概況
壽(shou)春(chun)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址屬國(guo)重點文物保護(hu)單位，位于安徽省壽(shou)縣城(cheng)(cheng)關壽(shou)春(chun)鎮、城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)九龍鄉境(jing)內。壽(shou)春(chun)城(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)為戰國(guo)時期楚(chu)國(guo)的(de)最后一座都城(cheng)(cheng)，有著非常豐富的(de)楚(chu)文化(hua)遺(yi)存。
遺址布(bu)局(ju)方整(zheng)規矩，總面積(ji)26．35平方公里，其規模(mo)僅次于燕下(xia)都。該城東、西(xi)、北三面臨水，南有(you)西(xi)南小城。城內(nei)(nei)呈矩形分成15個(ge)區域，每一(yi)(yi)區域內(nei)(nei)系統規劃有(you)水道。這種城市布(bu)局(ju)與(yu)同(tong)時期列國(guo)都城相比可謂別具一(yi)(yi)格(ge)。發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)的(de)重(zhong)要墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬有(you)楚(chu)幽王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、蔡侯墓(mu)(mu)(mu)等，其中(zhong)楚(chu)幽王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)目前中(zhong)國(guo)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)的(de)楚(chu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)規模(mo)最大(da)、年(nian)代與(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主確(que)切、出(chu)土文物(wu)最多的(de)侯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬，也是(shi)可以認(ren)定(ding)的(de)唯一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)座楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，出(chu)土文物(wu)4000余件(jian)，其中(zhong)青銅器1000余件(jian)，楚(chu)大(da)鼎重(zhong)約400公斤。
歷史
壽春城遺址是楚國終結(jie)之都，集中體(ti)現(xian)了楚文化(hua)的晚期(qi)特征(zheng)，為研究探(tan)討楚國在(zai)淮河流域的發展衰(shuai)亡提供了重要(yao)考古資料。
壽(shou)(shou)(shou)縣古(gu)稱(cheng)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)春(chun)(chun)、壽(shou)(shou)(shou)陽(yang)、壽(shou)(shou)(shou)州(zhou)，曾(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)歷代州(zhou)郡(jun)府治所，1912年廢州(zhou)改縣。晉伏滔《正淮(huai)論》調，壽(shou)(shou)(shou)春(chun)(chun)“外(wai)有江陰之阻(zu)，內有淮(huai)淝(fei)之固(gu)”。《陳(chen)書》曰(yue)：“壽(shou)(shou)(shou)春(chun)(chun)者，古(gu)之都會(hui)，得(de)之者安(an)，是稱(cheng)要(yao)害。”壽(shou)(shou)(shou)縣為(wei)(wei)(wei)淮(huai)上(shang)軍事(shi)重鎮，兵家爭(zheng)奪之地，歷代征戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不息，戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)事(shi)尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)頻繁慘烈。在(zai)中國(guo)古(gu)代戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)史(shi)上(shang)，著名的(de)(de)秦晉淝(fei)水(shui)之戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)就發生在(zai)這里，“八(ba)公(gong)山(shan)上(shang)，草(cao)木皆兵”演繹為(wei)(wei)(wei)著名的(de)(de)成語典故。李白有詩云：“壽(shou)(shou)(shou)陽(yang)信天(tian)險，天(tian)險橫荊關。苻堅百萬兵，遙阻(zu)八(ba)公(gong)山(shan)。不假筑長城，大賢在(zai)其間(jian)(jian)。戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)夫(fu)若熊(xiong)羆，破敵有余閑。”五(wu)代十國(guo)時后周南唐壽(shou)(shou)(shou)州(zhou)爭(zheng)奪戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，兵燹(xian)連年，趙匡胤勇破連珠寨，殲敵4萬，威名遠揚。元(yuan)末朱(zhu)元(yuan)璋曾(ceng)在(zai)城南安(an)豐大戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)張士誠。清(qing)咸豐年間(jian)(jian)，太平安(an)奮戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)州(zhou)多年，英王陳(chen)玉成至(zhi)此，為(wei)(wei)(wei)叛(pan)將苗沛(pei)霖誘捕(bu)后壯(zhuang)烈犧牲。
