芒果视频

簡介

漢(han)楚(chu)王(wang)墓群位于江蘇省徐州市和銅山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)縣境內，徐州附近的楚(chu)王(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東洞(dong)(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北洞(dong)(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)等處(chu)。共八處(chu)二(er)(er)十(shi)余(yu)(yu)座(zuo)。是西漢(han)十(shi)二(er)(er)代楚(chu)王(wang)的墓， 已發掘(jue)或清(qing)理的有(you)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北洞(dong)(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東洞(dong)(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)墓等。東洞(dong)(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)墓一號(hao)(hao)墓較大(da)，有(you)七個(ge)墓室(shi)，面積約200平方米(mi)；二(er)(er)號(hao)(hao)基(ji)規模較小，1982年發現出(chu)土鎏金銅器有(you)巨型(xing)“趙姬沐(mu)盤”、明光宮鼎等。北洞(dong)(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)墓墓室(shi)總面積達500平方米(mi)，七個(ge)彩(cai)俑(yong)室(shi)各有(you)儀仗(zhang)、侍衛彩(cai)俑(yong)三十(shi)余(yu)(yu)個(ge)。1986年出(chu)土有(you)金帶鉤、透雕(diao)玉器，銅、鐵(tie)器及“楚(chu)御府印(yin)”等珍貴文(wen)物。該墓構造(zao)復雜(za)、葬法獨特，對研(yan)究(jiu)漢(han)文(wen)帝時(shi)起依山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)擇陵起源(yuan)，西漢(han)建筑、采礦、化學保護技(ji)術(shu)有(you)重要價(jia)值。

發掘

1982年發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘的小(xiao)龜(gui)(gui)山(shan)2號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)，鑿(zao)山(shan)而筑，東西(xi)長約83米(mi)、南(nan)北寬(kuan)33米(mi)，共有(you)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)12個，各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)又分(fen)前中(zhong)后(hou)三室(shi)，為(wei)(wei)仿墓(mu)(mu)主人生(sheng)前居(ju)室(shi)營(ying)建(jian)，宏大壯觀，猶如地下宮殿。墓(mu)(mu)主為(wei)(wei)西(xi)漢第(di)六代(dai)楚襄王劉注。1954年發(fa)(fa)(fa)現，1995-1996年發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘的獅子山(shan)楚王墓(mu)(mu)是墓(mu)(mu)群中(zhong)最(zui)大的一(yi)座(zuo)，面積(ji)約850平方米(mi)，有(you)三個兵(bing)俑(yong)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)，一(yi)個馬俑(yong)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)，其中(zhong)一(yi)、二號(hao)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)內有(you)兵(bing)馬俑(yong)2500個，成四個方陣布列。位于內墓(mu)(mu)道兩側的三個耳室(shi)是迄今發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘的諸漢楚王墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)唯一(yi)未被盜擾(rao)且保存完好的，出(chu)土有(you)一(yi)批金銀銅鐵玉器(qi)及150方銀、銅官印(yin)等珍貴文物(wu)，據(ju)推(tui)測該墓(mu)(mu)主可能(neng)為(wei)(wei)第(di)三代(dai)楚王劉戊(wu)。1984年發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘了(le)該墓(mu)(mu)三座(zuo)兵(bing)馬俑(yong)陪葬坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)中(zhong)的兩座(zuo)，并在(zai)原址(zhi)建(jian)立(li)了(le)徐州兵(bing)馬俑(yong)博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)。龜(gui)(gui)山(shan)、獅子山(shan)兩處楚王墓(mu)(mu)也分(fen)別建(jian)立(li)了(le)博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)。

