【電(dian)子元(yuan)器(qi)件基礎知(zhi)識】常用電(dian)子元(yuan)件入門(men)知(zhi)識 電(dian)子元(yuan)器(qi)件的(de)分類

常用電子元件入門知識

電子元器件是電(dian)子元(yuan)件(jian)和(he)電(dian)小型的(de)(de)機(ji)器(qi)、儀器(qi)的(de)(de)組成(cheng)部分，其本身常(chang)由若(ruo)干零(ling)件(jian)構成(cheng)，可(ke)以在同類產(chan)品中通用(yong)；常(chang)指電(dian)器(qi)、無線(xian)電(dian)、儀表(biao)等(deng)(deng)工業的(de)(de)某些零(ling)件(jian)，如電(dian)容(rong)、晶體管、游絲、發(fa)條等(deng)(deng)子器(qi)件(jian)的(de)(de)總(zong)稱。常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)有(you)二極(ji)管等(deng)(deng)。

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電(dian)子(zi)(zi)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)包括：電(dian)阻、電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)子(zi)(zi)管、散熱器(qi)(qi)(qi)、機電(dian)元件(jian)(jian)、連(lian)接器(qi)(qi)(qi)、半導(dao)體分立器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、電(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、激光器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、電(dian)子(zi)(zi)顯示器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、光電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)源、開關(guan)、微特(te)電(dian)機、電(dian)子(zi)(zi)變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、印制(zhi)電(dian)路板、集成電(dian)路、各類電(dian)路、壓電(dian)、晶體、石英(ying)、陶瓷磁性材(cai)料、印刷電(dian)路用基材(cai)基板、電(dian)子(zi)(zi)功能工藝(yi)專用材(cai)料、電(dian)子(zi)(zi)膠（帶）制(zhi)品(pin)(pin)、電(dian)子(zi)(zi)化學材(cai)料及部品(pin)(pin)等。

電子元(yuan)(yuan)器件在(zai)質量方面國際(ji)上有(you)歐盟的CE認(ren)證(zheng)，美(mei)國的UL認(ren)證(zheng)，德國的VDE和TUV以及中國的CQC認(ren)證(zheng)等國內外(wai)認(ren)證(zheng)，來保證(zheng)元(yuan)(yuan)器件的合格。

電子元器件的分類

一、元件：工廠在加(jia)工時沒改(gai)變原材料(liao)分(fen)(fen)子成分(fen)(fen)的產(chan)品可稱為元(yuan)件，元(yuan)件屬于不需

要能源的器件。它包括(kuo)：電阻、電容、電感。(又(you)稱為被動(dong) 元件Passive Components)

元件分為：

1、電(dian)路(lu)類元件：二(er)極(ji)管，電(dian)阻(zu)器等(deng)等(deng)

2、連(lian)接(jie)類元件：連(lian)接(jie)器，插座，連(lian)接(jie)電(dian)纜，印(yin)刷電(dian)路板(PCB)

二、器件：工(gong)廠(chang)在生(sheng)產加工(gong)時改變了原材(cai)料分子結構的(de)產品稱為器件

器件分為：

1、主動器(qi)件(jian)，它的(de)主要特點是：(1)自(zi)身消耗電能(2)需要外界電源。

2、分(fen)立器件(jian)，分(fen)為(1)雙極性晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)三(san)極管(2)場效應晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)管(3)可(ke)控硅(4)半導體(ti)電(dian)阻電(dian)容

電阻

電阻在電(dian)路中用"R”加數(shu)字(zi)表示(shi)(shi),如:R1表示(shi)(shi)編(bian)號為1的電(dian)阻.電(dian)阻在電(dian)路中的主(zhu)要作用為:分(fen)流(liu)、限(xian)流(liu)、分(fen)壓、偏置等(deng).

電容

電(dian)(dian)(dian)容在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中一般用"C"加數字表(biao)示(如C13表(biao)示編(bian)號為(wei)13的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容).電(dian)(dian)(dian)容是由兩片金屬(shu)膜(mo)緊(jin)靠,中間用絕緣材料隔開而組成的元件(jian).電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的特(te)性主要是隔直流通交流.

電容的容量(liang)大小(xiao)表示能貯存電能的大小(xiao),電容對交流信號(hao)的阻礙(ai)作用(yong)稱(cheng)為容抗,它與交流信號(hao)的頻率和電容量(liang)有關(guan).

