濂溪先生
周敦頤(yi),宋朝道州營(ying)道(現今湖南道縣)人,著(zhu)名哲(zhe)(zhe)學家,謚(shi)號(hao)元公(謚(shi)號(hao),死后(hou)所給的(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)號(hao)),號(hao)“濂(lian)溪(xi)”,世(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)“濂(lian)溪(xi)先生(sheng)”。理(li)學派開山鼻祖。周敦頤(yi)著(zhu)有(you)《周子全書(shu)》行(xing)世(shi)(shi)。周敦頤(yi)曾在蓮(lian)花峰下開設濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院,世(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)濂(lian)溪(xi)先生(sheng),濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院是他講(jiang)學的(de)(de)(de)講(jiang)壇(tan),他的(de)(de)(de)學說對(dui)以(yi)后(hou)理(li)學的(de)(de)(de)發展有(you)很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)影響。周敦頤(yi)是把世(shi)(shi)界本源當(dang)做哲(zhe)(zhe)學問(wen)題進行(xing)系統討論的(de)(de)(de)肇始(shi)者。
書院介紹
基本信息
九江(jiang)(jiang)濂溪(xi)書(shu)院,始稱濂溪(xi)書(shu)堂(tang),亦(yi)稱濂溪(xi)祠。宋嘉祐(you)六年(nian)(1061年(nian)),周敦(dun)(dun)頤“遷國(guo)子博(bo)士,通(tong)判虔州(zhou)(今(jin)贛州(zhou)市(shi)),道出江(jiang)(jiang)州(zhou),愛廬(lu)山之(zhi)勝,有(you)卜居之(zhi)志,因筑書(shu)堂(tang)于(yu)其(qi)麓。堂(tang)前有(you)溪(xi),發源于(yu)蓮(lian)花(hua)峰下,潔(jie)清(qing)(qing)紺寒,下合于(yu)湓江(jiang)(jiang),先生(sheng)濯纓而樂之(zhi),遂寓(yu)名(ming)以濂溪(xi)。”濂溪(xi)本(ben)是周敦(dun)(dun)頤故里(li)之(zhi)名(ming),周敦(dun)(dun)頤遠離故鄉,在(zai)外(wai)地(di)長期為官,一(yi)來(lai)因為清(qing)(qing)廉而貧不能返(fan)鄉,二(er)來(lai)喜愛廬(lu)山之(zhi)美(mei),結屋于(yu)此,取名(ming)“濂溪(xi)書(shu)堂(tang)”,表(biao)示(shi)僑寓(yu)此地(di),鄉關在(zai)目(mu)之(zhi)意。該書(shu)院歷代屢有(you)興建,數易其(qi)址,稱謂(wei)亦(yi)有(you)變(bian)更。
汝(ru)城濂溪(xi)書(shu)院,汝(ru)城縣濂溪(xi)書(shu)院始建于宋寧宗嘉(jia)定十三年,是汝(ru)城人民為紀(ji)念(nian)周敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)而(er)建的,距今(jin)已有(you)785年歷史(shi),被列為省(sheng)級文(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei)。濂溪(xi)書(shu)院為仿(fang)宋建筑,四合院磚木回(hui)廊結構,建筑面(mian)積(ji)1618平方米。自創辦以來,書(shu)院人文(wen)蔚起,聲(sheng)名(ming)遠播,濂溪(xi)遺韻(yun)歷久彌光,歷代名(ming)師在此傳(chuan)道授業,一(yi)大(da)批經天緯地之才脫穎而(er)出。明代兩廣(guang)總(zong)督(du)、太(tai)子太(tai)保朱英,江西、福建布政(zheng)使范(fan)輅,清代著名(ming)詩人郭遠,當代中國(guo)人民解放軍上將朱良才、李濤,原中國(guo)作家(jia)協會(hui)黨組副書(shu)記朱子奇等均(jun)在此求(qiu)學(xue)(xue)立志(zhi),邁向輝煌人生。汝(ru)城濂溪(xi)書(shu)院是為紀(ji)念(nian)北宋理(li)學(xue)(xue)鼻(bi)祖周敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)而(er)興建的紀(ji)念(nian)性建筑,是省(sheng)級文(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei)、市級愛國(guo)主(zhu)義教育基地,是傳(chuan)播宋明理(li)學(xue)(xue)的文(wen)化寶地。
稱謂和校址
據清(qing)同治十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(1873年(nian)(nian))《德化縣志·書(shu)院(yuan)志》記載,九江濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)先后有四個稱謂、四處(chu)校址(zhi):一(yi)(yi)曰(yue)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan),即早期(qi)的(de)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)堂,周敦頤逝(shi)世后改為(wei)(wei)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)祠(ci),位(wei)于九江市治之(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)里處(chu)蓮花峰(feng)下(今(jin)廬山區十(shi)(shi)里鄉)。二曰(yue)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)港書(shu)院(yuan),在書(shu)堂左大筑學舍(she)二十(shi)(shi)六楹(一(yi)(yi)列房屋稱一(yi)(yi)楹),可見規模之(zhi)(zhi)盛,后毀(hui),明(ming)正統、嘉(jia)(jia)靖、清(qing)康熙、乾(qian)隆時(shi)先后重修。明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)期(qi)又在潯陽城內建(jian)過兩所(suo)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan),一(yi)(yi)曰(yue)豐儲坊(fang)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan),為(wei)(wei)明(ming)嘉(jia)(jia)靖年(nian)(nian)間(jian)兵備道陳洪(hong)蒙建(jian),院(yuan)內有濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)祠(ci)、無極堂、書(shu)室五(wu)幢、學舍(she)四幢等(deng)建(jian)筑,清(qing)末已廢棄。