富順文廟(miao)坐北朝南,背靠(kao)神龜山(shan),面向沱江,不僅符合古代風水學(xue)的原(yuan)則(ze),還具有皇宮氣派。跟(gen)全國(guo)絕大多數(shu)文廟(miao)建(jian)在平地(di)(di)上不同,富順文廟(miao)從(cong)敬一亭到數(shu)仞宮墻(qiang),依(yi)次(ci)沿山(shan)坡修下去,面闊46米,縱(zong)深160余(yu)米,占(zhan)地(di)(di)10余(yu)畝。
富順文廟中保存(cun)年代(dai)早的建筑物要數敬(jing)一亭中那座孔子陰刻像(xiang)石碑。據(ju)《富順縣志》記載,該像(xiang)系(xi)唐代(dai)畫(hua)家吳道子所(suo)繪,南(nan)宋紹興十五年(公元1145年)翻刻而成。
富順文(wen)廟的(de)(de)格局(ju)跟(gen)全(quan)國絕(jue)大多數文(wen)廟一(yi)樣(yang),仿山東(dong)曲(qu)阜孔廟的(de)(de)樣(yang)板(ban)而建(jian),即通過(guo)(guo)“數仞宮墻”左右(you)的(de)(de)“禮(li)門”、“義路”或兩旁的(de)(de)“圣域”、“賢關(guan)”進入(ru)。首先映入(ru)眼簾的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“泮(pan)池”,跨(kua)過(guo)(guo)橫臥泮(pan)池上的(de)(de)“狀元(yuan)橋”,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)座(zuo)石坊建(jian)筑“欞(ling)星門”,經過(guo)(guo)欞(ling)星門進入(ru)建(jian)筑群的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)個院(yuan)落(luo),正(zheng)面是(shi)(shi)“大成(cheng)門”;從大成(cheng)門再往里走,便是(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑群的(de)(de)第(di)二個院(yuan)落(luo),正(zheng)面是(shi)(shi)整個建(jian)筑群的(de)(de)主殿“大成(cheng)殿”,大成(cheng)殿前有(you)一(yi)個舉(ju)辦祭(ji)孔活動(dong)的(de)(de)月臺;繞過(guo)(guo)大成(cheng)殿,進入(ru)第(di)三個院(yuan)落(luo),正(zheng)面是(shi)(shi)“崇圣祠”,再往里走就是(shi)(shi)后(hou)一(yi)座(zuo)建(jian)筑“敬(jing)一(yi)亭”了。
整(zheng)個建筑群都(dou)凝聚著(zhu)博大精深(shen)的(de)(de)儒家(jia)學說,如泮(pan)池、狀(zhuang)元橋(qiao)(qiao)以(yi)及(ji)欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)。泮(pan)池就(jiu)是(shi)學校的(de)(de)意思(si)(si),意味著(zhu)進入(ru)孔子(zi)之門(men)也就(jiu)進入(ru)了(le)讀書求官之門(men),如果有幸(xing)蟾(chan)宮折桂(gui),就(jiu)可以(yi)從狀(zhuang)元橋(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)通過(guo)。欞(ling)星(xing)為天(tian)上(shang)文(wen)(wen)星(xing),意思(si)(si)是(shi)孔子(zi)是(shi)天(tian)上(shang)文(wen)(wen)星(xing)下(xia)凡,經(jing)過(guo)欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)方才算正式(shi)進入(ru)了(le)孔子(zi)門(men)下(xia)。富順文(wen)(wen)廟的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)元橋(qiao)(qiao)為九龍鏤空石(shi)(shi)拱橋(qiao)(qiao),這跟許多文(wen)(wen)廟的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)元橋(qiao)(qiao)為平板橋(qiao)(qiao)相比(bi),更具特色;欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)由12根沖天(tian)石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)聯排(pai)構成,高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)達12.8米,超過(guo)曲(qu)阜(fu)孔廟欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)10.34米的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度(du)。大成殿門(men)前(qian)的(de)(de)九龍丹陛,為三層鏤空九龍石(shi)(shi)雕,可為富順文(wen)(wen)廟石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)代表。
