播種機的簡介以及主要類型

播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji) （seeder） 以(yi)作物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)為(wei)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)象的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)械。用于某類(lei)或某種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作物的(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)，常冠(guan)以(yi)作物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)名稱，如谷物條播機(ji)、玉米穴播機(ji)、棉花(hua)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)、牧草撒播機(ji)等(deng)。

簡介

公元前1世紀(ji)，中(zhong)國已推廣使(shi)用耬(lou)，這是世界上最早的(de)條播機(ji)具，今(jin)仍(reng)在北方旱作區(qu)應用。

1636年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)希臘制成(cheng)第一臺播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 。1830 年(nian)(nian)(nian)俄國(guo)人(ren)在(zai)畜(chu)力(li)(li)多鏵(hua)犁(li)上制成(cheng)犁(li)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。 1860年(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)，英美等國(guo)開始大量生(sheng)產畜(chu)力(li)(li)谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。20世紀(ji)后(hou)相繼出(chu)現了牽引和(he)(he)懸掛式(shi)(shi)谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，以及運用氣力(li)(li)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。50年(nian)(nian)(nian)代發展精密(mi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。中國(guo)從20世紀(ji)50年(nian)(nian)(nian)代引進了谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、棉花(hua)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等。60年(nian)(nian)(nian)代先后(hou)研制成(cheng)懸掛式(shi)(shi)谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、離心式(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、通(tong)用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)氣吸(xi)式(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型，并研制成(cheng)磨(mo)紋式(shi)(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)。到(dao)70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代，已形成(cheng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中耕通(tong)用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯合播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兩個系列，同時研制成(cheng)功了精密(mi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

歷史

歐洲第一臺(tai)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)于1636年在(zai)希臘(la)制成。1830年，俄國人在(zai)畜(chu)力多鏵(hua)犁上加裝播(bo)種(zhong)裝置(zhi)制成犁播(bo)機(ji)。英(ying)、美等(deng)國在(zai)1860年以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)開始大量生產畜(chu)力谷物條播(bo)機(ji)。20世紀以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)相繼(ji)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)牽(qian)引(yin)和(he)懸掛式(shi)谷物條播(bo)機(ji)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及運用氣(qi)力排(pai)種(zhong)的播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)。1958年挪威出(chu)現(xian)(xian)第一臺(tai)離心式(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)，50年代以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)逐步發展各種(zhong)精(jing)密播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)。

中(zhong)國在20世紀50年代從國外引(yin)進谷物(wu)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、棉花播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，60年代先后(hou)研制(zhi)成(cheng)功(gong)懸掛式谷物(wu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、離(li)心式播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)架播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)氣吸式播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)型,并研制(zhi)成(cheng)功(gong)了(le)磨紋式排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器。到(dao)70年代,已形成(cheng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)耕通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)谷物(wu)聯合(he)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)兩個系列并投入(ru)生產。供谷物(wu)、中(zhong)耕作物(wu)、牧草、蔬菜用(yong)的各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)穴播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)都已得到(dao)推廣使(shi)用(yong)。與此同時(shi)，還研制(zhi)成(cheng)功(gong)了(le)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

發明人

播(bo)種機是由(you)杰斯(si)洛·圖爾(er)發(fa)(fa)明的。杰斯(si)洛·圖爾(er)是一位熱心的業余音(yin)樂家，他還把自(zi)己的音(yin)樂知識運用于自(zi)己的發(fa)(fa)明。他關于播(bo)種機里彈簧裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的想法，是受到管風琴共鳴板裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的啟(qi)發(fa)(fa)而(er)產生(sheng)的。

主要類型

按(an)播(bo)種方法(fa)，可分為以(yi)下(xia)幾種。

撒播機

使(shi)撒(sa)(sa)出的種子(zi)在(zai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種地(di)塊(kuai)上(shang)均(jun)勻分布的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種機(ji) 。常用的機(ji)型為離心(xin)式撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji) ，附裝(zhuang)在(zai)農用運輸車(che)后部。由(you)種子(zi)箱和撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)輪構成。種子(zi)由(you)種子(zi)箱落到撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)輪上(shang)，在(zai)離心(xin)力作(zuo)用下(xia)沿(yan)切線方向播(bo)(bo)(bo)出，播(bo)(bo)(bo)幅達8 ～12米(mi)。也(ye)可撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)粉狀或粒狀肥料、石(shi)灰及其他物(wu)料。撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)也(ye)可安裝(zhuang)在(zai)農用飛機(ji)上(shang)使(shi)用。