壽縣(xian)作為(wei)戰略要地(di)，兩千多(duo)年(nian)來(lai)幾經變(bian)遷(qian)，其城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)防設施(shi)隨著(zhu)軍事技術的發(fa)展，愈加堅固齊全。據考古(gu)發(fa)現，壽縣(xian)筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)始于(yu)楚遷(qian)都(dou)壽春之時。故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范圍很大(da)(da)，北傍淝(fei)水，東臨東津渡(du)，西至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西湖，南至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)十里頭，面(mian)積約25平方(fang)公里，是戰國(guo)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中僅次(ci)于(yu)燕國(guo)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)燕下(xia)都(dou)的第二(er)大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。因年(nian)代(dai)久遠(yuan)，地(di)貌變(bian)化，土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣大(da)(da)多(duo)湮沒于(yu)地(di)下(xia)或破壞殆盡。漢代(dai)以后(hou)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址縮小(xiao)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東北角(jiao)，即今壽縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)關一帶，后(hou)代(dai)多(duo)沿襲其址。今壽縣(xian)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻型(xing)制，為(wei)南宋寧(ning)宗嘉定十二(er)年(nian)(1219年(nian))建康都(dou)統許俊重筑，外包磚石墻皮。700多(duo)年(nian)來(lai)，古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻曾迭遭戰爭(zheng)和洪水的破壞，歷(li)代(dai)均有修整，是國(guo)內現存保(bao)存完(wan)整的七大(da)(da)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻之一。
壽(shou)縣(xian)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)平面(mian)略呈(cheng)方形，舊(jiu)有甕城(cheng)(cheng)、譙樓之(zhi)設，重(zhong)關(guan)疊(die)雉，制度森(sen)嚴。現(xian)樓臺大(da)部(bu)(bu)分已毀(hui)，城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)仍(reng)屹立于淮(huai)淝(fei)之(zhi)濱，斑蝕剝離，歷經滄(cang)桑(sang)。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)南兩(liang)面(mian)有護城(cheng)(cheng)濠，北環淝(fei)水，西(xi)連城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)湖，四隅(yu)有河，東(dong)北、西(xi)北隅(yu)各設水關(guan)一(yi)處。城(cheng)(cheng)置4門(men)(men)，東(dong)賓陽(yang)門(men)(men)，西(xi)定湖門(men)(men)，南通淝(fei)門(men)(men)、北靖淮(huai)門(men)(men)。城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)保存完整，周長(chang)“十三里有奇”，實測6650.8米(mi)。垛(duo)墻(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)墻(qiang)(qiang)體高(gao)(gao)(gao)7.7米(mi)，底(di)寬18-22米(mi)，頂(ding)寬4-10米(mi)。墻(qiang)(qiang)體以土(tu)夯筑，外(wai)側(ce)貼磚(zhuan)，外(wai)壁下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)用條(tiao)石(shi)砌(qi)筑2米(mi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)墻(qiang)(qiang)基。城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)外(wai)壁貼磚(zhuan)石(shi)，厚(hou)度為：底(di)部(bu)(bu)1.5米(mi)，頂(ding)部(bu)(bu)0.5-0.8米(mi)、殘高(gao)(gao)(gao)1米(mi)。垛(duo)口(kou)已失，下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)間隔2.8米(mi)設一(yi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)0.37米(mi)，寬0.2米(mi)的(de)長(chang)方形射洞(dong)，射洞(dong)作壺門(men)(men)狀，下(xia)(xia)口(kou)與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)頂(ding)平。城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)磚(zhuan)石(shi)之(zhi)間都(dou)是用糯米(mi)汁拌石(shi)灰等物彌合，非常牢固。舊(jiu)有“鐵打的(de)壽(shou)州城(cheng)(cheng)”的(de)稱譽(yu)。
四(si)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)皆于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻外再設(she)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)，內外門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)洞均為磚石券頂結(jie)構。除南門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外，東北西(xi)3門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)均與城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)不在同一中軸線。西(xi)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)朝(chao)北，北甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)朝(chao)西(xi)，均與所在城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)在平(ping)面上(shang)呈(cheng)90度(du)直(zhi)角，而東甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)與城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)平(ping)行錯(cuo)置4米。這種(zhong)巧妙(miao)設(she)置是(shi)基于(yu)軍(jun)事防御上(shang)的考慮(lv)：即敵軍(jun)突破甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)后，需改變方向(xiang)才能攻擊城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)，守軍(jun)可乘機(ji)關門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)打狗，消滅(mie)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)內之敵。現存東北兩甕(weng)，南、西(xi)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)已(yi)毀。