二曰(yue)新濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan),在世德坊(fang)南(nan),清(qing)乾(qian)隆五(wu)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(1785年(nian)(nian))知府初之(zhi)(zhi)樸建(jian),嘉(jia)(jia)慶、咸(xian)豐、同治間(jian)多次重修,原是祀濂(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)先生神位(wei)的(de)地方(fang),后來(lai)成為(wei)(wei)青(qing)年(nian)(nian)學子受業(ye)習藝準備參(can)加科舉的(de)場所(suo)。清(qing)末,在此基礎上興建(jian)九江中學堂。
濂(lian)溪書院(yuan)綿(mian)延八(ba)百(bai)余年,造就了一代又一代的英才,堪稱九江書院(yuan)史奇觀。
著書與弟子
周敦頤(yi)(yi)(yi)始筑書(shu)堂,當是從(cong)個人退(tui)隱會友(you)讀書(shu)蓍述(shu)著眼。真(zhen)(zhen)正成為書(shu)院(yuan),始于1071—1072年間,即(ji)周敦頤(yi)(yi)(yi)知南(nan)康軍時(shi)(shi),尤其是在隱居書(shu)堂講學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)。他潛心著述(shu),留下了(le)《太極圖說》、《通(tong)書(shu)》—宋(song)(song)代(dai)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)的(de)開(kai)山篇,從(cong)而成為中(zhong)國(guo)哲學(xue)(xue)史上宋(song)(song)代(dai)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)的(de)鼻祖,即(ji)客觀唯心主義的(de)開(kai)創者(zhe),對中(zhong)國(guo)封建(jian)社會晚期產生極大影響。不僅如此(ci),他還培養了(le)聲名(ming)(ming)煊赫的(de)兩(liang)名(ming)(ming)弟子:程(cheng)顥、程(cheng)頤(yi)(yi)(yi)兩(liang)兄弟。他們是早年由周敦頤(yi)(yi)(yi)在南(nan)安(今南(nan)康縣)因(yin)程(cheng)父程(cheng)珦之(zhi)托(tuo)而收留、受業于濂(lian)溪書(shu)院(yuan)的(de),程(cheng)顥受周敦頤(yi)(yi)(yi)影響更大些,二程(cheng)后(hou)(hou)來都成為宋(song)(song)代(dai)著名(ming)(ming)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)。宋(song)(song)元之(zhi)際(ji)學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)吳澄(1249—1333),江西崇仁人,官至元代(dai)翰林學(xue)(xue)士,他曾在濂(lian)溪書(shu)院(yuan)一(yi)(yi)邊休養,一(yi)(yi)邊講學(xue)(xue),認真(zhen)(zhen)閱讀院(yuan)中(zhong)藏書(shu),研究(jiu)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue),折中(zhong)于朱(熹)、陸(九(jiu)淵)兩(liang)派(pai),知名(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)。
地位
濂溪(xi)(xi)書院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)中國(guo)書院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)史、教育史、哲學史上(shang)(shang),有著不(bu)(bu)容忽視的(de)(de)重要地位,在(zai)理學發展史上(shang)(shang),更(geng)處于其他書院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)無法(fa)比擬的(de)(de)核心、靈魂(hun)和淵源的(de)(de)顯赫位置。歷史上(shang)(shang)到九江濂溪(xi)(xi)書院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)求學、游學、拜(bai)謁、尋訪者,可(ke)謂連(lian)綿不(bu)(bu)斷。許(xu)多(duo)名人諸(zhu)如(ru)黃(huang)庭堅(jian)、蘇軾、“二程”、朱熹、王守仁等(deng)等(deng),都(dou)曾在(zai)此駐有足(zu)跡(ji)。南宋淳熙(xi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1177年(nian)(nian))朱熹撰《濂溪(xi)(xi)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)祠堂記》、《濂溪(xi)(xi)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)畫像記》。兩(liang)年(nian)(nian)后(hou),他知南康軍,不(bu)(bu)僅懷著對(dui)先(xian)(xian)(xian)師敬仰之情,遍(bian)訪元(yuan)公當年(nian)(nian)在(zai)南康、廬山(shan)、江州(zhou)的(de)(de)遺跡(ji),修繕先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)舊居,建“愛(ai)蓮碑”、題“愛(ai)蓮匾”,還親自把白(bai)鹿(lu)洞(dong)書院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)徒(tu)帶(dai)到山(shan)北拜(bai)謁濂溪(xi)(xi)祠。“我率諸(zhu)生(sheng)拜(bai)祠下,要令今古播清芬”,可(ke)見參拜(bai)的(de)(de)情景與目的(de)(de)。
演變