條播機

主要用(yong)(yong)于谷(gu)物、蔬菜、牧(mu)草等(deng)小粒種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)播種(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)業，常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有谷(gu)物條(tiao)播機(ji)。作(zuo)(zuo)業時，由(you)行(xing)走輪帶動排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)輪旋轉(zhuan)，種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)自種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)杯按要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)播種(zhong)量(liang)排(pai)(pai)入輸種(zhong)管，并(bing)經開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器落入開(kai)(kai)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)(gou)槽內(nei)，然后(hou)由(you)覆(fu)土鎮(zhen)壓裝置(zhi)(zhi)將種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)覆(fu)蓋壓實。出苗(miao)后(hou)作(zuo)(zuo)物成平行(xing)等(deng)距的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)行(xing)。用(yong)(yong)于不同(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)播機(ji)除(chu)采用(yong)(yong)不同(tong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器和(he)開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器外，其結構基(ji)本相(xiang)同(tong)，一般由(you)機(ji)架、牽引或懸掛(gua)裝置(zhi)(zhi)、種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱、排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器、傳動裝置(zhi)(zhi)、輸種(zhong)管、開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器、劃行(xing)器、行(xing)走輪和(he)覆(fu)土鎮(zhen)壓裝置(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)組成。其中影響播種(zhong)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要是排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器。常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器有槽輪式(shi)、離(li)心式(shi)、磨盤(pan)式(shi)等(deng)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器有鋤(chu)鏟式(shi)、靴式(shi)、滑刀式(shi)、單圓盤(pan)式(shi)和(he)雙圓盤(pan)式(shi)等(deng)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。

穴播機

按一定行距(ju)和穴(xue)距(ju)，將種(zhong)子成穴(xue)播種(zhong)的種(zhong)植機械(xie) 。每(mei)穴(xue)可播 1粒(li)或數(shu)粒(li)種(zhong)子，分別稱(cheng)(cheng)單粒(li)精播或多粒(li)穴(xue)播，主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于玉米、棉花、甜菜(cai)、向日(ri)葵、豆類等(deng)中耕(geng)作物，又稱(cheng)(cheng)中耕(geng)作物播種(zhong)機 。每(mei)個播種(zhong)機單體(ti)可完成開溝(gou) 、排(pai)種(zhong)、覆土、鎮壓等(deng)整個作業過程。

針對中耕作(zuo)物行(xing)距較(jiao)寬且需(xu)(xu)調整(zheng)的特點，穴播(bo)機常采用單體(ti)形式,每一個(ge)播(bo)種(zhong)單體(ti)包括一整(zheng)套工作(zuo)部件(jian),能完(wan)成開溝、排種(zhong)、覆土、鎮(zhen)壓等(deng)整(zheng)個(ge)作(zuo)業過程。多個(ge)單體(ti)按(an)所(suo)需(xu)(xu)行(xing)距裝(zhuang)在同(tong)一橫(heng)梁上，即構成不同(tong)行(xing)數和工作(zuo)幅寬的穴播(bo)機，與不同(tong)功率等(deng)級的拖拉機配套。中國(guo)還發展了播(bo)種(zhong)中耕通(tong)用機，即在同(tong)一通(tong)用機架上可以(yi)按(an)所(suo)需(xu)(xu)行(xing)距安裝(zhuang)成組(zu)的播(bo)種(zhong)或中耕部件(jian)。