記載
據《壽(shou)州志》載，城墻(qiang)原(yuan)有“角(jiao)樓八座(zuo)，警(jing)鋪(pu)五十五所”。現(xian)僅存1處(chu)馬面(mian)，3處(chu)敵臺(tai)。馬面(mian)位于城西北拐角(jiao)處(chu)，俗稱“地樓”。馬面(mian)凸(tu)出(chu)城外部分長2米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，高與(yu)城墻(qiang)齊平，中(zhong)空有石級遞下，三面(mian)有射(she)洞。3座(zuo)敵臺(tai)，一(yi)處(chu)在東(dong)門(men)南160米(mi)(mi)(mi)，凸(tu)出(chu)城外廓(kuo)，長3.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)15.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)；一(yi)處(chu)在南門(men)東(dong)500米(mi)(mi)(mi)，外凸(tu)2.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)5米(mi)(mi)(mi)。
城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)設有泊岸。泊岸，又(you)(you)稱護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)石堤(di)，據《壽州(zhou)志(zhi)·城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)廓》載，石堤(di)為(wei)明嘉靖七年(1538年)御(yu)史楊瞻創建。堤(di)高(gao)3-5米、寬(kuan)10米，一邊緊貼(tie)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)外(wai)壁，另(ling)一邊濱臨護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河，皆以條石壘砌。其用途既可(ke)增(zeng)加城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的堅固性(xing)，又(you)(you)能(neng)阻擋(dang)護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)濠(hao)水及洪水對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)根基的沖刷。
兩處涵(han)洞(dong)實(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)水(shui)關，分別位于城(cheng)東北、西(xi)北隅。涵(han)洞(dong)始建(jian)年代失考(kao)，明清均有(you)(you)(you)修(xiu)葺。今東涵(han)壁有(you)(you)(you)“崇墉障(zhang)流(liu)”石(shi)(shi)刻，為(wei)(wei)光緒(xu)十年(1884年)重(zhong)修(xiu)時(shi)吳中錢祿曾(ceng)所題(ti)。西(xi)涵(han)南壁“金湯鞏固”石(shi)(shi)刻，為(wei)(wei)光緒(xu)三(san)十一(yi)年(1905年)重(zhong)修(xiu)時(shi)，“辛庵彭城(cheng)孫題(ti)”。兩涵(han)形制大體相同。如(ru)(ru)(ru)西(xi)涵(han)，洞(dong)體方(fang)形，寬0.6米(mi)(mi)、深0.8米(mi)(mi)、長50米(mi)(mi)。其一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)通(tong)城(cheng)內河渠，另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)伸出城(cheng)外(wai)，經過城(cheng)墻(qiang)、石(shi)(shi)堤部分深1.5米(mi)(mi)。涵(han)周圍(wei)起筑徑、深均7.7米(mi)(mi)、厚(hou)0.5米(mi)(mi)的磚石(shi)(shi)結構月坎(kan)(kan)，坎(kan)(kan)與(yu)城(cheng)墻(qiang)等高(gao)。坎(kan)(kan)內壁設(she)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)階，可拾級而下，外(wai)壁圍(wei)護(hu)厚(hou)實(shi)(shi)的堤坡(po)。涵(han)溝(gou)上(shang)封石(shi)(shi)板，設(she)閘5道(dao)(dao)。城(cheng)涵(han)月坎(kan)(kan)的設(she)置，在軍事上(shang)可防止敵兵從(cong)水(shui)道(dao)(dao)匿進(jin)(jin)偷(tou)襲，在城(cheng)市水(shui)系上(shang)又具有(you)(you)(you)重(zhong)要的防水(shui)功能(neng)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)人(ren)們可隨時(shi)進(jin)(jin)坎(kan)(kan)啟閉閘門，控流(liu)自如(ru)(ru)(ru)，既(ji)可避免內河積水(shui)的吞(tun)噬，又能(neng)消除外(wai)水(shui)倒灌的隱患。
壽縣傍依淮淝水(shui)系(xi)，地勢低洼，易受洪(hong)澇侵襲。古(gu)城(cheng)猶(you)如一道鐵(tie)壁銅墻(qiang)(qiang)，除防御(yu)抗(kang)敵外，又是防洪(hong)的堅固大堤，歷史上曾多次經歷了(le)洪(hong)水(shui)的沖擊。如1954年和(he)1991年淮河泛(fan)濫(lan)，古(gu)城(cheng)周圍一片(pian)汪洋(yang)，白浪滔天(tian)，而城(cheng)內則安然無恙。在和(he)平年代，壽縣城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的這種利國(guo)利民的作用愈加明(ming)顯。2001年被國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)公布(bu)為第五批全國(guo)重點文物保(bao)護(hu)單位。
鐘天地之靈 
