播種機的簡介以及主要類型

播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機 （seeder） 以作物種(zhong)子為(wei)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)對(dui)象(xiang)的種(zhong)植機械。用于某類(lei)或某種(zhong)作物的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機，常冠以作物種(zhong)類(lei)名稱，如(ru)谷物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)機、玉米穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機、棉花播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機、牧草撒播(bo)(bo)(bo)機等。

簡介

公元(yuan)前1世(shi)紀，中國已推(tui)廣使用耬，這(zhe)是世(shi)界上最(zui)早(zao)的條(tiao)播機具，今仍在北方旱作區(qu)應用。

1636年在希臘(la)制(zhi)成第一臺播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji) 。1830 年俄國(guo)(guo)人在畜力多鏵犁(li)上制(zhi)成犁(li)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)。 1860年后(hou)，英美等國(guo)(guo)開始大量生產畜力谷(gu)(gu)(gu)物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)。20世(shi)紀(ji)后(hou)相繼出現了(le)(le)(le)牽引和(he)懸掛式谷(gu)(gu)(gu)物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)，以及運用氣力排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)。50年代(dai)發展(zhan)精(jing)密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)。中國(guo)(guo)從20世(shi)紀(ji)50年代(dai)引進了(le)(le)(le)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)、棉花播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)等。60年代(dai)先后(hou)研制(zhi)成懸掛式谷(gu)(gu)(gu)物播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)、離心式播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)、通用機(ji)架播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)和(he)氣吸式播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)等多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型，并研制(zhi)成磨紋式排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器。到70年代(dai)，已形成播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中耕通用機(ji)和(he)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)物聯合播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)兩個系列，同時研制(zhi)成功了(le)(le)(le)精(jing)密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)。

歷史

歐洲第(di)一臺播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)于1636年(nian)(nian)在希臘(la)制成。1830年(nian)(nian)，俄(e)國人在畜(chu)力(li)多(duo)鏵犁上加(jia)裝播(bo)種裝置制成犁播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。英、美等(deng)國在1860年(nian)(nian)以(yi)后開(kai)始大量生(sheng)產畜(chu)力(li)谷物條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。20世(shi)紀以(yi)后相繼出現(xian)了牽引和懸(xuan)掛式谷物條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，以(yi)及運用氣力(li)排種的播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。1958年(nian)(nian)挪(nuo)威出現(xian)第(di)一臺離(li)心式播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，50年(nian)(nian)代以(yi)后逐步發(fa)展各種精密播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)在20世紀50年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)從國(guo)(guo)外引進谷物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)、棉(mian)花(hua)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)，60年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)先后研制(zhi)成(cheng)功(gong)懸掛式(shi)谷物(wu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)、離心式(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)、通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)架(jia)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)和氣吸式(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)型,并研制(zhi)成(cheng)功(gong)了(le)磨紋式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器。到70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai),已形成(cheng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)耕(geng)通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)和谷物(wu)聯合播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)兩個系列并投入(ru)生產。供谷物(wu)、中(zhong)耕(geng)作物(wu)、牧草、蔬(shu)菜用(yong)的各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)和穴播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)都(dou)已得到推廣使用(yong)。與(yu)此同時，還研制(zhi)成(cheng)功(gong)了(le)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。

發明人

播種機(ji)是由杰斯洛·圖爾(er)發明(ming)(ming)的(de)。杰斯洛·圖爾(er)是一位(wei)熱心的(de)業(ye)余音樂家，他還把自(zi)己的(de)音樂知識運用(yong)于自(zi)己的(de)發明(ming)(ming)。他關于播種機(ji)里彈簧裝置(zhi)的(de)想(xiang)法，是受(shou)到(dao)管(guan)風琴共鳴板裝置(zhi)的(de)啟發而(er)產生(sheng)的(de)。