穴播機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)有(you)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型(xing)(xing)。圓(yuan)盤(pan)式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)旋轉(zhuan)圓(yuan)盤(pan)上定(ding)(ding)距配(pei)(pei)置的(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)孔或窩眼排出定(ding)(ding)量(liang)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，根(gen)據(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)、播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)、穴距等要求選配(pei)(pei)具有(you)不(bu)(bu)同孔數和(he)(he)孔徑的(de)(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)，選用(yong)(yong)(yong)適(shi)(shi)當的(de)(de)傳動(dong)速比(bi)。氣(qi)(qi)力式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)20世紀(ji)30年代開(kai)(kai)始研制的(de)(de)新型(xing)(xing)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)，對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)要求不(bu)(bu)嚴,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)破(po)損少，可(ke)(ke)適(shi)(shi)應7～10公里/小(xiao)(xiao)時的(de)(de)高速作業。其中(zhong)，氣(qi)(qi)吸式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)在排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)一側造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)負壓(ya)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)內產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)正壓(ya)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)充填過程受風(feng)(feng)(feng)壓(ya)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)比(bi)氣(qi)(qi)吸式(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)，工作較穩定(ding)(ding)；氣(qi)(qi)吹式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)具有(you)類似窩眼輪(lun)的(de)(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)進入(ru)(ru)窩眼后，由(you)風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)從氣(qi)(qi)嘴吹壓(ya)入(ru)(ru)型(xing)(xing)孔。棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)于播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶短絨(rong)的(de)(de)棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，由(you)裝在圓(yuan)筒(tong)形(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)底部的(de)(de)水平攪拌(ban)輪(lun)和(he)(he)位于排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口(kou)下方的(de)(de)垂直撥(bo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)輪(lun)組成(cheng)。為避免棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)短絨(rong)纏(chan)結，往往先(xian)將棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與草(cao)木灰拌(ban)和(he)(he)，再裝入(ru)(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)。常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)(qi)多為滑刀(dao)式(shi)。此外，穴播機(ji)(ji)(ji)尚需配(pei)(pei)置開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)限深裝置、覆土器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)鎮壓(ya)輪(lun)等部件(jian)，還可(ke)(ke)根(gen)據(ju)需要配(pei)(pei)置免耕滅茬播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)鑿(zao)形(xing)鏟或波紋圓(yuan)盤(pan)、抗旱播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)推干土鏟、防治(zhi)病蟲害(hai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)農藥(yao)施撒(sa)裝置等。

精密播種機

以精(jing)(jing)確(que)(que)的(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)、株(zhu)行距和(he)(he)深度(du)(du)進(jin)行播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)機械。具有節省種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)、免(mian)(mian)除出苗后的(de)間(jian)苗作業、使(shi)(shi)(shi)每株(zhu)作物的(de)營養(yang)面積均勻等(deng)優點(dian)。多(duo)為單粒(li)(li)穴(xue)播(bo)和(he)(he)精(jing)(jing)確(que)(que)控制(zhi)每穴(xue)粒(li)(li)數的(de)多(duo)粒(li)(li)穴(xue)播(bo)。一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)穴(xue)播(bo)機各類(lei)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器的(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)改進(jin)而成(cheng)。如改進(jin)窩眼(yan)輪排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器上(shang)孔(kong)型的(de)形狀和(he)(he)尺寸，使(shi)(shi)(shi)其只接受一(yi)粒(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)并防止空穴(xue)；將(jiang)(jiang)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器與(yu)開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器直(zhi)接連接或(huo)置于(yu)開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器內(nei)(nei)以降低投(tou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高度(du)(du)，控制(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)下(xia)落速(su)度(du)(du)，避免(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)彈跳；在(zai)(zai)水平圓(yuan)盤(pan)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器上(shang)加裝(zhuang)垂(chui)直(zhi)圓(yuan)盤(pan)式投(tou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器，以改變(bian)投(tou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方向和(he)(he)降低投(tou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高度(du)(du)，避免(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)位(wei)移;在(zai)(zai)雙圓(yuan)盤(pan)式開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器上(shang)附裝(zhuang)同位(wei)限深輪,以確(que)(que)保播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深度(du)(du)穩定。多(duo)粒(li)(li)精(jing)(jing)密穴(xue)播(bo)機是在(zai)(zai)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器與(yu)開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器之間(jian)加設成(cheng)穴(xue)機構，使(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器排(pai)出的(de)單粒(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)成(cheng)穴(xue)機構內(nei)(nei)匯集成(cheng)精(jing)(jing)確(que)(que)數量(liang)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)群，然(ran)后播(bo)入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)(gou)。此外，還研制(zhi)了一(yi)些新的(de)結構，如使(shi)(shi)(shi)用事先將(jiang)(jiang)單粒(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)按(an)一(yi)定間(jian)距固定的(de)紙帶播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或(huo)使(shi)(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)從一(yi)條垂(chui)直(zhi)回轉運動的(de)環形橡膠(jiao)或(huo)塑料制(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶孔(kong)排(pai)入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)(gou)等(deng)。