書(shu)院的創辦之初帶有(you)濃厚的私人(ren)講學(xue)交(jiao)友的痕(hen)跡。“或吟或冥(ming)默,或酒或鳴琴。數十(shi)(shi)黃卷軸,賢圣談無(wu)音”(周敦頤《濂(lian)溪港》)記載(zai)了濂(lian)溪書(shu)院初期狀況(kuang)。到后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai),基(ji)本上由官府(fu)辦學(xue)。重建、修復(fu)的資金由府(fu)、縣承(cheng)擔(dan)。即(ji)如(ru)宋王象(xiang)之《輿地紀勝》云(yun):“(濂(lian)溪先(xian)生)后(hou)(hou)(hou)百余年(nian),象(xiang)之先(xian)君子(zi)守(shou)九江(jiang),為(wei)建拙堂(tang)及愛(ai)蓮(lian)堂(tang)于(yu)祠之側。又其后(hou)(hou)(hou),象(xiang)之季史觀之為(wei)德化(hua)宰,新造(zao)祠宇、書(shu)院、講堂(tang),為(wei)屋數十(shi)(shi)間,仿白(bai)鹿洞(dong)院例,招致名(ming)儒以為(wei)堂(tang)長,諸(zhu)縣舉秀民(min)以為(wei)生員,仍置田租以贍之,至(zhi)今不廢。”“乾隆(long)二十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)知府(fu)董榕復(fu)移建(濂(lian)溪書(shu)院)于(yu)蓮(lian)花峰(feng)下。后(hou)(hou)(hou)因蓮(lian)花峰(feng)頭(tou)澗水潮濕(shi),風雨飄搖,肄業學(xue)子(zi)不能安居,屋遂傾圮。二十(shi)(shi)八年(nian),知府(fu)溫保初對(dui)肄業諸(zhu)生每月(yue)于(yu)府(fu)學(xue)明倫堂(tang)考課,給(gei)以膏火,至(zhi)今因焉。”(錄同治《德化(hua)志》)
邵陽濂溪書院
濂溪書院,是邵陽人民(min)(min)為(wei)紀(ji)念周(zhou)敦頤先(xian)生(sheng)開發邵陽教(jiao)育事(shi)業(ye)的(de)豐功偉(wei)績并繼承(cheng)其事(shi)業(ye)而創建的(de)一所半官半私性質的(de)學校,是明、清(qing)間寶慶府(fu)轄(xia)區民(min)(min)間最高學府(fu)。
基本情況
歷史(shi)沿革:濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)由東(dong)(dong)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和希濂(lian)(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)合并而(er)成(cheng)。明嘉靖三(san)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),分守下(xia)湖南(nan)道(dao)參議楊(yang)逢春創建東(dong)(dong)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),陳慶作《東(dong)(dong)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記(ji)》云:“嘉靖歲在(zai)壬(ren)子之(zhi)次,邵陽(yang)(yang)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)。十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)奉使岷藩,道(dao)經(jing)邵陽(yang)(yang),兩庠(xiang)生(sheng)……來征言曰(yue):‘敞邑東(dong)(dong)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)舊為(wei)(wei)寺(si),在(zai)資(zi)水之(zhi)東(dong)(dong),我(wo)藩參西渠楊(yang)先(xian)生(sheng)聽民(min)理戎(rong)之(zhi)暇,進諸生(sheng)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)于(yu)茲,喟然嘆(tan)曰(yue):民(min)居環列若是也,寺(si)可(ke)群乎?遂(sui)遷僧(seng)眾而(er)予之(zhi)處。于(yu)是革故建新(xin),崇(chong)規(gui)學(xue)(xue)制(zhi),更(geng)題其名(ming)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)………”(《寶慶府(fu)志·禮書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)六》)。明末(mo),書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)毀于(yu)戰(zhan)火。清順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1658年(nian)(nian)(nian)),寶慶知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)張惟養,邵陽(yang)(yang)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣濮萬(wan)(wan)鎰重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),康(kang)熙(xi)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1662年(nian)(nian)(nian)),邵陽(yang)(yang)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣顏堯揆(kui)等增(zeng)建門屏、墻(qiang)垣、房舍等,使書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)略有成(cheng)規(gui),恢復了明時舊觀。康(kang)熙(xi)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)李(li)益(yi)陽(yang)(yang)增(zeng)建講(jiang)堂,至此(ci),“書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)制(zhi)大備,人(ren)咸(xian)呼為(wei)(wei)濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,但(dan)尚未(wei)正式更(geng)名(ming)。與此(ci)同時,又別(bie)建希濂(lian)(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)上,講(jiang)堂、后(hou)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)室(shi)具(ju)備(同上)。乾(qian)隆十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1745年(nian)(nian)(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)王(wang)瑋(wei)再次維修(xiu)(xiu),“恢崇(chong)舍宇,以樂育人(ren)才”。