主要類型

按播種方法(fa)，可分為以下幾(ji)種。

撒播機

使撒(sa)(sa)出的種(zhong)子在播(bo)種(zhong)地(di)塊上均(jun)勻分布的播(bo)種(zhong)機 。常用(yong)的機型為(wei)離(li)(li)心(xin)式撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)機 ，附裝(zhuang)在農用(yong)運輸車后部(bu)。由(you)種(zhong)子箱和撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)輪構成(cheng)。種(zhong)子由(you)種(zhong)子箱落到撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)輪上，在離(li)(li)心(xin)力作(zuo)用(yong)下沿切線方向播(bo)出，播(bo)幅達8 ～12米。也(ye)(ye)可撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)粉狀或粒狀肥(fei)料、石灰及其(qi)他物料。撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)裝(zhuang)置也(ye)(ye)可安裝(zhuang)在農用(yong)飛機上使用(yong)。

條播機

主要(yao)(yao)用于谷(gu)(gu)物、蔬菜、牧草等(deng)(deng)(deng)小粒種(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)(de)(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)作業，常用的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)谷(gu)(gu)物條(tiao)播機(ji)。作業時(shi)，由行(xing)走(zou)輪帶(dai)動(dong)排種(zhong)(zhong)輪旋轉，種(zhong)(zhong)子自種(zhong)(zhong)子箱內的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子杯(bei)按(an)要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)量排入(ru)輸種(zhong)(zhong)管，并經開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)落入(ru)開(kai)好的(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)(gou)槽內，然后由覆土鎮(zhen)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)置將種(zhong)(zhong)子覆蓋壓(ya)實。出苗(miao)后作物成平行(xing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)距的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)行(xing)。用于不同作物的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)播機(ji)除采用不同類型的(de)(de)(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)和開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)外，其結構基本相同，一般由機(ji)架(jia)、牽引或懸掛(gua)裝(zhuang)置、種(zhong)(zhong)子箱、排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)、傳(chuan)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置、輸種(zhong)(zhong)管、開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)、劃行(xing)器(qi)、行(xing)走(zou)輪和覆土鎮(zhen)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)置等(deng)(deng)(deng)組成。其中影響播種(zhong)(zhong)質量的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)是排種(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置和開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)。常用的(de)(de)(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)有(you)(you)槽輪式(shi)(shi)(shi)、離心式(shi)(shi)(shi)、磨盤(pan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)類型。開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)有(you)(you)鋤鏟式(shi)(shi)(shi)、靴(xue)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、滑刀(dao)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、單圓(yuan)盤(pan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和雙圓(yuan)盤(pan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)類型。

穴播機

按一定行距和穴(xue)距，將種子(zi)成穴(xue)播(bo)種的(de)種植(zhi)機(ji)械 。每(mei)穴(xue)可播(bo) 1粒(li)或數粒(li)種子(zi)，分別稱單粒(li)精播(bo)或多粒(li)穴(xue)播(bo)，主要用(yong)于(yu)玉米、棉花、甜菜、向日葵、豆類等(deng)中耕作物，又稱中耕作物播(bo)種機(ji) 。每(mei)個播(bo)種機(ji)單體可完成開溝 、排種、覆土(tu)、鎮壓等(deng)整個作業過(guo)程。

針對中(zhong)耕(geng)作(zuo)物行(xing)(xing)距較寬(kuan)且需調整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)特點，穴播機常(chang)采用單體形式,每(mei)一(yi)個播種(zhong)單體包括一(yi)整(zheng)(zheng)套工作(zuo)部件,能完成(cheng)開溝、排種(zhong)、覆土、鎮(zhen)壓等整(zheng)(zheng)個作(zuo)業過程(cheng)。多個單體按所(suo)需行(xing)(xing)距裝在同一(yi)橫梁上，即構成(cheng)不(bu)同行(xing)(xing)數(shu)和工作(zuo)幅寬(kuan)的(de)穴播機，與(yu)不(bu)同功率等級的(de)拖(tuo)拉機配套。中(zhong)國還發(fa)展了播種(zhong)中(zhong)耕(geng)通(tong)用機，即在同一(yi)通(tong)用機架(jia)上可以按所(suo)需行(xing)(xing)距安裝成(cheng)組的(de)播種(zhong)或中(zhong)耕(geng)部件。