富(fu)(fu)(fu)順(shun)文(wen)廟自北周(zhou)武(wu)帝(di)天(tian)和(he)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)建縣至北宋(song)初(chu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(567-960)的(de)近400年(nian)(nian)(nian)間,由于地處(chu)邊陲,僚漢雜居,鹽業雖盛而文(wen)風未開(kai)。宋(song)仁宗景祐三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1036),朝廷選派太常博(bo)士(shi)(shi)名(ming)(ming)學(xue)者周(zhou)延俊(jun)(jun)來富(fu)(fu)(fu)順(shun)任(ren)知監,努力興教化,辦學(xue)校,培(pei)育(yu)士(shi)(shi)子(zi)。在(zai)他任(ren)職的(de)第(di)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian),即(ji)慶(qing)歷二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1042),富(fu)(fu)(fu)順(shun)縣終于出了(le)第(di)一個進士(shi)(shi)-李冕,全縣士(shi)(shi)民(min)無不歡欣(xin)慶(qing)幸(xing)。在(zai)周(zhou)延俊(jun)(jun)的(de)倡導下(xia),人們集(ji)資于慶(qing)歷四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1044),在(zai)縣城中(zhong)心的(de)南門,建成一座文(wen)廟,主供孔子(zi),時稱"文(wen)宣網廟"。并在(zai)廟內立(li)石質"雁(yan)塔碑",以刻全縣歷次中(zhong)試者的(de)名(ming)(ming)字。此后,歷任(ren)富(fu)(fu)(fu)順(shun)知監,均熱(re)心教育(yu)事業,親任(ren)儒(ru)學(xue)教授,常在(zai)從政之余,來廟內為生員講課,于是(shi)文(wen)風大開(kai)。宋(song)代在(zai)雁(yan)塔刻名(ming)(ming)的(de)進士(shi)(shi)即(ji)有67人之多。
元代文(wen)廟改稱"先圣廟"。至大四年(1311),富順(shun)知州任顯忠,建立戟門(men),安置禮(li)器,補修大成殿,為兩廡里柵(zha)欄(lan)。英宗時期,縣(xian)佐王納(na)速(su)建御書碑亭(ting)。
明太祖朱元(yuan)璋(zhang)平定江山(shan),詔天下(xia)立學(xue)育(yu)士(shi),改先(xian)圣廟為"先(xian)師(shi)廟"。明朝洪(hong)武六年(1373)年,知(zhi)縣鐘鉉重整廟壇,興建學(xue)校,砌(qi)石泮池。以后(hou)又(you)經8次修補和(he)小增建。明成祖永樂年間始稱"文(wen)廟"。此后(hou),文(wen)風日盛,教育(yu)事業發達(da),入學(xue)中舉者(zhe)逐年增多。有(you)明一(yi)代,赴京會試,中進(jin)士(shi)者(zhe)達(da)139人,占四川省進(jin)士(shi)總(zong)數的十(shi)三分之一(yi),因(yin)而獲得(de)"才(cai)子(zi)甲(jia)西蜀(shu)",富順才(cai)子(zi)內(nei)江官"的美譽。
明(ming)(ming)末清初(chu),蜀中大亂25年,文(wen)廟(miao)失修(xiu),殘破(po)(po)不堪。康熙二十一年(1682)年,平定(ding)三藩后(hou)的(de)第一任富(fu)(fu)順知(zhi)縣(xian)錢紹隆,重(zhong)新整修(xiu)文(wen)廟(miao),修(xiu)大成殿明(ming)(ming)倫堂,恢復祭祀和學校。乾隆二十九年(1764),知(zhi)縣(xian)熊葵向集資修(xiu)建(jian)文(wen)廟(miao)外墻,重(zhong)建(jian)兩廡(wu),并砌(qi)日(ri)月壇。至道(dao)光中期(qi),文(wen)廟(miao)雖經(jing)多次修(xiu)葺,終屬小(xiao)修(xiu)小(xiao)補(bu),其破(po)(po)敗之狀與以出才子名(ming)聞全川(chuan)的(de)富(fu)(fu)順縣(xian)頗不相稱(cheng)。清代立朝(chao)到道(dao)光中期(qi),富(fu)(fu)順僅出了(le)11名(ming)進士(shi),民間認為文(wen)章風(feng)水(shui)移動是因(yin)對孔圣不敬(jing)之故。
道(dao)(dao)光十六年(1836),富(fu)順(shun)(shun)知(zhi)縣鄧仁坤決定(ding)重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao),并與當時(shi)富(fu)順(shun)(shun)縣第一(yi)大財主(zhu)、貢生肖永升(sheng)商議。肖永升(sheng)當即表示:為(wei)(wei)了(le)保住(zhu)富(fu)順(shun)(shun)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)章風(feng)水(shui)”,愿盡儒生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責,獨肩重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任。于是雇(gu)工請匠,立(li)即拆除文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao),特派專人前往(wang)山(shan)東曲阜縣,通過(guo)任澤區令(ling)的(de)富(fu)順(shun)(shun)進士張震,取回建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)的(de)規制圖紙。又從(cong)雷波(bo)、馬邊(bian)運回巨木,從(cong)江西(xi)景德鎮定(ding)制琉璃瓦(wa),共費資三(san)萬六千,歷時(shi)四(si)年,于道(dao)(dao)光二十年(1840)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)。