漢墓特征

西漢初興，為鞏固統治(zhi)，大封(feng)同姓(xing)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。同姓(xing)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)們各(ge)經(jing)營一方，筑城造宮，修陵建墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，時至今日宮城多(duo)(duo)廢，年久無存；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)位地下，保(bao)存較易。解放以(yi)來，文物(wu)工(gong)作者(zhe)調(diao)查(cha)和(he)(he)發(fa)掘(jue)諸多(duo)(duo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵古墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，計有(you)(you)河(he)北滿城的(de)中山(shan)(shan)靖(jing)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，北京大葆(bao)臺廣陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，山(shan)(shan)東曲阜的(de)魯(lu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、臨淄的(de)齊王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，河(he)南(nan)省永(yong)(yong)城芒(mang)山(shan)(shan)梁王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，湖南(nan)長沙王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，江(jiang)蘇(su)徐(xu)(xu)州(zhou)的(de)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、揚州(zhou)的(de)廣陵王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，廣東廣州(zhou)市南(nan)越王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)，已發(fa)掘(jue)了(le)數(shu)十座。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)雖(sui)多(duo)(duo)經(jing)盜掘(jue)，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)保(bao)存尚好，對研究西漢建筑藝術頗為重要。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)有(you)(you)二：一曰豎(shu)穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，葬(zang)(zang)具(ju)多(duo)(duo)以(yi)棺槨(guo)及(ji)黃腸(chang)題(ti)湊；二曰巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，如徐(xu)(xu)州(zhou)的(de)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、永(yong)(yong)城芒(mang)山(shan)(shan)的(de)梁王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)及(ji)曲阜的(de)魯(lu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)(duo)依山(shan)(shan)鑿(zao)石造墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)氣勢(shi)龐大，結構(gou)復雜，有(you)(you)棺有(you)(you)槨(guo)，道長室(shi)多(duo)(duo)，工(gong)程(cheng)浩大。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)之(zhi)異(yi)同，概因各(ge)地風俗習慣(guan)、葬(zang)(zang)俗制(zhi)度和(he)(he)自然條件而異(yi)。 徐(xu)(xu)州(zhou)的(de)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，頗具(ju)特色。目前已調(diao)查(cha)和(he)(he)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)8處，因其(qi)早晚關(guan)系和(he)(he)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特色不同，故墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)和(he)(he)葬(zang)(zang)俗葬(zang)(zang)制(zhi)也各(ge)有(you)(you)別。鑒于這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)絕(jue)大多(duo)(duo)數(shu)早年被盜，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結構(gou)和(he)(he)形(xing)制(zhi)部分(fen)保(bao)存完好，但文物(wu)及(ji)葬(zang)(zang)制(zhi)多(duo)(duo)受破壞，為這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)研究設置了(le)諸多(duo)(duo)困難。

一、楚王陵墓之特征

（一）墓地的選擇

楚(chu)王(wang)選擇葬地，一(yi)(yi)般是各具(ju)一(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)頭都(dou)不太高(gao)大，自為(wei)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)。在墓(mu)(mu)的(de)前(qian)方，一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)有(you)開闊(kuo)的(de)空地，遠山(shan)(shan)(shan)近水(shui)，一(yi)(yi)覽(lan)無余，獨占(zhan)一(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，曰“占(zhan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)王(wang)”。墓(mu)(mu)門(men)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)向空地，其方向有(you)面(mian)向南(nan)者：如(ru)獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、北(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)、南(nan)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。有(you)面(mian)向西者：如(ru)小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、石橋漢墓(mu)(mu)；亦有(you)墓(mu)(mu)門(men)向東者，如(ru)楚(chu)王(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)劉交(jiao)墓(mu)(mu)。皆人(ren)工(gong)鑿巖成墓(mu)(mu)，精粗有(you)別，一(yi)(yi)般早期較考究，四壁(bi)平(ping)整規(gui)范，如(ru)北(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)；晚(wan)期較粗獷(guang)，如(ru)小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。