穴播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型。圓(yuan)(yuan)盤式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)利用(yong)旋轉圓(yuan)(yuan)盤上定距配(pei)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)型孔(kong)或窩眼排(pai)(pai)(pai)出定量的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，根(gen)據(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)大小(xiao)(xiao)、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量、穴距等(deng)要(yao)求選配(pei)具(ju)有不(bu)同(tong)孔(kong)數和孔(kong)徑的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤，選用(yong)適當的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)動速比。氣力式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)20世紀30年代開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)研制的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)求不(bu)嚴,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)破(po)損少，可(ke)適應(ying)7～10公(gong)里/小(xiao)(xiao)時的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速作業。其中，氣吸式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)利用(yong)風(feng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)在排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤一側造成的(de)(de)(de)負壓排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；氣壓式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)利用(yong)風(feng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)產生的(de)(de)(de)氣流在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)箱內產生的(de)(de)(de)正壓排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)充填過程受(shou)風(feng)壓大小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)比氣吸式(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)，工(gong)作較穩定；氣吹式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)有類似窩眼輪的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)進(jin)入(ru)窩眼后，由(you)風(feng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)產生的(de)(de)(de)氣流從氣嘴吹壓入(ru)型孔(kong)。棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)專用(yong)于播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶短絨的(de)(de)(de)棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)，由(you)裝在圓(yuan)(yuan)筒形種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)箱底部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)攪拌輪和位于排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口下方的(de)(de)(de)垂直撥(bo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)輪組成。為避免棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)短絨纏(chan)結(jie)，往往先將棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)與草(cao)木(mu)灰拌和，再裝入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)箱。常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)溝器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多為滑刀式(shi)(shi)。此(ci)外(wai)，穴播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)尚(shang)需配(pei)置(zhi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)溝器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)限深裝置(zhi)、覆(fu)土(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和鎮壓輪等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件，還(huan)可(ke)根(gen)據(ju)需要(yao)配(pei)置(zhi)免耕滅茬(cha)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)鑿形鏟(chan)或波紋圓(yuan)(yuan)盤、抗旱播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)干土(tu)鏟(chan)、防治病蟲害(hai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)農藥(yao)施撒裝置(zhi)等(deng)。

精密播種機

以(yi)精(jing)(jing)確(que)(que)的(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)量(liang)、株行(xing)距和深(shen)度(du)進行(xing)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)機(ji)械。具有(you)節省種(zhong)子(zi)、免除出(chu)苗后的(de)(de)間苗作業(ye)、使(shi)(shi)每株作物的(de)(de)營養面積(ji)均勻等優點。多為單粒穴播(bo)(bo)和精(jing)(jing)確(que)(que)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)每穴粒數的(de)(de)多粒穴播(bo)(bo)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般在穴播(bo)(bo)機(ji)各類排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)改(gai)進而(er)成。如改(gai)進窩眼(yan)輪排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)孔型(xing)的(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)和尺寸，使(shi)(shi)其只接(jie)受(shou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)粒種(zhong)子(zi)并(bing)防止空穴；將排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與開(kai)(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)直接(jie)連接(jie)或(huo)置于開(kai)(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)以(yi)降低投種(zhong)高度(du)，控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)子(zi)下落(luo)速度(du)，避免種(zhong)子(zi)彈跳；在水平圓盤(pan)(pan)(pan)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)加裝(zhuang)垂(chui)(chui)直圓盤(pan)(pan)(pan)式投種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)改(gai)變投種(zhong)方(fang)向和降低投種(zhong)高度(du)，避免種(zhong)子(zi)位移;在雙圓盤(pan)(pan)(pan)式開(kai)(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)附裝(zhuang)同位限(xian)深(shen)輪,以(yi)確(que)(que)保播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)深(shen)度(du)穩定(ding)。多粒精(jing)(jing)密穴播(bo)(bo)機(ji)是在排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與開(kai)(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)間加設成穴機(ji)構(gou)，使(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)出(chu)的(de)(de)單粒種(zhong)子(zi)在成穴機(ji)構(gou)內(nei)匯集成精(jing)(jing)確(que)(que)數量(liang)的(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)群，然后播(bo)(bo)入(ru)種(zhong)溝(gou)(gou)。此外，還研制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)新(xin)的(de)(de)結構(gou)，如使(shi)(shi)用(yong)事(shi)先將單粒種(zhong)子(zi)按一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)間距固定(ding)的(de)(de)紙(zhi)帶(dai)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)，或(huo)使(shi)(shi)種(zhong)子(zi)從一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)垂(chui)(chui)直回轉運(yun)動的(de)(de)環形橡膠或(huo)塑料(liao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)帶(dai)孔排(pai)(pai)(pai)入(ru)種(zhong)溝(gou)(gou)等。

