璃、TPT之間的連接(jie)劑(ji)。具有較(jiao)高的透光率和抗老化能力。

TPT：太(tai)陽電池的(de)(de)背面覆(fu)蓋物(wu)—氟(fu)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)膜為(wei)白色，對陽光起(qi)反射作用，因(yin)此對組件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)效率(lv)(lv)略有(you)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)，并因(yin)其(qi)具有(you)較高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)紅外發射率(lv)(lv)，還(huan)可降低組件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)工作溫度(du)，也有(you)利于(yu)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)組件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)效率(lv)(lv)。當然，此氟(fu)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)膜首先具有(you)太(tai)陽電池封裝材料(liao)(liao)所要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)耐老化(hua)、耐腐蝕、不透(tou)氣(qi)等基本(ben)要(yao)求(qiu)。

邊(bian)框：所采用的鋁合金邊(bian)框具有高(gao)強(qiang)度，抗機械沖擊能力強(qiang)。也(ye)是家用太陽能發電中(zhong)價值(zhi)最高(gao)的部分。

2、蓄電池組

其(qi)作用(yong)是(shi)貯存太陽能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)方陣受(shou)光照時(shi)發(fa)(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)并(bing)可隨時(shi)向負載供電(dian)。太陽能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)對所用(yong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本要(yao)求是(shi)：a.自放電(dian)率低(di)；b.使(shi)用(yong)壽命長(chang)；c.深放電(dian)能(neng)力(li)強(qiang)；d.充電(dian)效率高；e.少維(wei)(wei)護或免(mian)維(wei)(wei)護；f.工(gong)作溫度范圍寬；g.價格低(di)廉。目前我國與太陽能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)系統配套使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。配套200Ah以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，一(yi)般選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)固定(ding)式或工(gong)業(ye)密(mi)封(feng)式免(mian)維(wei)(wei)護鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，每只蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)電(dian)壓為2VDC；配套200Ah以下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，一(yi)般選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)小(xiao)型密(mi)封(feng)免(mian)維(wei)(wei)護鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，每只蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)電(dian)壓為12VDC。

3、充放電控制器

是(shi)能自動防止(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)設備。由(you)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)循環(huan)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)次數及放(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度是(shi)決(jue)定(ding)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽命的(de)重要因素，因此能控制蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)或過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)控制器是(shi)必不可少的(de)設備。

4、逆變器

是將直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)轉換成(cheng)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)設備(bei)。由于太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池和蓄電(dian)(dian)池是直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，而負(fu)(fu)載是交流(liu)負(fu)(fu)載時，逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是必不可(ke)少的(de)。逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)按運(yun)行(xing)方(fang)(fang)式，可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)獨(du)(du)立運(yun)行(xing)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和并(bing)網逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。獨(du)(du)立運(yun)行(xing)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)于獨(du)(du)立運(yun)行(xing)的(de)太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統，為(wei)獨(du)(du)立負(fu)(fu)載供電(dian)(dian)。并(bing)網逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)于并(bing)網運(yun)行(xing)的(de)太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統。逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)按輸出(chu)波(bo)(bo)型可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)方(fang)(fang)波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和正(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。方(fang)(fang)波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)路簡單(dan)，造(zao)價低，但諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)分(fen)(fen)量(liang)大，一般用(yong)(yong)于幾百瓦以(yi)下和對(dui)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)要求不高(gao)的(de)系統。正(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)成(cheng)本高(gao)，但可(ke)以(yi)適用(yong)(yong)于各種(zhong)負(fu)(fu)載。

逆變器保護(hu)(hu)(hu)功能：a、過(guo)載(zai)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)；b、短路保護(hu)(hu)(hu)；c、接反保護(hu)(hu)(hu)；d、欠壓保護(hu)(hu)(hu)；e、過(guo)壓保護(hu)(hu)(hu)；f、過(guo)熱保護(hu)(hu)(hu)。

5、交流配電柜

其在電(dian)(dian)站系統(tong)的(de)主要作(zuo)用是對(dui)備用逆變器的(de)切換(huan)功(gong)能(neng)，保證系統(tong)的(de)正常供電(dian)(dian)，同時還有(you)對(dui)線路電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)計(ji)量。