（二）關于墓道甬道及封門

關(guan)于楚(chu)王陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道，比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)復雜，早期(qi)有(you)(you)斜坡(po)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道一般比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)寬(kuan)大，如(ru)楚(chu)王山(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)二(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，斜坡(po)達20度(du)，亦有(you)(you)前(qian)后(hou)寬(kuan)度(du)不同，又(you)分前(qian)（外）寬(kuan)后(hou)（內）窄；平底(di)(di)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道，如(ru)北洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅子山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。中期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)一般為長方形小平底(di)(di)，如(ru)小龜山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道前(qian)端(duan)稍(shao)寬(kuan)，亦有(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道后(hou)端(duan)有(you)(you)一段為喇(la)叭形，如(ru)南洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。晚(wan)期(qi)的臥牛山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道前(qian)寬(kuan)后(hou)窄，底(di)(di)部有(you)(you)斜坡(po)，但斜度(du)較(jiao)小，為15度(du)左右。

甬(yong)道(dao)：早期較寬大(da)，一(yi)般剖(pou)面(mian)約為(wei)2×2米左(zuo)右，較短，如北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)、獅子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。中(zhong)期墓(mu)(mu)的甬(yong)道(dao)一(yi)般較長，剖(pou)面(mian)約1.1×1.9米，有的長達近(jin)50米，如小龜山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)、南(nan)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。晚期甬(yong)道(dao)又變短，如臥牛山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。

關于封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)設備(bei)：各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)門(men)(men)道(dao)(dao)(dao)封(feng)(feng)法(fa)也(ye)(ye)(ye)不一(yi)樣，甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大小(xiao)和制(zhi)作光(guang)度依墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規格不同(tong)(tong)而(er)異，一(yi)般長(chang)2.0～2.5米，個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)長(chang)者達(da)4.5米，寬(kuan)(kuan)厚(hou)在(zai)0.95～1米。早(zao)(zao)期甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)較(jiao)寬(kuan)(kuan)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)4塊塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩兩并列上(shang)(shang)下疊(die)壓(ya)封(feng)(feng)堵，個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)下有(you)榫(sun)（如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)）。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數量(liang)，依甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)短而(er)定，如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)3組(zu)，獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)4組(zu)，馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)亦用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)3組(zu)。個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（棺室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）在(zai)過(guo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)(shang)（短甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)）也(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這些(xie)(xie)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)或(huo)外往(wang)往(wang)還有(you)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)木質(zhi)門(men)(men)，一(yi)般為雙(shuang)扇，留有(you)門(men)(men)樞窩和封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)器(qi)槽；封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)器(qi)有(you)銅質(zhi)（北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)）或(huo)鐵質(zhi)（獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)），形(xing)制(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)不同(tong)(tong)。早(zao)(zao)期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，視其情(qing)況，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)(ye)備(bei)有(you)木門(men)(men)，如(ru)獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)；個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，兩側鑿有(you)耳(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)填實，如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)后段(duan)，還用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)小(xiao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封(feng)(feng)堵，耳(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)長(chang)寬(kuan)(kuan)各(ge)(ge)約(yue)1米的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板封(feng)(feng)堵，這些(xie)(xie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板厚(hou)薄不均，一(yi)般下邊厚(hou)，上(shang)(shang)部(bu)薄，當為操作方便所(suo)致，如(ru)獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)內(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)3間耳(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)此(ci)封(feng)(feng)法(fa)，同(tong)(tong)時在(zai)封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)內(nei)又用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)木質(zhi)門(men)(men)封(feng)(feng)死，個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩側鑿有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龕，其封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)方法(fa)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)特制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板豎立封(feng)(feng)死。中期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)法(fa)大體(ti)同(tong)(tong)早(zao)(zao)期，唯甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)窄而(er)且用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兩塊塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)下疊(die)壓(ya)封(feng)(feng)死，這種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)往(wang)往(wang)全甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)填滿塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)13組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，這種(zhong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)底部(bu)鑿有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)槽以增加封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)牢固性（小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)）。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)有(you)編號，記(ji)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺幅和在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中的(de)(de)(de)位置，如(ru)獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)作工藝有(you)粗有(you)精(jing)，一(yi)般早(zao)(zao)期較(jiao)精(jing)，棱角規整，六(liu)面(mian)磨光(guang)。以馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最精(jing)，六(liu)面(mian)光(guang)潔，可以鑒人；北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)次之(zhi)(zhi)，中晚期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)粗約(yue)，打制(zhi)出(chu)六(liu)面(mian)，鑿痕(hen)清(qing)晰，不加打磨，以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)橋M2最典型。

