發掘歷程
商代(dai)(dai)晚期至春秋時期,南陵的先(xian)民們在牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山興建(jian)(jian)了(le)一座(zuo)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(現籍山鎮先(xian)進村),他們在此創造了(le)當時輝(hui)煌,寫下一頁燦爛的南陵古文(wen)明。“牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山”是人工歷(li)經數(shu)十(shi)年(nian)乃至數(shu)百年(nian)堆建(jian)(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)的高臺地(di),逐而建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)一座(zuo)布局(ju)合理、規(gui)模宏大(da)的古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。它(ta)形(xing)似浮在水(shui)中的牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu),故(gu)而稱(cheng)之“牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山”。先(xian)民們充分利用了(le)本地(di)水(shui)資源優勢,“以(yi)水(shui)為(wei)路,以(yi)船代(dai)(dai)車,以(yi)橋(qiao)相連”,興建(jian)(jian)了(le)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)亦叫“水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。它(ta)面積約七十(shi)萬(wan)平方(fang)米。如此規(gui)模及布局(ju)的古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在當時可(ke)謂大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市了(le)。
1984年全縣文物(wu)普查時發現(xian)了(le)牯牛山古(gu)城遺址(zhi)以后,立(li)即引起了(le)中(zhong)外考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)界專家、學者(zhe)的(de)關注,先(xian)后有北京大(da)學、上海博物(wu)館、南京博物(wu)院、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)科技大(da)學、東(dong)南大(da)學、華(hua)東(dong)師大(da)、安徽(hui)大(da)學等考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)(jiu)單位的(de)百余(yu)名(ming)知名(ming)專家和(he)德國(guo)(guo)(guo)、日本、韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)、美國(guo)(guo)(guo)、等國(guo)(guo)(guo)家及臺(tai)灣(wan)的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)學者(zhe)來陵參觀、考(kao)(kao)(kao)察古(gu)城遺址(zhi)。中(zhong)央電視臺(tai)以及省、市、縣電視臺(tai)曾對牯牛山古(gu)城遺址(zhi)的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)發掘情(qing)況(kuang)進行(xing)多次報(bao)道,蕪(wu)湖市電視臺(tai)還制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)古(gu)城專題宣傳片。省文物(wu)研究(jiu)(jiu)部門將牯牛山古(gu)城遺址(zhi)列入(ru)重點(dian)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)(jiu)課(ke)題。安徽(hui)大(da)學、東(dong)南大(da)學將其作(zuo)為本科生考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)發掘實習地。
1996年(nian)(nian)至(zhi)1997年(nian)(nian)省文(wen)(wen)(wen)物考(kao)古(gu)(gu)研究(jiu)所(suo)(suo)和(he)上海華東師范大學遙感(gan)實驗室與(yu)(yu)省地(di)質遙感(gan)應用(yong)(yong)中心聯(lian)合(he)利用(yong)(yong)遙感(gan)技術(shu)對(dui)古(gu)(gu)城遺(yi)址進行全面的(de)調查(cha),發(fa)現輪(lun)(lun)廓清(qing)晰的(de)古(gu)(gu)城遺(yi)址,并對(dui)航空遙感(gan)照片進行解譯(yi),繪(hui)制出(chu)位(wei)置圖(tu)。這也是(shi)安(an)徽境內首次利用(yong)(yong)遙感(gan)技術(shu)開(kai)展(zhan)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)調查(cha)。1998年(nian)(nian)經國家文(wen)(wen)(wen)物局批(pi)準,省文(wen)(wen)(wen)物考(kao)古(gu)(gu)研究(jiu)所(suo)(suo)與(yu)(yu)南陵縣文(wen)(wen)(wen)物管理所(suo)(suo)對(dui)古(gu)(gu)城進行首次發(fa)掘。通過考(kao)古(gu)(gu)發(fa)掘,出(chu)土了陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)、冶煉銅渣等(deng)百余件,標本數(shu)百件,器(qi)(qi)(qi)類(lei)主要(yao)有(you)鼎、鬲(li)、豆、釜、甗、罐(guan)、盂、盆等(deng),從(cong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)分(fen)析,它們具有(you)鮮明(ming)的(de)地(di)域特征,可(ke)以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)獨(du)立(li)的(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)類(lei)型——“牯牛山文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)”,同時它又與(yu)(yu)周(zhou)圍(wei)各種文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)有(you)著(zhu)千絲萬縷的(de)聯(lian)系(xi)。考(kao)古(gu)(gu)發(fa)現,古(gu)(gu)城由四個高臺地(di)組成(cheng),四周(zhou)分(fen)布著(zhu)四條水(shui)(shui)道(dao)(即(ji)護(hu)(hu)城河),西南有(you)進水(shui)(shui)口,東北有(you)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)口,形(xing)成(cheng)規則的(de)長方(fang)形(xing),長約900米,寬(kuan)約750米。最高最大的(de)臺地(di)為(wei)(wei)主城部(bu)分(fen),其余為(wei)(wei)輔助(zhu)城。每個臺地(di)之間有(you)水(shui)(shui)道(dao)隔開(kai),索橋相(xiang)連(lian),水(shui)(shui)道(dao)與(yu)(yu)外圍(wei)護(hu)(hu)城河相(xiang)通。護(hu)(hu)城河寬(kuan)約20-50米,雖然歷(li)經數(shu)千年(nian)(nian)的(de)滄桑,部(bu)分(fen)河段(duan)已經淤塞,但大部(bu)護(hu)(hu)城河至(zhi)今仍為(wei)(wei)河道(dao)或水(shui)(shui)塘(tang),至(zhi)今護(hu)(hu)城河與(yu)(yu)古(gu)(gu)城原貌輪(lun)(lun)廓仍然清(qing)晰可(ke)見。