聯合作業機和免耕播種機

聯(lian)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)和免耕(geng)(geng)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji) 如在谷物條播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)上(shang)加設肥(fei)(fei)箱(xiang)、排肥(fei)(fei)器和輸肥(fei)(fei)管，即可(ke)在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)同時施肥(fei)(fei)。與(yu)土(tu)(tu)壤耕(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、噴撒殺蟲劑(ji)(ji)和除(chu)莠(you)劑(ji)(ji)、鋪(pu)塑料薄膜(mo)(mo)（見地膜(mo)(mo)覆蓋(gai)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)）等(deng)項(xiang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)聯(lian)合(he)(he)組成(cheng)的(de)(de)聯(lian)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)，有的(de)(de)能一次完成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)壤播(bo)(bo)前(qian)耕(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、施種(zhong)(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)、土(tu)(tu)壤消(xiao)毒、開排水溝、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)、施殺蟲劑(ji)(ji)和除(chu)莠(you)劑(ji)(ji)等(deng)項(xiang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。免耕(geng)(geng)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)在前(qian)茬(cha)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物收獲后的(de)(de)茬(cha)地上(shang)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)開出種(zhong)(zhong)溝播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)，也(ye)稱直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)或(huo)硬茬(cha)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)，可(ke)防止土(tu)(tu)壤流失，節約能源，降低作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)成(cheng)本，多用于谷物、牧草和青飼玉米(mi)等(deng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物的(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。

輔助裝置

為保證行距一致，需在播種機上(shang)安裝(zhuang)劃(hua)行器(qi)。有(you)的(de)播種機還(huan)裝(zhuang)有(you)排(pai)(pai)種監測裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，自動監視播種進(jin)程和遇有(you)故障發出(chu)信號，以便及時排(pai)(pai)除。

早期當一個農民播種時，他從田(tian)的(de)這頭走(zou)到那頭，邊走(zou)邊往地上拋撤(che)一把(ba)把(ba)的(de)種子(zi)。但這個稱為"撒(sa)播"的(de)方(fang)法是非常(chang)靠不住的(de)。某些(xie)地方(fang)會落(luo)下(xia)許多種子(zi)，而(er)其他地方(fang)落(luo)下(xia)的(de)種子(zi)則(ze)很少。

當然，解(jie)決這(zhe)一(yi)問題(ti)的(de)(de)辦法就是一(yi)排排地均勻(yun)撒(sa)種(zhong)。但(dan)如何才能夠做到(dao)這(zhe)一(yi)點呢?古(gu)代美索(suo)不達米亞人在(zai)大約(yue)公(gong)元前3500年發明(ming)了(le)第(di)一(yi)臺播種(zhong)機，或者(zhe)稱撒(sa)種(zhong)子機器。它是帶有一(yi)個窄管的(de)(de)小箱，可以沿著犁開出的(de)(de)直(zhi)溝(gou)撤播種(zhong)子。

第一臺真正高效率的播種機直到1701年，才由英國農民發明家杰斯洛·圖爾制造出來。圖爾發覺早期的播種機有問題，它們不能均勻地撒播種子。種子本該呈直線撒播，但在種子播種線上卻常常有缺漏。因此，圖爾發明了一個彈簧機械裝置，它均勻、連續地把種子撒播出去。 由于種子以這種方式撒播，每棵作物都有望能很好地生長，而且由于小麥成直線種植而更易除掉雜草。其結果是農民獲得了更好的收成和更多的利益，食品供應也更為可靠。