吳嗣(si)富作《濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)碑記(ji)》,從此(ci),有關文獻(xian)正式稱(cheng)該(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。乾(qian)隆二(er)十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian),寶慶知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)鄭之(zhi)僑籌資(zi)重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu),將(jiang)(jiang)原(yuan)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)、希濂(lian)(lian)兩書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)合為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)所,移祠西向,更(geng)其門額為(wei)(wei)“濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,自(zi)此(ci),該(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)正式改稱(cheng)“濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”。鄭之(zhi)僑自(zi)作《新(xin)建濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記(ji)》以紀(ji)之(zhi)。嘉慶十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1814年(nian)(nian)(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)柳邁(mai)祖(zu)重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu),自(zi)作《重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記(ji)》紀(ji)其事(shi)。咸(xian)豐(feng)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1859年(nian)(nian)(nian))太平天國(guo)翼(yi)王(wang)石達開率三(san)十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)大軍圍(wei)寶慶府(fu)城,書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)毀于(yu)戰(zhan)火。同治(zhi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1863年(nian)(nian)(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)邵綬名(ming)主持重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)。民(min)國(guo)之(zhi)后(hou),廢除科舉(ju)制(zhi)度,一(yi)(yi)度將(jiang)(jiang)該(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)改為(wei)(wei)安(an)和鎮中心(xin)小學(xue)(xue)及邵陽(yang)(yang)佛教協會(hui)駐(zhu)地,書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的歷史(shi)至此(ci)終(zhong)結(jie)。
書院規模
濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的前身為(wei)東(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和希(xi)(xi)濂(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。東(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)原(yuan)有(you)校門(men)(men)、云衢(qu)、景濂(lian)堂、列舍、濂(lian)溪(xi)祠、會心室等,是一(yi)處(chu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)正兩橫(heng)外加校門(men)(men)、通衢(qu)的四合(he)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),清(qing)康(kang)熙元年又(you)增建(jian)門(men)(men)屏(ping)(即(ji)照墻)、墻垣(yuan)(yuan)、房(fang)舍等,其(qi)規模更加擴大(da)了;希(xi)(xi)濂(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)原(yuan)有(you)講堂、后(hou)(hou)堂、書(shu)(shu)(shu)室、列舍等建(jian)筑,系(xi)兩正兩橫(heng)的四合(he)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。乾隆二十(shi)(shi)四年,知府鄭(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑將兩所(suo)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)合(he)并(bing),更名“濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,并(bing)將原(yuan)有(you)校舍、祠宇整舊換(huan)新(xin)(xin),又(you)新(xin)(xin)建(jian)亭、臺、館、閣若干(gan),使其(qi)規模進一(yi)步擴大(da)。據鄭(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑《新(xin)(xin)建(jian)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記》所(suo)載(zai),新(xin)(xin)建(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),“壘石(shi)為(wei)臺,崇九(jiu)尺(chi)(chi),廣三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)丈,修得(de)廣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)(ban)”,即(ji)其(qi)臺基高九(jiu)尺(chi)(chi),約(yue)(yue)(yue)3米(mi);通面(mian)闊三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)丈,約(yue)(yue)(yue)120米(mi);總(zong)進深為(wei)面(mian)闊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)(ban),約(yue)(yue)(yue)60米(mi);總(zong)占地(di)面(mian)積約(yue)(yue)(yue)7200平方米(mi)。