自崇圣(sheng)(sheng)祠(ci)、大成(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)、月(yue)臺、兩廡、戟門(men)(men)(men)、更(geng)衣祭器所、下至欞星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)、名(ming)宦鄉賢祠(ci)、禮門(men)(men)(men)、義(yi)路(lu)、泮(pan)(pan)池(chi)(chi)、橋欄、宮墻(qiang)、外賢關、圣(sheng)(sheng)域門(men)(men)(men)皆高廣(guang)堅(jian)致,逾(yu)舊數倍。共占(zhan)地(di)(di)10余畝,建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)占(zhan)地(di)(di)3000多平(ping)方米(mi)。廟(miao)正面為(wei)(wei)一(yi)帶紅墻(qiang),上塑“數仞宮墻(qiang)”4個大字(zi)。左(zuo)右(you)(you)有(you)(you)2門(men)(men)(men),曰“圣(sheng)(sheng)域”、“賢關”,非祭祀(si)不開(kai)。進門(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)泮(pan)(pan)池(chi)(chi),池(chi)(chi)上架橋三(san)座;中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)九龍(long)(long)橋,不通行,左(zuo)右(you)(you)便橋,為(wei)(wei)祭祀(si)過(guo)道(dao)(dao)。池(chi)(chi)左(zuo)右(you)(you)有(you)(you)2門(men)(men)(men),曰“禮門(men)(men)(men)”、“義(yi)路(lu)”,為(wei)(wei)平(ping)日(ri)(ri)(ri)出(chu)入之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門(men)(men)(men),分別立(li)有(you)(you)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)官(guan)下轎”、“武官(guan)下馬”石(shi)碑。池(chi)(chi)后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)坊(fang)“欞星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)”,有(you)(you)3孔(kong)通入,坊(fang)寬22.4米(mi),高12.65米(mi)。再拾級(ji)為(wei)(wei)“明倫堂”-即戟門(men)(men)(men),左(zuo)右(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)“更(geng)衣祭器所”,戟門(men)(men)(men)后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)廣(guang)場,場后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)“日(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)壇”,中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)九龍(long)(long)鏤空(kong)浮(fu)雕,左(zuo)右(you)(you)有(you)(you)石(shi)梯登臺。臺后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)主(zhu)體建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)“大成(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)”,殿(dian)(dian)高35米(mi),為(wei)(wei)明清時(shi)期典(dian)型斗拱(gong)結構,畫棟飛檐(yan),精巧華美(mei),脊龍(long)(long)昂首,躍然欲飛,琉璃金(jin)碧,映日(ri)(ri)(ri)生輝,壯麗(li)凝重(zhong),古(gu)色(se)古(gu)香。殿(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)一(yi)院落(luo)為(wei)(wei)“泮(pan)(pan)宮”(“泮(pan)(pan)宮丹桂是富(fu)順(shun)(shun)八景之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi))。再往(wang)后(hou)(hou),是”崇圣(sheng)(sheng)殿(dian)(dian)“,左(zuo)右(you)(you)有(you)(you)”龍(long)(long)池(chi)(chi)“、”風(feng)穴“,清泉常(chang)滿,大旱不涸。壁(bi)間在乾隆時(shi)鐫有(you)(you)石(shi)刻(ke)”龍(long)(long)池(chi)(chi)“、”鳳穴“,筆(bi)力遒勁,近代(dai)罕見。崇圣(sheng)(sheng)殿(dian)(dian)隆起(qi)的(de)坎上建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)是孔(kong)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”寢宮“。寢宮較小(xiao),只有(you)(you)三(san)楹中(zhong)供(gong)木刻(ke)”空(kong)子(zi)神(shen)位“(宋代(dai)以前為(wei)(wei)石(shi)刻(ke)),情地(di)(di)金(jin)書孔(kong)子(zi)像(xiang),系唐吳(wu)道(dao)(dao)子(zi)所畫,從(cong)曲阜拓回。左(zuo)右(you)(you)廊廡,先后(hou)(hou)曾作(zuo)生員學舍(she)、縣教諭(yu)署及(ji)名(ming)宦鄉賢祠(ci)。
