【濟寧天(tian)氣】濟寧氣候特(te)點 濟寧地理(li)環境
濟寧氣候特點
地處暖溫(wen)帶大陸性季風氣候區(qu)。氣候具有(you)(you)四季分(fen)明、光照(zhao)充足、雨(yu)熱同季、降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)集中、干(gan)濕交(jiao)替、無霜(shuang)期(qi)長(chang)、偶有(you)(you)災害(hai)的(de)特(te)點。氣溫(wen),歷(li)年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)13.6℃。年內(nei)(nei)1月(yue)最(zui)(zui)冷,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)-1.7℃,7月(yue)最(zui)(zui)熱,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)26.8℃。平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)日(ri)(ri)較差10.2~11.5℃。不低于(yu)(yu)0℃的(de)農耕期(qi)年均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)296天(tian),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)積溫(wen)5076.7℃。不低于(yu)(yu)10℃的(de)喜溫(wen)作物(wu)生長(chang)期(qi),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)215天(tian),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)活動積溫(wen)4571.9℃。低于(yu)(yu)0℃的(de)越冬期(qi)約70天(tian),負積溫(wen)117.5~172.5℃。降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui),歷(li)年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)量707.1毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。年降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)最(zui)(zui)多1394.8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),最(zui)(zui)少只有(you)(you)285.6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。夏季降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量最(zui)(zui)大,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)441.7毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),占(zhan)年降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量的(de)2.5%。冬季降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量最(zui)(zui)小,只有(you)(you)27.8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),僅占(zhan)年降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量的(de)4%。平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)年降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)日(ri)(ri)數為(wei)(wei)61~85天(tian)。歷(li)年初雪(xue)(xue)日(ri)(ri)最(zui)(zui)早在11月(yue)上(shang)旬,終雪(xue)(xue)日(ri)(ri)最(zui)(zui)晚在4月(yue)中旬。降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)日(ri)(ri)數平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)6.6~12天(tian)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)量20毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),最(zui)(zui)多40~50毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),最(zui)(zui)少不足0.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。日(ri)(ri)照(zhao),歷(li)年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)數2406.8小時,年均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)2272.3小時。年內(nei)(nei)夏季日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)最(zui)(zui)長(chang),冬季最(zui)(zui)短(duan)(duan)。日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)長(chang)短(duan)(duan)的(de)月(yue)際(ji)變化是6月(yue)最(zui)(zui)長(chang),2月(yue)最(zui)(zui)短(duan)(duan)。歷(li)年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)百分(fen)率為(wei)(wei)53~56%。霜(shuang)期(qi),歷(li)年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)初霜(shuang)日(ri)(ri)為(wei)(wei)10月(yue)28日(ri)(ri),終霜(shuang)日(ri)(ri)為(wei)(wei)4月(yue)11日(ri)(ri),無霜(shuang)期(qi)199天(tian)。歷(li)年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)土(tu)壤凍(dong)(dong)結(jie)日(ri)(ri)為(wei)(wei)11月(yue)下旬,解凍(dong)(dong)日(ri)(ri)為(wei)(wei)3月(yue)上(shang)旬,凍(dong)(dong)土(tu)期(qi)110大,凍(dong)(dong)土(tu)深一般20~30厘米(mi)(mi)。
濟寧地理環境
1、位置境域
濟(ji)寧位(wei)于魯西南(nan)腹地,地處黃(huang)淮海(hai)平原(yuan)與(yu)魯中(zhong)南(nan)山(shan)地交接地帶(dai)。東(dong)鄰臨沂地區(qu),西與(yu)菏澤接壤,南(nan)面(mian)是(shi)棗莊市(shi)和江蘇省徐州(zhou)市(shi),北(bei)(bei)面(mian)與(yu)泰(tai)安市(shi)交界,西北(bei)(bei)角隔黃(huang)河與(yu)聊城(cheng)市(shi)相望。最北(bei)(bei)端(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)梁(liang)山(shan)縣小路口鎮(zhen)鄒橋村,為(wei)(wei)北(bei)(bei)緯35°57′;最南(nan)端(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)微山(shan)縣高樓(lou)鄉,為(wei)(wei)北(bei)(bei)緯34°26′;最東(dong)端(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)泗水縣泉林鎮(zhen),為(wei)(wei)東(dong)經(jing)(jing)117°36′;最西端(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)梁(liang)山(shan)縣黑虎(hu)廟(miao)鄉高堂村,為(wei)(wei)東(dong)經(jing)(jing)115°52′;總(zong)面(mian)積11187平方(fang)公里;南(nan)北(bei)(bei)長167公里,東(dong)西寬158公里。
