冠山書院(yuan)(第二批省(sheng)保),位于平(ping)定(ding)縣(xian)冠山鎮后溝村西南(nan)(nan),自(zi)古被歷代文人所仰(yang)慕,元朝中書左丞相呂思誠、明(ming)(ming)朝南(nan)(nan)京(jing)兵部尚(shang)書喬宇都曾(ceng)在冠山書院(yuan)讀書治(zhi)學。明(ming)(ming)末清初民族志士(shi)傅山也曾(ceng)隱居(ju)于此,這些志士(shi)豪杰(jie)都曾(ceng)留(liu)下了不朽(xiu)詩(shi)作。尤(you)以喬宇詩(shi)碑、玄秘塔(ta)集五言刻石著名。
宋初,繼(ji)全國的(de)四大書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan):白鹿(lu)洞書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、石鼓書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、應天府(fu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、岳麓書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之后,北宋末年在平(ping)定州城西(xi)南八里,山(shan)(shan)明水秀(xiu)的(de)冠山(shan)(shan)上建(jian)起了“冠山(shan)(shan)精(jing)舍”,書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)屬民間私辦(ban)。元初,中書(shu)(shu)(shu)左丞呂(lv)(lv)思(si)城父祖數世讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)于此(ci)。元代,在“冠山(shan)(shan)精(jing)舍”的(de)基礎上,擴(kuo)建(jian)為“呂(lv)(lv)公書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”(呂(lv)(lv)公即呂(lv)(lv)思(si)城),亦稱“冠山(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,成為山(shan)(shan)西(xi)顯赫(he)一時的(de)大書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。
高嶺(ling)書(shu)(shu)院建于(yu)明(ming)代嘉靖九年(1530),時任臨(lin)洮(tao)太守的孫(sun)杰,字朝用,別號高嶺(ling),回歸故鄉后(hou),寓居于(yu)冠山書(shu)(shu)院,每日(ri)聚朋邀友且(qie)吟且(qie)酌,見冠山山腰中有一巨(ju)石,即出資(zi)鑿石洞(dong)曰:“夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)洞(dong)”,供奉(feng)孔圣人,另鑿兩洞(dong),供奉(feng)顏子(zi)、曾(ceng)子(zi),在夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)洞(dong)的左面修建了(le)高嶺(ling)書(shu)(shu)院。聚書(shu)(shu)萬卷,校勘(kan)其間,從嚴規(gui)范以導(dao)迪子(zi)孫(sun),亦(yi)稱上書(shu)(shu)院。明(ming)代陸琛作《高嶺(ling)書(shu)(shu)院孔子(zi)調銘》今(jin)猶(you)立于(yu)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)洞(dong)院中。
建于清乾隆(long)年(nian)間(1736),郡人張佩芳任壽州(zhou)時,與(yu)多人募資,在冠山資福寺東面修建。起初欲名“梵(fan)宇書院”,因院內(nei)有(you)(you)古槐參(can)天濃蔭蓋地,山風時至(zhi)疑有(you)(you)絲竹(zhu)音,直隸(li)總督那彥成(cheng)題額“槐音書院”。自好(hao)之士(shi),習(xi)靜之儒,避(bi)城市(shi)喧(xuan)囂,本(ben)州(zhou)外地好(hao)學之士(shi)接(jie)踵而至(zhi),多至(zhi)100余人,每科名麗桂籍者,珠聯(lian)星耀不下數人,亦稱下書院。
冠山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)院(yuan),舊(jiu)址在平定師(shi)范禮(li)(li)堂附近,清代(dai)官辦書(shu)院(yuan)。建于清乾隆十六年(1751),知州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)祖(zu)庚,勸捐銀2683兩,以利息作為(wei)師(shi)生費(fei)用,借用上城州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)署西部學(xue)(xue)院(yuan)行(xing)署為(wei)講學(xue)(xue)所,因上城為(wei)漢淮(huai)陰侯韓信下趙駐兵處,舊(jiu)稱榆(yu)關,故初取名(ming)(ming)“榆(yu)關書(shu)院(yuan)”。乾隆三十年(1765),知州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)陶易(yi)奉禮(li)(li)部咨(zi)查各省書(shu)院(yuan)名(ming)(ming)目,以榆(yu)關名(ming)(ming)義(yi)未(wei)確,思及(ji)嘉水(shui)貫通山(shan)(shan)(shan)城,始自嘉山(shan)(shan)(shan)源遠流長,改稱“嘉山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)院(yuan)”,咨(zi)部纂入(ru)《大(da)清一統志(zhi)》。乾隆五十年,學(xue)(xue)使戴衢亨易(yi)名(ming)(ming)“冠山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)院(yuan)”,有房(fang)屋50余間,規(gui)模宏大(da)極一時之盛。現(xian)僅存零星碑記石刻,為(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西省重(zhong)點文物保護單位。。
