古箏的結構
古(gu)箏(zheng)是一種多(duo)弦(xian)多(duo)柱的(de)彈撥樂(le)器。它的(de)外(wai)形近似于長箱形,中(zhong)間(jian)稍微(wei)突起,底板(ban)呈平面或近似于平面。古(gu)箏(zheng)的(de)頭部有緩緩而落的(de)古(gu)箏(zheng)腳(jiao)。在木制箱體的(de)面板(ban)上(shang)張設古(gu)箏(zheng)弦(xian)。在每(mei)條弦(xian)下(xia)面安置碼子,碼子可(ke)以左右移動,用來調整音高和音質(zhi)。
古箏的品種不(bu)一(yi),構造(zao)也(ye)不(bu)盡相同,下面(mian)介(jie)紹的是一(yi)種二十一(yi)弦古箏的構造(zao)。
古(gu)(gu)箏(zheng)主要由面板(ban),底板(ban)、邊板(ban)、古(gu)(gu)箏(zheng)頭、古(gu)(gu)箏(zheng)尾、岳(yue)山、碼子、琴釘、出音孔和古(gu)(gu)箏(zheng)弦等(deng)部位組成。古(gu)(gu)箏(zheng)的優劣取決于各部分材料(liao)質地(di)及制作(zuo)工藝的高低。
一、面板 底板 古箏頭 古箏邊 古箏尾
古(gu)(gu)箏的(de)共鳴體由面板、底板和兩個古(gu)(gu)箏邊組成。在共鳴體內有音橋,呈拱形(xing),它除了共鳴效果的(de)需要外,還起(qi)著支(zhi)撐的(de)作用。共鳴體的(de)質量和結(jie)構(gou)對古(gu)(gu)箏的(de)音響影響很大。
「面板」用(yong)放(fang)置多年、木質干而(er)松(song)的梧桐木來制作。也有人試用(yong)白松(song)制作。蒙族古箏的面板用(yong)楊(yang)木制成。
「底板」用梧桐木制作或者用其(qi)它的硬質木料制作。
「古箏邊」也(ye)稱(cheng)邊(bian)板,即古(gu)箏(zheng)的側幫。古(gu)箏(zheng)有兩個箏(zheng)邊(bian),靠近身體的一(yi)側稱(cheng)為內箏(zheng)邊(bian),另一(yi)側稱(cheng)為外(wai)古(gu)箏(zheng)邊(bian)。古(gu)箏(zheng)邊(bian)一(yi)般用木制(zhi)成,也(ye)有用水曲柳、紅木或(huo)其他雜木制(zhi)成。還(huan)有試用楓(feng)木制(zhi)作。
「古箏頭」用(yong)(yong)木、紫檀或(huo)其他較堅實的(de)木料制成。箏(zheng)(zheng)頭(tou)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)固(gu)定琴弦(xian),由(you)穿弦(xian)孔來固(gu)定(也有(you)(you)的(de)古(gu)箏(zheng)(zheng)的(de)古(gu)箏(zheng)(zheng)頭(tou)是(shi)固(gu)定琴釘的(de))。在古(gu)箏(zheng)(zheng)頭(tou)的(de)側面有(you)(you)一個出(chu)(chu)音(yin)孔,也音(yin)孔上有(you)(you)一個音(yin)窗,供出(chu)(chu)音(yin)之(zhi)用(yong)(yong)。古(gu)箏(zheng)(zheng)頭(tou)因與(yu)共鳴(ming)體相通,這樣就擴大(da)了(le)共鳴(ming)的(de)范圍(也有(you)(you)的(de)古(gu)箏(zheng)(zheng),古(gu)箏(zheng)(zheng)頭(tou)與(yu)共鳴(ming)體是(shi)不相通的(de))。
「古箏尾」它主要用于安裝琴釘。此處在(zai)造型上也起著與箏頭對(dui)稱(cheng)平衡的(de)作(zuo)用。
二、岳山 碼子 琴釘 音孔 箏弦
「岳山」也稱木梁或(huo)(huo)山(shan)(shan)口。用(yong)(yong)(yong)木或(huo)(huo)其他木料制成。在(zai)(zai)古箏(zheng)上(shang)有(you)兩(liang)個(ge)岳(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan):一個(ge)在(zai)(zai)面板(ban)與(yu)古箏(zheng)頭連(lian)接(jie)處,叫(jiao)作(zuo)前(qian)(qian)岳(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan);一個(ge)在(zai)(zai)面板(ban)與(yu)古箏(zheng)尾連(lian)接(jie)處,叫(jiao)作(zuo)后岳(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)。岳(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)隨面板(ban)的前(qian)(qian)后圓弧而(er)自然(ran)成彎(wan)弧形,與(yu)面板(ban)基本上(shang)成九(jiu)十度角。后岳(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)也有(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)S形的(縮短了高中(zhong)音區的碼處弦長。岳(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)起著載弦的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),也起著某些傳(chuan)遞聲音的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。岳(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)與(yu)碼子(zi)高度的比例關系到音準以及音色,定調等方面的問題,因此(ci),必須(xu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)恰當的比例才能使古箏(zheng)的發(fa)(fa)音有(you)良好的效果。在(zai)(zai)前(qian)(qian)岳(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)上(shang)端鑲有(you)一條(tiao)骨片或(huo)(huo)銅絲,以使發(fa)(fa)音悅(yue)耳。
「碼子」也稱柱,或稱雁柱。它(ta)是古箏(zheng)弦(xian)(xian)和(he)面(mian)板(ban)的傳振(zhen)支柱。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)用木(mu)制(zhi)(zhi)作,也有用紅木(mu)、牛骨(gu)、塑料、象牙制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)的,以(yi)(yi)木(mu)的效果(guo)為佳。在(zai)桅(wei)木(mu)上還鑲有一(yi)(yi)個小(xiao)骨(gu)片(pian),在(zai)骨(gu)片(pian)上刻槽,以(yi)(yi)穩固古箏(zheng)弦(xian)(xian)。每個碼子(zi)支撐著一(yi)(yi)根弦(xian)(xian),共有二十一(yi)(yi)個碼子(zi)。在(zai)演奏時(shi),弦(xian)(xian)的振(zhen)動由碼子(zi)傳遞到面(mian)扳,再通過共鳴體而發也音(yin)樂的效果(guo)。碼子(zi)可左(zuo)右移(yi)動,以(yi)(yi)調(diao)整音(yin)高(gao)。碼子(zi)有時(shi)也稍作前后移(yi)動,以(yi)(yi)適當調(diao)整音(yin)質。
