帝陵分布
陜西(xi)省西(xi)安市:2座(霸·杜)
陜西省咸陽市(shi):9座(長·義·康(kang)·安·陽·茂·平(ping)·渭·延)
形制
為(wei)什么漢(han)(han)(han)文帝(di)(di)(di)霸(ba)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)和(he)漢(han)(han)(han)宣(xuan)(xuan)帝(di)(di)(di)杜(du)(du)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)沒(mei)有修在(zai)咸(xian)陽(yang)塬上呢(ni)?一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)是因(yin)為(wei)漢(han)(han)(han)代帝(di)(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)埋葬有嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)昭穆制度;一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)文帝(di)(di)(di)力(li)求節儉(jian),所以(yi)(yi)選擇在(zai)因(yin)山為(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)。宣(xuan)(xuan)帝(di)(di)(di)當皇(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)之前(qian)“周徧三輔”、“尤(you)樂杜(du)(du)、鄠(hu)之間,率常在(zai)下杜(du)(du)”,他的(de)(de)(de)(de)父母均葬于(yu)長安(an)城(cheng)東南,所以(yi)(yi)宣(xuan)(xuan)帝(di)(di)(di)筑陵(ling)(ling)(ling)于(yu)杜(du)(du)東塬。西(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)帝(di)(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)制有兩類(lei)(lei):一(yi)類(lei)(lei)是霸(ba)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)因(yin)山為(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式,墓葬開(kai)鑿(zao)于(yu)山崖中,不另(ling)起墳(fen)(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)。其他10陵(ling)(ling)(ling)則(ze)屬另(ling)一(yi)類(lei)(lei),都筑有高(gao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)覆斗形(xing)夯土(tu)墳(fen)(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu),一(yi)般底(di)部約(yue)150~170米(mi)見(jian)方(fang)(fang),高(gao)約(yue)20~30余米(mi),以(yi)(yi)武帝(di)(di)(di)茂陵(ling)(ling)(ling)墳(fen)(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)最(zui)大。漢(han)(han)(han)代帝(di)(di)(di)后(hou)合葬同(tong)塋而不同(tong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling),后(hou)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)大多在(zai)帝(di)(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東面(mian),墳(fen)(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)亦較(jiao)帝(di)(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)小,惟(wei)呂后(hou)墳(fen)(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)大小幾乎與高(gao)祖長陵(ling)(ling)(ling)墳(fen)(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)相等。從陽(yang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)開(kai)始,在(zai)帝(di)(di)(di)后(hou)墳(fen)(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)周筑平面(mian)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)夯土(tu)垣墻,每面(mian)垣墻的(de)(de)(de)(de)中央(yang)各辟一(yi)門(men),門(men)外立(li)雙闕。這種圍(wei)墳(fen)(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)一(yi)周的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan),是西(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)帝(di)(di)(di)后(hou)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)制。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)之旁建寢殿和(he)廟。
相關
西漢(han)諸陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)陪(pei)葬墓(mu)都(dou)在(zai)帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)之東(dong),長(chang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)陪(pei)葬墓(mu)規模最大。茂陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)陪(pei)葬墓(mu)中有著(zhu)名的(de)衛青、霍(huo)去病墓(mu)。這(zhe)些(xie)帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)加上皇親國戚、權臣列(lie)侯的(de)陪(pei)葬墓(mu)自東(dong)而(er)西綿延百(bai)里,正(zheng)如古詩所云:“長(chang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)高(gao)闕此安劉,附葬累累盡列(lie)侯”。長(chang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)開(kai)始置(zhi)(zhi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)。漢(han)朝建都(dou)長(chang)安以后(hou),便將齊、楚諸國的(de)大姓和(he)有功之臣都(dou)遷到(dao)長(chang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)來。自此而(er)后(hou),往(wang)往(wang)把(ba)高(gao)官(guan)豪(hao)富之家(jia)遷到(dao)各陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)中去,將有實力的(de)豪(hao)族(zu)控制在(zai)長(chang)安,以便鞏固(gu)漢(han)朝的(de)統治。漢(han)元(yuan)帝永光四(si)年(公(gong)元(yuan)前40年)下詔罷(ba)置(zhi)(zhi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)(yi)(yi),因(yin)為強(qiang)迫移民(min)而(er)使百(bai)姓破產(chan),引起(qi)社會上的(de)動(dong)蕩(dang)不安,設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)對鞏固(gu)政權已不起(qi)作用(yong),所以從(cong)渭(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)開(kai)始廢(fei)置(zhi)(zhi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)。