崇古冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan),創建年(nian)代不詳,清嘉慶十一(yi)年(nian)(1806),奉直大夫孫(sun)裕重建。書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)坐西(xi)朝東(dong)靠山(shan)臨谷建于冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)腹部(bu),隨地(di)(di)勢(shi)分上(shang)、下(xia)兩院(yuan)(yuan),占地(di)(di)面積為(wei)(wei)737平方(fang)米。內(nei)院(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)面月臺上(shang)有西(xi)窯(yao)五眼,居(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)明兩暗稱崇古洞(dong)。月臺下(xia)南窯(yao)三(san)眼,中(zhong)(zhong)窯(yao)壁嵌集(ji)柳公(gong)權(quan)玄秘(mi)塔(ta),五言詩(shi)石刻十六(liu)塊,窯(yao)門額(e)書(shu)(shu)“廣業”。北窯(yao)三(san)眼額(e)書(shu)(shu)“新德(de)”也(ye)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)明兩暗。外院(yuan)(yuan)有窯(yao)洞(dong)一(yi)孔(kong)為(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)仆役居(ju)室,外形為(wei)(wei)瓦房,內(nei)部(bu)為(wei)(wei)窯(yao)洞(dong),冬(dong)暖夏涼。里院(yuan)(yuan)月臺下(xia)立有明代嘉靖年(nian)間,喬尚書(shu)(shu)(喬宇)的《雪(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)訪左丞呂公(gong)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)舊址》詩(shi)碑曰(yue):“峻嶺崇罔冒(mao)雪(xue)來,冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)遙(yao)在白(bai)云隈。松(song)盤(pan)厚地(di)(di)蜿(wan)蜒出(chu),花(hua)散諸(zhu)天(tian)縹緲開(kai)。傍(bang)險欲(yu)尋歸隱洞(dong),凌高還上(shang)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)臺。平生仰止鄉賢意(yi),莫遺遺蹤悶草萊。”筆者幼年(nian)時,經常聽(ting)老人們叨(tao)咕,喬尚書(shu)(shu)在冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)上(shang)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)時,夜遇(yu)狐(hu)仙(xian)(xian)伴讀(du),星空淡(dan)月下(xia),孤燈(deng)苦讀(du)的喬尚書(shu)(shu),每當夜深人靜,饑渴難忍時,青青松(song)濤(tao)中(zhong)(zhong),總有一(yi)仙(xian)(xian)女飄然而至,到身邊伴讀(du),適時送(song)上(shang)明珠一(yi)顆為(wei)(wei)他解饑止渴,喬尚書(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)獲(huo)取功名,怕墜入愛河,與狐(hu)仙(xian)(xian)女情(qing)斷意(yi)決后,狐(hu)仙(xian)(xian)女在一(yi)棵歪脖子(zi)古松(song)上(shang)吊死。這些(xie)美麗的傳說(shuo),在兒時記憶(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)留下(xia)許許多(duo)(duo)多(duo)(duo)神秘(mi)的想象。
資福寺為一(yi)單(dan)進四合院(yuan),占地面積1470平(ping)方米。寺坐北朝南,中(zhong)軸線上有山門(men)、正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian),兩側有鐘、鼓二樓對峙,正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)東(dong)西為配(pei)殿(dian)三間(jian),建筑形制(zhi)為清代風格(ge),寺內存清碑(bei)8通(tong)、元(yuan)碑(bei)1通(tong)。
文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣和(he)呂祖洞(dong)(dong),依地勢(shi)分上、下兩層,坐(zuo)西朝東,上為(wei)文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣,下層為(wei)呂祖洞(dong)(dong),均為(wei)單開(kai)間磚結構拱券式窯(yao)洞(dong)(dong)。夫(fu)子洞(dong)(dong)位居冠(guan)山山腰上部,為(wei)一(yi)組砂石(shi)質石(shi)窟。開(kai)鑿(zao)于明嘉靖五年(nian)(1526年(nian)),窟檐外平面(mian)利用天然(ran)石(shi)略加修飾(shi)形成一(yi)坐(zuo)北朝南的單進四合(he)院(yuan)落(luo)。
呂(lv)思城(cheng),字(zi)仲(zhong)實(1293———1357),平定人。泰定元(yuan)年(nian)中(zhong)進士,后擢升為翰林國(guo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)院(yuan)檢閱官及編(bian)修。順(shun)帝初,拜監察御(yu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)、侍御(yu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)、集賢院(yuan)侍講學士兼(jian)國(guo)子祭酒(jiu)、湖廣參(can)政、中(zhong)書(shu)參(can)知政事、左丞轉御(yu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)丞等職。有《介軒(xuan)集》、《兩漢通(tong)紀(ji)》、《正典(dian)舉要》、《嶺南集》等著作傳世。他性(xing)情剛直、體察民(min)情、秉公辦(ban)事,倡導破除迷信,不畏權勢,直言(yan)進諫。在任翰林院(yuan)期間(jian),曾總裁宋、遼(liao)、金三(san)史(shi)(shi)(shi),病逝(shi)后贈(zeng)齊國(guo)公,謚忠(zhong)肅。
“呂公書院(yuan)”雖系(xi)官辦(ban),但實成(cheng)于呂思(si)城之手,因而得名。志(zhi)載:左丞(cheng)呂思(si)城,以元世(shi)祖“先儒(ru)過化之地,名賢經(jing)化之所”立書院(yuan)令,并奏請(qing)賜(si)額,造燕居殿(dian),設(she)宣圣孔夫子肖像,以顏子與曾子配祭(ji),另筑會經(jing)堂,以及德本、行源齋舍,書院(yuan)藏御賜(si)經(jing)籍、圖(tu)書萬卷。
石樓書(shu)院(yuan)建(jian)(jian)于(yu)明代(dai)正統(tong)年間(jian)(1436—1449),學正,夏廷器修建(jian)(jian),系官(guan)辦(ban)。舊址在今平定縣圣廟大(da)成殿(dian)東側,相對城南10公(gong)里的石樓山。
名(ming)賢書院建于明(ming)代弘(hong)治(zhi)十(shi)一年(nian)(1489),知州吳賢在冠(guan)山呂公書院遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)石洞前構筑正堂叫“名(ming)賢書院”,時任山西(xi)布政(zheng)司左(zuo)參汪藻在弘(hong)治(zhi)十(shi)三年(nian)立有贊頌(song)呂左(zuo)丞詩碑:“冠(guan)山山勢碧棱曾(ceng),駐(zhu)節來游吊左(zuo)丞。十(shi)里(li)紅塵飛不到(dao),百年(nian)青史價先(xian)增。”