中軸線上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)體建(jian)筑依次為(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)希(xi)(xi)堂(又(you)稱(cheng)致道堂)、敦崇實學室、藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)樓、觀瀾閣;兩側(ce)(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廂(xiang)房(fang)左為(wei)敬德,右曰(yue)居業,是為(wei)生員修習之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo);其(qi)兩側(ce)(ce)又(you)各有(you)廡房(fang)十(shi)(shi)余間(jian),系(xi)庖廚、餐飲及食物儲存之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo);院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前筑門(men)(men)樓,“臺高八尺(chi)(chi),護以(yi)回欄;閣高四丈五(wu)(wu)(wu)尺(chi)(chi),翼以(yi)欄楯(shun),可頫(fu)可眺(tiao)。閣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旁(pang)危石(shi)列榭,是為(wei)朋來亭。”大(da)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“外有(you)崇坊,額曰(yue)‘賢關’,體閑先(xian)圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,亦(yi)示義利分(fen)途也(ye)”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“后(hou)(hou)座一(yi)筵,祀周子(zi)、朱子(zi)”,又(you)以(yi)張無(wu)垢、陸子(zi)壽、程頤、程顥配之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),即(ji)六先(xian)生祠也(ye)。祠后(hou)(hou)“環(huan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)垣(yuan)(yuan),別(bie)存舊祠三(san)(san)(san)(san)楹,一(yi)以(yi)主(zhu)劉公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祠,一(yi)祀曾、賀(he)、李、何、王五(wu)(wu)(wu)君”,此(ci)即(ji)東(dong)山寺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劉公祠,五(wu)(wu)(wu)忠(zhong)祠,與(yu)(yu)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相鄰,亦(yi)常與(yu)(yu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)稱(cheng)。至此(ci),濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)達到鼎盛時期,其(qi)“稱(cheng)名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛,亦(yi)幾與(yu)(yu)四大(da)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)埒”(見(寶慶府志·禮(li)書(shu)(shu)(shu)六》)。
田產與經費
濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)因系半官(guan)半民性質(zhi)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)校,官(guan)方無固定的(de)(de)經費,學(xue)(xue)(xue)校生(sheng)員的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)及(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)費用,主要(yao)靠社(she)會各界(jie)捐助的(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)產(chan)來(lai)維持。清(qing)(qing)康熙之(zhi)前,該書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(指其前身(shen)東山(shan)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan))尚“無官(guan)師(shi)(shi)董治及(ji)(ji)置(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)膳養之(zhi)法,康熙三十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(1693年(nian)),邵(shao)陽(yang)知縣王省置(zhi)膳士(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)二(er)百(bai)(bai)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)畝(mu)有奇,每(mei)歲獲租可四百(bai)(bai)石(shi),分(fen)而為三:一(yi)送(song)縣學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)師(shi)(shi),一(yi)送(song)九館(guan)(guan)之(zhi)師(shi)(shi),一(yi)為諸生(sheng)膏(gao)火(huo)”。其后,又相繼將(jiang)五館(guan)(guan)、九館(guan)(guan)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)館(guan)(guan)及(ji)(ji)義學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)產(chan),統歸濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理,“于是(shi),濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)之(zhi)租入(ru)頗(po)富矣(yi)”。