2、地形地貌
濟(ji)寧(ning)屬(shu)魯(lu)南(nan)(nan)泰沂(yi)低山(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)與(yu)魯(lu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)黃(huang)淮海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)平(ping)原交接地(di)(di)(di)帶,地(di)(di)(di)質構造上(shang)屬(shu)華北(bei)地(di)(di)(di)區魯(lu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)斷塊凹(ao)陷區。濟(ji)寧(ning)市(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)形以(yi)(yi)平(ping)原洼地(di)(di)(di)為(wei)(wei)主,地(di)(di)(di)勢東(dong)高(gao)西(xi)(xi)(xi)低,地(di)(di)(di)貌較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)復雜。東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)山(shan)(shan)巒綿亙,丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)起(qi)伏。京滬鐵(tie)路以(yi)(yi)東(dong),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)在50—100米(mi)(mi)以(yi)(yi)上(shang),比(bi)較(jiao)有(you)名的(de)山(shan)(shan)有(you)曲阜(fu)尼山(shan)(shan)(主峰(feng)(feng)(feng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)344米(mi)(mi)),鄒城(cheng)嶧山(shan)(shan)(主峰(feng)(feng)(feng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)545米(mi)(mi)),鳳凰山(shan)(shan)(主峰(feng)(feng)(feng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)648.8米(mi)(mi),是濟(ji)寧(ning)市(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)),泗水堯山(shan)(shan)(主峰(feng)(feng)(feng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)582米(mi)(mi)),老寨山(shan)(shan)(主峰(feng)(feng)(feng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)532米(mi)(mi))。各山(shan)(shan)之間分布(bu)有(you)許多小型盆地(di)(di)(di)和谷地(di)(di)(di)。南(nan)(nan)四湖(hu)(hu)以(yi)(yi)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)山(shan)(shan)麓為(wei)(wei)泰沂(yi)山(shan)(shan)前沖積平(ping)原,自(zi)(zi)東(dong)向西(xi)(xi)(xi)傾斜,地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)60-35米(mi)(mi),地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)起(qi)伏稍大(da)(地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)坡(po)(po)降為(wei)(wei)1/1000—1/3000);南(nan)(nan)四湖(hu)(hu)以(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)較(jiao)平(ping)坦的(de)黃(huang)泛平(ping)原,自(zi)(zi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)向東(dong)傾斜,地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)39-34米(mi)(mi),起(qi)伏較(jiao)小(地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)坡(po)(po)降僅為(wei)(wei)1/5000—1/10000)。嘉祥縣(xian)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)和金(jin)鄉縣(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu),有(you)零星孤山(shan)(shan)、殘丘(qiu)(qiu)出露,如孟良山(shan)(shan)(主峰(feng)(feng)(feng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)243.1米(mi)(mi),是嘉祥縣(xian)的(de)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)山(shan)(shan))、羊山(shan)(shan)等。中部(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)南(nan)(nan)四湖(hu)(hu)(微山(shan)(shan)湖(hu)(hu)、南(nan)(nan)陽湖(hu)(hu)、昭陽湖(hu)(hu)、獨山(shan)(shan)湖(hu)(hu)的(de)總稱)貫穿南(nan)(nan)北(bei)。地(di)(di)(di)勢四周高(gao),中間低,如同一碟(die)形盆地(di)(di)(di)。最(zui)(zui)低湖(hu)(hu)底海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)度:上(shang)級湖(hu)(hu)為(wei)(wei)31.5米(mi)(mi),下級湖(hu)(hu)為(wei)(wei)30米(mi)(mi)。湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)為(wei)(wei)泰沂(yi)山(shan)(shan)前沖積扇下緣,自(zi)(zi)東(dong)北(bei)向西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)傾斜,地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)60-36米(mi)(mi),起(qi)伏比(bi)較(jiao)平(ping)緩,地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)坡(po)(po)降1/3000-1/5000。汶上(shang)縣(xian)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)軍屯、白石(shi)一帶有(you)孤山(shan)(shan)分布(bu)。
3、氣候
濟(ji)寧市位于(yu)東亞季(ji)(ji)風氣(qi)候(hou)區,屬暖溫帶季(ji)(ji)風氣(qi)候(hou),四季(ji)(ji)分明。夏季(ji)(ji)多偏(pian)南風,受(shou)熱帶海(hai)洋氣(qi)團或變性(xing)熱帶海(hai)洋氣(qi)團影響(xiang),高溫多雨;冬季(ji)(ji)多偏(pian)北風,受(shou)極地大陸(lu)氣(qi)團影響(xiang),多晴寒(han)天氣(qi);春(chun)秋兩(liang)季(ji)(ji)為大氣(qi)環流調整時(shi)期,春(chun)季(ji)(ji)易旱多風,回暖較快(kuai);秋季(ji)(ji)涼爽,但(dan)時(shi)有(you)陰雨。具有(you)充裕的光能(neng)資源,是濟(ji)寧氣(qi)候(hou)的突出特點。濟(ji)寧市年平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫為13.3℃一14.1℃,平均(jun)(jun)無霜期為199天。年平均(jun)(jun)降水量在597—820毫米左右