簡介
汝州文(wen)廟(miao)位于河南省汝州市(shi)區望嵩(song)路中段,原稱(cheng)孔廟(miao),明代以后(hou)被稱(cheng)作文(wen)廟(miao)。
汝(ru)州(zhou)文(wen)廟(miao)初建于(yu)明(ming)洪(hong)武(wu)三年(公元1370年),它坐北面南(nan)(nan)(nan),南(nan)(nan)(nan)北長300余米(mi),東(dong)西寬50多米(mi),總(zong)面積20870平方米(mi)。明(ming)清時(shi)期,文(wen)廟(miao)一(yi)直是(shi)汝(ru)州(zhou)的高學府。民國時(shi)期,汝(ru)陽中學曾在此成立,后(hou)改為(wei)省立臨汝(ru)中學。文(wen)廟(miao)于(yu)1986年被(bei)公布為(wei)河南(nan)(nan)(nan)省重點文(wen)物保護單位,2006年,被(bei)國務院確定為(wei)第六批全國重點文(wen)物保護單位。
建筑
汝州文(wen)廟建于明(ming)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚期,其特點(dian)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)明(ming)顯,建筑排列(lie)有序。大成(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)居南(nan)端,面向中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大街,系單檐硬山(shan)式建筑,面闊3間,進(jin)(jin)深兩間。殿(dian)臺高筑,柱(zhu)礎作(zuo)圓鼓型,高檐柱(zhu),細小(xiao)昂頭(tou)作(zuo)卷(juan)云(yun)狀(zhuang),殿(dian)頂施(shi)青瓦。大成(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)后(hou)為(wei)文(wen)明(ming)坊(fang)(fang),文(wen)明(ming)坊(fang)(fang)后(hou)為(wei)明(ming)倫堂,再后(hou)是名宦祠(ci)和鄉賢祠(ci),分列(lie)兩邊,為(wei)出檐廊房式。之(zhi)后(hou)正中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是大成(cheng)殿(dian),后(hou)為(wei)啟圣宮。廟中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)殿(dian)字均居高臺之(zhi)上。 大成(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)位于文(wen)廟南(nan)端,系單檐硬山(shan)式建筑,面闊3間,進(jin)(jin)深兩間。殿(dian)臺高筑,柱(zhu)基呈圓鼓狀(zhuang),高檐柱(zhu),細小(xiao)昂頭(tou)作(zuo)卷(juan)云(yun)狀(zhuang),殿(dian)頂施(shi)青瓦。大成(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)后(hou)為(wei)文(wen)明(ming)坊(fang)(fang),這(zhe)里是古代(dai)儒(ru)家學子讀(du)書的地方。
大(da)成殿是(shi)文廟中高大(da)的建(jian)筑(zhu),屬單檐殿式(shi),面闊5間(jian),進深兩(liang)間(jian),綠瓦獸吻(wen),氣勢雄偉,莊嚴(yan)肅穆。這里是(shi)過去祭(ji)祀大(da)成至圣(sheng)先(xian)師孔子(zi)的地(di)方。殿門上曾(ceng)懸掛過清朝多位皇帝書寫的匾額,為康熙二十三年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1684年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)“萬(wan)世師表”、雍正三年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1725年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)“生民未有”、乾隆三年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1738年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)“與天地(di)參”、嘉慶四年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1799年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)“圣(sheng)集(ji)大(da)成”、道光元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1821年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)“圣(sheng)協(xie)時中”等5塊。
大(da)成殿兩側的廊坊,原來分別是(shi)鄉賢祠和名宦(huan)祠,后為汝瓷博(bo)物館(guan)(guan)。該博(bo)物館(guan)(guan)是(shi)汝州市(shi)的市(shi)(縣)級博(bo)物館(guan)(guan),也(ye)是(shi)全國的以收藏、展覽汝瓷為主(zhu)的專業性場館(guan)(guan)。