乾(qian)隆(long)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian),“知府王瑋檄經歷向雯、邵(shao)陽(yang)典史康裕(yu)履(lv)畝(mu)清(qing)(qing)勘計實”,計有膳士(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)三百(bai)(bai)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)畝(mu)六(liu)四,科租五百(bai)(bai)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)九八(ba)(ba)(ba);賓興田(tian)(tian)(tian)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五畝(mu),科租八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi);李(li)公義學(xue)(xue)(xue)田(tian)(tian)(tian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)畝(mu)一(yi),科租十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)石(shi)。共計田(tian)(tian)(tian)三百(bai)(bai)八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)畝(mu)二(er)四,租六(liu)百(bai)(bai)三石(shi)九八(ba)(ba)(ba)。這(zhe)些田(tian)(tian)(tian)租,除(chu)給九館(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)租谷百(bai)(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)外,歲完正賦(fu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)兩,扣除(chu)賓興原(yuan)額(e)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)兩,其余(yu)全部歸濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)所有,又將(jiang)縣學(xue)(xue)(xue)貧士(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)租四百(bai)(bai)九十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)六(liu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)三八(ba)(ba)(ba)除(chu)解學(xue)(xue)(xue)政賑貧及(ji)(ji)布(bu)政司完餉的(de)(de)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)兩六(liu)三(合租谷約七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi))之(zhi)外,悉歸書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。這(zhe)時,濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)名下(xia)的(de)(de)租入(ru)總計達九百(bai)(bai)石(shi)有余(yu)。乾(qian)隆(long)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian),知府鄭之(zhi)僑將(jiang)籌建濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)所節(jie)余(yu)的(de)(de)千兩白銀存(cun)之(zhi)邵(shao)陽(yang)、武岡二(er)質(zhi)庫,歲收子(zi)銀八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩,及(ji)(ji)以前公存(cun)質(zhi)庫歲收子(zi)銀一(yi)百(bai)(bai)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)兩余(yu),全部作(zuo)為師(shi)(shi)生(sheng)修脯膏(gao)火(huo)之(zhi)用,保障了(le)來(lai)此學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)諸生(sheng)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)及(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)所需。
書院山長
濂(lian)(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)(shu)院之(zhi)山(shan)長(chang)(chang),見于(yu)志(zhi)乘者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)前身東(dong)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院首任(ren)山(shan)長(chang)(chang)為楊(yang)(yang)孟仁(ren),繼之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)楊(yang)(yang)廷芳,而(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)平行(xing)狀皆無可考(kao)(kao)(kao),清乾隆十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)在任(ren)的山(shan)長(chang)(chang)為李芳華,生(sheng)平行(xing)狀亦無考(kao)(kao)(kao)。道光年(nian)(nian)間,寶慶名士(shi)、古文獻學家兼詩人(ren)鄧顯鶴(he)曾任(ren)濂(lian)(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)(shu)院山(shan)長(chang)(chang)。鄧顯鶴(he),字(zi)子立,又字(zi)湘皋,寶慶新(xin)化(hua)(今(jin)屬婁底市)人(ren),嘉慶九年(nian)(nian)(1804年(nian)(nian))舉人(ren)。博(bo)覽群書(shu)(shu)(shu),足(zu)跡遍天(tian)下,凡海(hai)內(nei)文人(ren),多與之(zhi)交。