「琴釘」也稱肖子(zi)。它用于上弦(xian),調整弦(xian)的松(song)緊,控制音的高低。古箏的琴(qin)釘也有用鋼琴(qin)肖釘代替的,或(huo)用硬質木料(liao)制成弦(xian)軸上弦(xian)的。
「出音孔」古(gu)箏有三個(ge)出(chu)音孔(也(ye)有兩個(ge)出(chu)音孔的),在古(gu)箏頭側(ce)面有一(yi)個(ge),底(di)板上有兩個(ge)(一(yi)個(ge)在底(di)板的中部,一(yi)個(ge)在底(di)板接近古(gu)箏尾處)。出(chu)音也(ye)的位置、形狀和大小關系(xi)到音色、音量。
「弦」目前常用(yong)古(gu)箏(zheng)共有(you)二十一(yi)根弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),靠(kao)近演(yan)奏(zou)者的(de)(de)第一(yi)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是古(gu)箏(zheng)的(de)(de)最高(gao)音,在(zai)用(yong)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上,根據不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)需要,而(er)將銅絲(si)(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、金屬纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或尼龍纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)其他(ta)種弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)加以(yi)(yi)適當的(de)(de)配置(zhi)(zhi)。由(you)于用(yong)途、風格和習慣(guan)的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong),在(zai)配置(zhi)(zhi)方法上也有(you)不(bu)同(tong)。有(you)以(yi)(yi)鋼絲(si)(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)主,適當配置(zhi)(zhi)金屬纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或尼龍纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de);也有(you)以(yi)(yi)尼龍纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)主,適當配置(zhi)(zhi)鋼絲(si)(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de);也有(you)全(quan)部用(yong)尼龍纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或絲(si)(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)。鋼絲(si)(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)音色明亮(liang),纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)音色渾厚。
說明:在(zai)制(zhi)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)專業上,把鋼(gang)絲弦(xian)(xian)(xian)稱為裸(luo)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(裸(luo)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)是與纏(chan)(chan)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)相對而言的(de)),把有(you)外包纏(chan)(chan)皮的(de)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)稱為纏(chan)(chan)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)。纏(chan)(chan)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)蕊(rui),一般采(cai)用(yong)鋼(gang)絲弦(xian)(xian)(xian)做蕊(rui)。
古箏的(de)發聲原(yuan)理及發聲部位
下面我們講古箏的發聲。
古(gu)箏是(shi)彈(dan)撥樂(le)器,通過(guo)弦(xian)的(de)(de)振動發(fa)聲。長而(er)粗的(de)(de)弦(xian)發(fa)聲的(de)(de)音調低,短(duan)而(er)細的(de)(de)弦(xian)發(fa)聲的(de)(de)音調高(gao)。繃(beng)緊的(de)(de)弦(xian)發(fa)聲的(de)(de)音調高(gao),不緊的(de)(de)弦(xian)發(fa)聲的(de)(de)音調低。古(gu)箏有一個木制(zhi)的(de)(de)共鳴箱來使聲音更洪(hong)亮。
古(gu)箏(zheng)發聲(sheng)的(de)(de)過(guo)程大體是(shi)這樣:用(yong)手(shou)指撥彈琴(qin)(qin)弦引(yin)發琴(qin)(qin)弦的(de)(de)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong),通過(guo)琴(qin)(qin)碼把振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)達到共鳴箱的(de)(de)面板,再引(yin)起共鳴箱腔(qiang)內的(de)(de)空氣(qi)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong),又通過(guo)底(di)板的(de)(de)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)及(ji)反射(she)加(jia)強(qiang)了腔(qiang)內空氣(qi)與面板的(de)(de)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)。多次振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong),古(gu)箏(zheng)聲(sheng)音(yin)擴大,同(tong)時從底(di)板的(de)(de)音(yin)孔傳(chuan)(chuan)出來。
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