古城狀況
古城四周有人工堆建的(de)夯土城垣(yuan)(yuan),至今仍有殘(can)垣(yuan)(yuan)保存。城內(nei)有大量(liang)的(de)紅燒土和(he)煉銅(tong)銅(tong)渣、制陶遺跡以及(ji)(ji)生活(huo)遺跡,文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)厚(hou)2-3米之(zhi)間,其(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵十(shi)分(fen)豐富。除此之(zhi)外,還發現了(le)炭化(hua)(hua)了(le)的(de)稻谷(gu)、稻草以及(ji)(ji)打漁(yu)使用(yong)的(de)網(wang)墜等。證明(ming)了(le)居(ju)住在牯(gu)牛山(shan)古城的(de)先民(min)們依靠種植(zhi)水(shui)稻等農業和(he)捕魚業為(wei)生計(ji),同(tong)時(shi)還熟(shu)練(lian)掌握高溫(wen)燒制耐用(yong)的(de)印紋硬陶器(qi)技術(shu),也(ye)能冶(ye)煉冰(bing)銅(tong)和(he)鑄(zhu)造出精美的(de)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)。文(wen)(wen)物部門已在本縣境內(nei)征集了(le)四十(shi)余件春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)以前的(de)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)物,其(qi)(qi)數量(liang)和(he)質量(liang)是皖南其(qi)(qi)他市(shi)、縣所(suo)不具有的(de),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)南陵文(wen)(wen)物部門收藏(zang)的(de)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)龍(long)耳尊就是本地(di)代表青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi),此尊為(wei)國(guo)家一級文(wen)(wen)物,列入中(zhong)華文(wen)(wen)明(ming)文(wen)(wen)物精品系(xi)列。
筆者(zhe)參加(jia)牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘工(gong)作(zuo),接(jie)待過(guo)(guo)多位知名專(zhuan)家,聽取(qu)他們(men)對古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)(kan)法(fa),又根據(ju)已出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)器(qi)物、標本以(yi)及各方資料分析,筆者(zhe)以(yi)為(wei)(wei),古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立與(yu)南陵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)資源有(you)著必然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系。牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)在商(shang)代晚期原始聚(ju)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang),逐步(bu)發展成(cheng)一處古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)。由于南陵大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)起(qi),統(tong)治(zhi)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)了加(jia)強對其管理,牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)采(cai)(cai)冶(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行政(zheng)管理機構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)在地(di)(di)。春秋(qiu)中期古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)長江(jiang)下游南岸最(zui)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)戰(zhan)略要(yao)地(di)(di)之一,是(shi)(shi)本地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)、經(jing)濟(ji)、軍事中心,并發揮了巨大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輻射功能。從(cong)地(di)(di)理位置來(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan),牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)處平原與(yu)丘陵過(guo)(guo)渡地(di)(di)帶,攻能進,守(shou)能退,是(shi)(shi)控制(zhi)上(shang)下往來(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉之地(di)(di),位置十分優越(yue);從(cong)交通(tong)運輸途(tu)徑(jing)來(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan),在遙(yao)感(gan)解譯圖(tu)上(shang)得(de)知古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代漳河從(cong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)護城(cheng)(cheng)河穿過(guo)(guo),經(jing)繁昌流入長江(jiang),而漳河的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)游支流峨(e)嶺河從(cong)大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)西(xi)周至春秋(qiu)大(da)(da)(da)型冶(ye)煉(lian)場江(jiang)木(mu)沖遺址(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)側流過(guo)(guo),因此古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冶(ye)煉(lian)場之間依(yi)靠漳河水系以(yi)船相通(tong),又可通(tong)過(guo)(guo)長江(jiang)水運通(tong)往沿江(jiang)各地(di)(di),具有(you)交通(tong)便利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點;從(cong)三大(da)(da)(da)遺址(zhi)(zhi)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物特征(zheng)來(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan),距古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)南1公里處就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)(bao)護單位皖南土墩墓(mu)群(qun)(千峰(feng)(feng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)),距另一處全(quan)(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)(bao)護單位大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)江(jiang)木(mu)沖冶(ye)煉(lian)遺址(zhi)(zhi)20公里,三地(di)(di)皆(jie)出土了大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活器(qi)具,通(tong)過(guo)(guo)比照(zhao),同(tong)一類器(qi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造型、紋飾、質地(di)(di)、特征(zheng)完全(quan)(quan)一致,表明三大(da)(da)(da)遺址(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)同(tong)一時(shi)期、同(tong)一行政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)域范(fan)圍(wei)。同(tong)時(shi)也印證了千峰(feng)(feng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)土墩墓(mu)群(qun)埋葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)內及周邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居民(min);從(cong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)內發現了大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)冶(ye)煉(lian)、鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)渣來(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan),古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)內已設置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)坊,對大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)冶(ye)煉(lian)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初制(zhi)品——“冰銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錠(ding)”進行再(zai)精煉(lian)加(jia)工(gong),從(cong)而在古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)內制(zhi)作(zuo)出各種(zhong)禮(li)器(qi)和(he)兵器(qi)。因此說,牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)(bao)護單位大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)遺址(zhi)(zhi)和(he)千峰(feng)(feng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)土墩墓(mu)群(qun),構成(cheng)周代南陵人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)冶(ye)區(qu)(qu)、管理區(qu)(qu)、墓(mu)葬區(qu)(qu),顯現了南陵在先(xian)秦以(yi)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮。當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳、越(yue)國(guo)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)憑(ping)借(jie)著本地(di)(di)域豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)資源和(he)處于世界(jie)領先(xian)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)采(cai)(cai)煉(lian)技術,以(yi)及眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科技人(ren)(ren)才,如當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)劍大(da)(da)(da)師(shi)“干將”、“莫(mo)邪(xie)”、“歐冶(ye)”等,開始了擴張勢力范(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭,吳、越(yue)國(guo)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)不可一世的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)春秋(qiu)五霸之一。
古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)存(cun)在時間約為(wei)(wei)(wei)一千余年,商代晚期為(wei)(wei)(wei)興起階段,西(xi)周時期為(wei)(wei)(wei)發展(zhan)成(cheng)熟階段,春秋(qiu)時期為(wei)(wei)(wei)鼎盛(sheng)階段,到了戰國早期古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)突然廢棄(qi)至今就是兩千余年,消失的(de)(de)原因(yin)有待(dai)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)工作者進(jin)一步(bu)探索。古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)地處(chu)(chu)兩條國道的(de)(de)交匯處(chu)(chu),距縣城(cheng)僅3公里,而且(qie)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)是皖南(nan)地區(qu)保存(cun)最好的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)遺址,人為(wei)(wei)(wei)破壞較小(xiao),文化內涵十分豐富,具有極大的(de)(de)開(kai)發利(li)用(yong)前景。