晶體二極管

晶體二(er)極(ji)管在電路中(zhong)常用“D”加(jia)數字表示,如: D5表示編號為5的二(er)極(ji)管.

作用:二極(ji)管的主要(yao)特性(xing)是單向導(dao)電性(xing),也就是在(zai)正向電壓(ya)的作用下,導(dao)通(tong)電阻很小;而在(zai)反向電壓(ya)作用下導(dao)通(tong)電阻極(ji)大(da)或無窮(qiong)大(da).

因為二極管具有上述特性(xing),無繩(sheng)電(dian)話機中常把它用在整流(liu)、隔離、穩(wen)壓、極性(xing)保護、編碼控制(zhi)、調頻調制(zhi)和靜(jing)噪等(deng)電(dian)路中.

電感器

電感器在電(dian)(dian)(dian)子制(zhi)作(zuo)中(zhong)雖然使用得不(bu)是很多，但它們(men)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)同(tong)樣重要。我們(men)認為電(dian)(dian)(dian)感器(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)樣，也是一(yi)種儲(chu)能(neng)元件，它能(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉變(bian)為磁(ci)場能(neng)，并在磁(ci)場中(zhong)儲(chu)存能(neng)量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)感器(qi)(qi)用符(fu)號L表(biao)示，它的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)單位是亨利(li)（H），常(chang)用毫亨（mH）為單位。它經(jing)常(chang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)起工作(zuo)，構成LC濾波器(qi)(qi)、LC振蕩器(qi)(qi)等。另外，人們(men)還利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)感的(de)(de)特性，制(zhi)造了(le)阻(zu)流圈、變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)等。

組合電路

集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)是一(yi)種(zhong)采用特殊(shu)工(gong)藝，將晶(jing)體(ti)管、電(dian)阻、電(dian)容等元件集成(cheng)在硅基(ji)片(pian)上而形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)具(ju)有一(yi)定(ding)功(gong)能的(de)器件，英(ying)文(wen)縮寫(xie)為IC，也(ye)俗稱(cheng)芯片(pian)。

模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是指(zhi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、晶體管等元件(jian)(jian)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起用來處理模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)信號的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。有(you)(you)許多的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，如集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)運算放大器(qi)(qi)、比較器(qi)(qi)、對數和指(zhi)數放大器(qi)(qi)、模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)乘(除)法器(qi)(qi)、鎖(suo)相環、電(dian)(dian)(dian)源管理芯片等。模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)主要(yao)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)有(you)(you)：放大器(qi)(qi)、濾波器(qi)(qi)、反(fan)饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、基準(zhun)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等。模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設(she)計主要(yao)是通過有(you)(you)經驗的(de)(de)設(she)計師進行手(shou)動的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)調試，模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)而得到，與此相對應的(de)(de)數字集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設(she)計大部分是通過使(shi)用硬件(jian)(jian)描(miao)述語言在(zai)(zai)EDA軟件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)控制下自動的(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)產生。

數字集成電路是將元器件和連線集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于同一(yi)半(ban)導體芯(xin)片上(shang)而制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)數(shu)字(zi)邏(luo)輯電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或系統。根據數(shu)字(zi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)包(bao)含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或元、器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)量(liang)，可(ke)將數(shu)字(zi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)分為小規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(SSI)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(MSI)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、大(da)規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、超大(da)規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)VLSI電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)和特(te)大(da)規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ULSI)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。小規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)10個(ge)以(yi)(yi)內，或元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)不超過100個(ge)；中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)10-100個(ge)之(zhi)間(jian)，或元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)100-1000個(ge)之(zhi)間(jian)；大(da)規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)100個(ge)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，或元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)10-10個(ge)之(zhi)間(jian)；超大(da)規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)1萬個(ge)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，或元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)10-10之(zhi)間(jian)；特(te)大(da)規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)在(zai)10-10之(zhi)間(jian)。它包(bao)括(kuo)：基(ji)本(ben)邏(luo)輯門(men)、觸發器(qi)(qi)(qi)、寄(ji)存器(qi)(qi)(qi)、譯碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)、驅動器(qi)(qi)(qi)、計數(shu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、整(zheng)形電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、可(ke)編程邏(luo)輯器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、微處理器(qi)(qi)(qi)、單(dan)片機、DSP等(deng)。