一、碳纖維是什么材料
纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料是纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)狀物質通過紡織(zhi)加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝形成的(de)結構化材(cai)(cai)(cai)料,可(ke)以制作纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)質眾(zhong)多,如常見的(de)玻璃纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)、石棉纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)、聚酯纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)等,碳纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)也是纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)一種。
碳纖(xian)(xian)維是(shi)由(you)碳元素組成的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)特(te)(te)種(zhong)纖(xian)(xian)維,其含碳量在90%以上,是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)高(gao)強(qiang)度(du)(du)、高(gao)模量纖(xian)(xian)維,用腈(jing)綸和粘膠纖(xian)(xian)維做原料,經(jing)高(gao)溫氧化碳化而(er)成。和其他纖(xian)(xian)維材料相比(bi),碳纖(xian)(xian)維的(de)密度(du)(du)小,因(yin)此比(bi)強(qiang)度(du)(du)和比(bi)模量高(gao),具有(you)耐高(gao)溫、抗摩(mo)擦(ca)、導(dao)電、導(dao)熱及耐腐蝕等特(te)(te)性。
二、碳纖維是怎么制造出來的
碳(tan)(tan)纖維主要由碳(tan)(tan)組成,不過(guo)它并(bing)不是(shi)直接(jie)用碳(tan)(tan)或石墨來(lai)制取的(de),而是(shi)采(cai)用一些含碳(tan)(tan)的(de)有機(ji)纖維原料,將有機(ji)纖維與塑(su)料樹(shu)脂結合在(zai)一起炭化制得碳(tan)(tan)纖維,具(ju)體的(de)制作過(guo)程是(shi):
1、選取有機纖維
被選用(yong)來(lai)制備(bei)碳纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)的有(you)機纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)主要包括(kuo):聚丙(bing)烯腈(jing)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)、瀝(li)青(qing)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)、粘膠絲(si)或(huo)酚(fen)醛纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)等,其中應用(yong)較(jiao)普遍的是聚丙(bing)烯腈(jing)碳纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)瀝(li)青(qing)碳纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)。選用(yong)不(bu)同(tong)的有(you)機纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)作為原料,對具體的工藝(yi)參數會有(you)不(bu)同(tong)的要求,制備(bei)出(chu)來(lai)的碳纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)的性能也(ye)會有(you)一定的差異(yi)。
2、纖維紡絲
以聚丙烯(xi)腈碳纖(xian)維為(wei)例,聚丙烯(xi)腈以水溶(rong)劑制(zhi)得(de)(de)(de)15%的(de)紡絲液,水溶(rong)劑一(yi)般為(wei)硫氰酸(suan)鈉(na)或(huo)硝酸(suan)、二甲基亞砜(feng)等,經過濕法(fa)紡絲或(huo)者干噴紡絲等紡絲工藝既可(ke)制(zhi)得(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)絲;制(zhi)得(de)(de)(de)的(de)原(yuan)絲于緯織機中織成(cheng)布,然(ran)后(hou)送預(yu)氧化處理(li)器進行預(yu)氧化處理(li)。
3、預氧化處理
預氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)分(fen)兩段(duan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing),聚丙烯腈纖(xian)維(wei)布(bu)先在催化(hua)(hua)劑存在于(yu)200~220℃及張(zhang)力狀(zhuang)態條件(jian)下用空氣(或(huo)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua))進(jin)行(xing)(xing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)10~30min,并(bing)在220~330℃及張(zhang)力狀(zhuang)態條件(jian)下繼續(xu)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)30~100min,使纖(xian)維(wei)的顏色逐漸由(you)白變黃,最后變成銅褐色。預氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)中產(chan)生(sheng)的廢氣由(you)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)裝置中排出,處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)的纖(xian)維(wei)送炭化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)器(qi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)炭化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。
4、炭化處理
炭化過程在純氮氣流(或真空)保護下進行,經過低溫炭化(300~1000℃)和高溫炭化(1000~1800℃)轉化成具有亂層結構的碳纖維。炭化(hua)過程中產(chan)生的氮氫分解(jie)氣體及炭化(hua)分解(jie)氣體先后由炭化(hua)處(chu)理(li)裝置(zhi)中排(pai)出。
經(jing)過以(yi)(yi)上步(bu)驟,碳纖(xian)(xian)維就制(zhi)作出來了,如果需要制(zhi)作成(cheng)石墨纖(xian)(xian)維,可以(yi)(yi)將碳纖(xian)(xian)維送石墨處理(li)器中進行處理(li)。