光(guang)緒二十二年(nian)(1896),縣人張世芳將先(xian)世所(suo)捐學(xue)田(tian)2處,改(gai)捐作維修文(wen)廟之業田(tian)。光(guang)緒33年(nian)(1907),詔生孔子大祀。于是(shi)改(gai)崇圣寺及宮墻為黃瓦(原(yuan)只有大成殿、大成門準(zhun)用黃瓦。
抗日戰爭時期中,日本飛機炸(zha)毀大(da)成(cheng)殿一角及西廊廡,后(hou)雖(sui)經修復,但技藝低下,終不復原。解放后(hou),曾于1958年(nian)前后(hou),對文(wen)廟粉飾一。1980年(nian)7月,富(fu)順文(wen)廟列為四川省(sheng)文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單位后(hou),省(sheng)府又(you)撥專款,予以修葺、粉飾,現(xian)在基本保(bao)持原貌,并增添(tian)服務設施,長年(nian)開放,供人民游覽憑吊(diao),2001年(nian)又(you)被列為國家(jia)重點文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單位。
富順(shun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟有(you)(you)“五(wu)絕”。一是(shi)欞星門由3組(zu)石坊組(zu)成,中間一組(zu)石柱(zhu)高達12.65米(mi),為(wei)各(ge)地文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟所罕見(jian)。二是(shi)大成殿面積532平方米(mi),共用大圓柱(zhu)50根(gen),殿高30米(mi),整個梁枋、檐板都是(shi)精(jing)雕(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)鳳(feng)麟(lin)獅、蟲魚(yu)花鳥。三是(shi)孔子石刻像(xiang)奇。此(ci)像(xiang)不(bu)(bu)著冕旒(liu),線(xian)條簡潔明(ming)朗(lang),衣著飄逸自然(ran)、形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)逼真,是(shi)稀世(shi)珍品。四是(shi)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界(jie)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟內(nei)有(you)(you)大大小(xiao)小(xiao)各(ge)具(ju)形(xing)(xing)態的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)龍(long)(long)300多(duo)條,有(you)(you)浮騰在20余米(mi)高空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)龍(long)(long),有(you)(you)蜿蜒于泮池“狀元橋”上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)九龍(long)(long),大成殿屋(wu)脊上(shang)有(you)(you)飛(fei)龍(long)(long)。五(wu)是(shi)崇圣(sheng)祠上(shang)裸體男(nan)陶人之(zhi)“謎(mi)”。在1986年翻修富順(shun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟崇圣(sheng)祠屋(wu)面時,發現正脊梁三重琉璃亭塔式寶鼎中有(you)(you)一尊古銅(tong)色裸體男(nan)陶像(xiang),其(qi)身高25厘(li)(li)米(mi),肩寬10厘(li)(li)米(mi),右手向上(shang)舉過(guo)頭頂,左手自然(ran)垂下(xia),五(wu)官清(qing)晰,下(xia)身男(nan)性特征明(ming)顯,制作細膩,造型生(sheng)動,給(gei)在封建(jian)意識(shi)濃厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)北宋時代興建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)富順(shun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟披上(shang)了神秘色彩(cai)。這(zhe)個被列為(wei)“巴蜀之(zhi)謎(mi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)發現,引起學(xue)術界(jie)和(he)(he)新聞媒(mei)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)極大關注和(he)(he)震(zhen)驚,新華社(she)、中央(yang)電視(shi)(shi)(shi)臺、《四川(chuan)日報》、《華西都市報》、四川(chuan)電視(shi)(shi)(shi)臺和(he)(he)各(ge)省市電視(shi)(shi)(shi)臺、各(ge)大晚報以(yi)及海(hai)外媒(mei)體、互聯網等紛(fen)紛(fen)加以(yi)報道。不(bu)(bu)少專家學(xue)者對(dui)此(ci)十分感興趣,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人迷惑不(bu)(bu)解(jie),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進行探索研(yan)究,紛(fen)紛(fen)發表文(wen)(wen)(wen)章,欲解(jie)這(zhe)個謎(mi)團。