其(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)平喜搜集(ji)文獻掌故,嘗謂“征(zheng)文考(kao)(kao)(kao)獻,當自其(qi)(qi)(qi)鄉(xiang)始”,而(er)“湖南(nan)自屈原、賈(jia)誼(yi)以(yi)來,通(tong)人(ren)志(zhi)士(shi),仍世相望,而(er)文字(zi)放佚,湮郁不宣”。因(yin)“網羅散失,為《資江耆舊集(ji)》六十(shi)(shi)四(si)卷(juan)(juan)、《沅湘耆舊集(ji)》二百卷(juan)(juan)。遍求周圣楷《楚寶》一(yi)書(shu)(shu)(shu),匡謬(miu)拾(shi)遺,為《楚寶增(zeng)輯考(kao)(kao)(kao)異》四(si)十(shi)(shi)五卷(juan)(juan)。又主編《寶慶府(fu)志(zhi)》百五十(shi)(shi)七卷(juan)(juan)、《武岡(gang)州志(zhi)》三十(shi)(shi)四(si)卷(juan)(juan)等鴻篇(pian)巨著,系濂(lian)(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)(shu)院山(shan)長(chang)(chang)中成就(jiu)最著者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。晚(wan)授寧鄉(xiang)訓導(dao),尋乞病(bing)歸(gui)。與邵(shao)陽魏源(yuan)最友(you)善,嘗相攜游學長(chang)(chang)沙(sha)、京師等地,其(qi)(qi)(qi)終生(sheng)鴻雁傳書(shu)(shu)(shu)不輟。魏源(yuan)嘗為鄧顯鶴(he)《南(nan)村耦耕圖》記云:“夫勞人(ren)相竟(jing)以(yi)知(zhi)能,野人(ren)相忘(wang)以(yi)無事,獨怪予之(zhi)浮沉于(yu)二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)間,而(er)無一(yi)所(suo)自處也。……鄧子歸(gui),其(qi)(qi)(qi)詢諸仲氏,更(geng)有得焉(yan),速以(yi)告余,當荷(he)鍤(cha)而(er)相從于(yu)寂寞之(zhi)符也”(李柏(bo)榮《魏源(yuan)師友(you)記》)。由此(ci)可知(zhi)二人(ren)相契(qi)之(zhi)厚(hou)矣。此(ci)后任(ren)濂(lian)(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)(shu)院山(shan)長(chang)(chang)而(er)行(xing)跡可考(kao)(kao)(kao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)僅二人(ren),一(yi)為楊(yang)(yang)修職,其(qi)(qi)(qi)為人(ren)篤實剛耿,“課(ke)徒嚴(yan)且(qie)勤,諸生(sheng)翕然奮(fen)興”,逝后入祀濂(lian)(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)(shu)院;一(yi)為劉榮干(gan),咸(xian)豐(1851~1861年(nian)(nian))、同(tong)治(zhi)(1862~1874年(nian)(nian))間主講于(yu)此(ci)。“諸生(sheng)翕然附之(zhi)”(見《邵(shao)陽市志(zhi)·教(jiao)育(yu)志(zhi)》)。
周(zhou)敦頤(yi)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)是邵陽(yang)(yang)歷史上(shang)一位(wei)極為重要(yao)的(de)人物(wu)(wu),清(qing)人吳嗣富《濂(lian)溪(xi)書院碑記》云:“嘗考志書所(suo)載,勝跡為多,其間最(zui)著者(zhe)(zhe)有二(er):曰甘(gan)棠渡,曰濂(lian)溪(xi)祠。上(shang)下數千百年(nian),濟(ji)斯渡者(zhe)(zhe),如沐旬宣;拜斯祠者(zhe)(zhe),如親光(guang)霽(ji)。一以(yi)政績(ji)傳,一以(yi)道脈傳也。”前者(zhe)(zhe)是紀(ji)念西周(zhou)初年(nian)召公姬奭巡行南國(guo),開發邵陽(yang)(yang)的(de)歷史功績(ji);后者(zhe)(zhe)即為紀(ji)念周(zhou)敦頤(yi)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)發展邵陽(yang)(yang)教育(yu)事業的(de)豐功偉(wei)績(ji)。近千年(nian)以(yi)來,邵陽(yang)(yang)人們(men)紀(ji)念周(zhou)敦頤(yi)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)遺跡極為豐富,因篇幅及(ji)(ji)本(ben)人見識所(suo)限,遺記尚多,謬誤(wu)之處,亦在所(suo)難免。敬請熟悉邵陽(yang)(yang)掌(zhang)故(gu)的(de)前輩與同仁(ren)批評(ping)及(ji)(ji)補證(zheng)。
贛州濂溪書院
贛州濂溪書院
濂溪書院
創建(jian)(jian)(jian)于宋朝嘉祐年間(1056~1063),院(yuan)址(zhi)設(she)在水(shui)東(dong)玉虛觀邊(bian)(今(jin)水(shui)東(dong)小學內),是周敦頤(yi)(字濂溪)任虔州通判(pan)時與程顥、程頤(yi)等弟子講(jiang)學之處。元(yuan)朝末(mo)年書院(yuan)毀于戰爭。明洪武四(si)年(1371)知縣(xian)崔天錫重建(jian)(jian)(jian),弘治(zhi)十三年(1500)知府(fu)何(he)光將書院(yuan)改建(jian)(jian)(jian)于郁孤臺下,崇禎十三年(1640)知縣(xian)陳履(lv)忠(zhong)將書院(yuan)遷建(jian)(jian)(jian)于光孝寺右邊(bian)(今(jin)贛一(yi)中(zhong)內),改名為廉泉書院(yuan)。清順治(zhi)十年(1653),巡撫(fu)南贛都御(yu)史劉武元(yuan)將廉泉書院(yuan)復(fu)名為濂溪書院(yuan),并(bing)在大堂設(she)周濂溪和(he)二(er)程像(xiang)。招(zhao)收府(fu)屬十二(er)縣(xian)生徒肄業其(qi)中(zhong)。其(qi)后(hou)多有(you)擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)東(dong)西講(jiang)堂、濂溪祠、夜話亭、齋舍等建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。