聯合作業機和免耕播種機

聯(lian)合作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)和(he)免(mian)耕(geng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji) 如在谷物(wu)(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)上加設肥(fei)箱(xiang)、排肥(fei)器和(he)輸肥(fei)管，即(ji)可(ke)在播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的同時施肥(fei)。與土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)、噴撒殺蟲劑(ji)和(he)除莠劑(ji)、鋪(pu)塑(su)料(liao)薄膜（見(jian)地(di)膜覆蓋機(ji)械）等項作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)聯(lian)合組成的聯(lian)合作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)，有的能一(yi)次完成土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)前耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)、施種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)肥(fei)、土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)消毒、開排水溝、播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、施殺蟲劑(ji)和(he)除莠劑(ji)等項作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。免(mian)耕(geng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)是在前茬(cha)(cha)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)收(shou)獲(huo)后的茬(cha)(cha)地(di)上直(zhi)接開出種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，也稱直(zhi)接播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)或硬茬(cha)(cha)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)，可(ke)防止土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)流失(shi)，節約(yue)能源(yuan)，降低作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)成本，多用于(yu)谷物(wu)(wu)、牧草(cao)和(he)青飼玉(yu)米等作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。

輔助裝置

為保證行距(ju)一致，需在播種(zhong)機上安裝劃(hua)行器。有(you)的播種(zhong)機還裝有(you)排種(zhong)監測裝置，自(zi)動監視播種(zhong)進程和遇有(you)故障發出信號(hao)，以便及(ji)時排除。

早期當一個農民(min)播(bo)(bo)種時(shi)，他從田的(de)這(zhe)頭走(zou)到那頭，邊(bian)走(zou)邊(bian)往地(di)上拋撤(che)一把把的(de)種子(zi)(zi)。但這(zhe)個稱為"撒播(bo)(bo)"的(de)方(fang)(fang)法是非(fei)常靠不住的(de)。某些(xie)地(di)方(fang)(fang)會落(luo)下許多種子(zi)(zi)，而其他地(di)方(fang)(fang)落(luo)下的(de)種子(zi)(zi)則很少。

當然，解決這一(yi)(yi)(yi)問題的辦法就是一(yi)(yi)(yi)排排地均勻撒(sa)種(zhong)。但如(ru)何才能夠做到這一(yi)(yi)(yi)點呢?古代美索不達(da)米亞人在大約公(gong)元前(qian)3500年(nian)發(fa)明了第一(yi)(yi)(yi)臺(tai)播種(zhong)機，或(huo)者(zhe)稱(cheng)撒(sa)種(zhong)子機器。它是帶(dai)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)個窄管的小箱，可以沿著犁開出的直溝撤播種(zhong)子。

第一臺真正高效率的播種機直到1701年，才由英國農民發明家杰斯洛·圖爾制造出來。圖爾發覺早期的播種機有問題，它們不能均勻地撒播種子。種子本該呈直線撒播，但在種子播種線上卻常常有缺漏。因此，圖爾發明了一個彈簧機械裝置，它均勻、連續地把種子撒播出去。 由于種子以這種方式撒播，每棵作物都有望能很好地生長，而且由于小麥成直線種植而更易除掉雜草。其結果是農民獲得了更好的收成和更多的利益，食品供應也更為可靠。