乾(qian)隆十七(qi)年(nian)(1752),濂溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院成為(wei)(wei)吉南(nan)贛(gan)寧三府一州官(guan)辦書(shu)院,清末為(wei)(wei)吉南(nan)贛(gan)汀道(dao)(dao)(dao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)立(li)(li)書(shu)院。光緒二十四年(nian)(1898),在(zai)濂溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院內創(chuang)辦致用中學(xue)(xue)(xue)堂(tang)(tang),這(zhe)是贛(gan)南(nan)創(chuang)辦新學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)先聲(sheng)。光緒二十八(1902),贛(gan)南(nan)巡道(dao)(dao)(dao)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)心源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)地方紳(shen)士(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)心源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)地方紳(shen)士(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)景熙將整個濂溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院改(gai)(gai)辦為(wei)(wei)虔南(nan)師(shi)范。此后,先后為(wei)(wei)吉南(nan)贛(gan)寧師(shi)范學(xue)(xue)(xue)堂(tang)(tang)、贛(gan)南(nan)寧師(shi)范學(xue)(xue)(xue)堂(tang)(tang)、省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)立(li)(li)第(di)二師(shi)范學(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)、省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)立(li)(li)贛(gan)縣(xian)區中學(xue)(xue)(xue)、省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)立(li)(li)第(di)三中學(xue)(xue)(xue)。1933年(nian)8月起,復(fu)名省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)立(li)(li)贛(gan)縣(xian)區中學(xue)(xue)(xue),成為(wei)(wei)當時(shi)贛(gan)南(nan)最高學(xue)(xue)(xue)府。解放后,改(gai)(gai)名為(wei)(wei)江(jiang)西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)立(li)(li)贛(gan)州中學(xue)(xue)(xue)。1953年(nian),改(gai)(gai)名江(jiang)西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)贛(gan)州市(shi)第(di)一中學(xue)(xue)(xue)至今(jin)。濂溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院自創(chuang)建以來,三易(yi)其(qi)(qi)地,已有900多年(nian)的(de)歷史,其(qi)(qi)中夜話(hua)亭現保存在(zai)贛(gan)州市(shi)第(di)一中學(xue)(xue)(xue)院內。故水東可稱為(wei)(wei)贛(gan)南(nan)教育的(de)發祥地。
我生近圣人(ren)居,教(jiao)澤如(ru)新,敢忘魯壁(bi)金絲,尼山木(mu)鐸;
此來(lai)繼賢者后(hou),風流未泯(min),竊(qie)愿(yuan)士崇禮(li)儀,俗尚(shang)弦歌(ge)。
佚名題濂溪書院
夜話亭
夜話亭,位于江西(xi)贛州古(gu)城區東南(nan)(nan),現厚德(de)路(lu)的贛州市第一中學內。旁(pang)有(you)一泉,相(xiang)傳南(nan)(nan)北(bei)朝(chao)劉宋元嘉年(nian)(nian)間(424-435年(nian)(nian)),一夕雷震(zhen),泉忽涌(yong)出,遂(sui)以太(tai)守廉(lian)(lian)取名(ming)“廉(lian)(lian)泉”。宋知軍越履祥建(jian)廉(lian)(lian)泉亭。北(bei)宋紹(shao)圣(sheng)元年(nian)(nian)(1094年(nian)(nian))蘇軾(shi)貶官(guan)嶺(ling)南(nan)(nan),過虔州(今贛州),慕(mu)名(ming)造訪(fang)當地(di)名(ming)賢陽孝本,兩人相(xiang)處甚歡(huan),游(you)祥符宮,觀廉(lian)(lian)泉并在此談(tan)心至(zhi)深夜和作詩。因此后人改(gai)廉(lian)(lian)泉亭為(wei)夜話亭。清康(kang)熙六十年(nian)(nian)(1721年(nian)(nian))撤亭建(jian)坊(fang),額為(wei)“贛第一泉”。乾隆(long)四十三年(nian)(nian)(1778年(nian)(nian))易坊(fang)為(wei)亭。額為(wei)“光風(feng)霽月”,并仍懸“贛第一泉”匾(bian)于此。夜話亭為(wei)新建(jian),尚存(cun)乾隆(long)濂(lian)溪(xi)書院山(shan)長(chang)吳湘(xiang)皋刻的《蘇陽二公(gong)夜話圖》碑(bei)。列為(wei)省級(ji)文物保護單位。
汝城濂溪書院
2001年(nian)以來,汝城縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政(zheng)府按(an)照文(wen)物“修舊如舊”的(de)(de)原則對(dui)濂(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)行(xing)了修復(fu),完成(cheng)(cheng)了廣(guang)場建(jian)設、前坪(ping)鋪設、室(shi)內(nei)陳(chen)列以及美化(hua)(hua)亮化(hua)(hua)工程,全面(mian)提升了書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)品(pin)位,受到(dao)了上級(ji)領導和湖南(nan)省(sheng)周敦頤研究專家的(de)(de)好評(ping)。重修后(hou)的(de)(de)濂(lian)溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)為了汝城文(wen)化(hua)(hua)事業發(fa)展的(de)(de)亮點和游覽觀光的(de)(de)熱點,是(shi)愛國(guo)主義教育和保持共產黨員(yuan)先進(jin)性教育基(ji)地(di),黨政(zheng)要(yao)員(yuan)、莘莘學(xue)子、文(wen)人墨客拜謁者絡繹不絕(jue)。