（三）關于耳室的配制

耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)的(de)設置(zhi)系根據各(ge)(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)具體情況(kuang)而定，有(you)(you)(you)多有(you)(you)(you)少。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側，如(ru)北(bei)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)1間(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，楚王山劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道上有(you)(you)(you)4間(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，兩兩相對(dui)，獅(shi)子(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側相對(dui)3間(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，但各(ge)(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道上不造耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)；有(you)(you)(you)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)甬道上鑿制耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，如(ru)小龜山二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、南(nan)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)；有(you)(you)(you)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，如(ru)石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)M2、臥(wo)牛(niu)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)的(de)功能(neng)亦不盡(jin)相同，北(bei)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)因被盜而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)空(kong)空(kong)，功能(neng)難定。獅(shi)子(zi)山內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道3間(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，從(cong)出土(tu)文物(wu)論定，西(xi)側南(nan)端(duan)一(yi)室(shi)(shi)（W1）為“御府”庫(ku)，放置(zhi)大量銅(tong)(tong)容(rong)器、銅(tong)(tong)鐵兵器、漆耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)杯、玉酒器等(deng)武(wu)器和(he)生活器皿等(deng)，各(ge)(ge)式器物(wu)達200余件；西(xi)側北(bei)端(duan)一(yi)室(shi)(shi)（W2）主要放置(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)、銀容(rong)器及(ji)魚、獸骨及(ji)谷物(wu)（炭化(hua)）等(deng)，似(si)為貯藏室(shi)(shi)；東側一(yi)室(shi)(shi)（E1）有(you)(you)(you)兩道門，從(cong)出土(tu)的(de)陶(tao)器、盆(pen)、鐵釜、銅(tong)(tong)勺、銅(tong)(tong)甑、銅(tong)(tong)釜等(deng)物(wu)，應為庖廚間(jian)(jian)(jian)。小龜山漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)似(si)為車(che)(che)馬間(jian)(jian)(jian)，在(zai)男(nan)性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內清(qing)理出陶(tao)俑、陶(tao)馬和(he)車(che)(che)等(deng)明器。

另(ling)在北洞山墓墓道中段兩側有(you)7個石龕(kan)，龕(kan)內放置(zhi)彩(cai)繪陶俑222件，這(zhe)些俑皆為(wei)武(wu)士(shi)、武(wu)官形象，看來這(zhe)是為(wei)了(le)衛戍該(gai)墓而特設的儀衛俑。

（四）關于墓室的配制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要部分，其(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)（棺(guan)(guan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)）、橫堂(tang)、側室(shi)(shi)(shi)、沐(mu)浴(yu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)、廁(ce)(ce)(ce)間(jian)(jian)及(ji)(ji)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)設施(shi)等(deng)(deng)。主(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中多(duo)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之后(hou)(hou)(hou)端，為(wei)長方形，因(yin)系放置棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo)之地，一般都(dou)很講究，造型規(gui)范，四壁(bi)平整(zheng)，如北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)藍山(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。楚(chu)王(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還用特制石料四壁(bi)砌(qi)筑，頂用特制券石起券，異常宏偉。但(dan)是(shi)，獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo)陳置于橫堂(tang)東側之棺(guan)(guan)床上(shang)(shang)，這(zhe)可(ke)能是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚未建成(cheng)而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)突然故去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應急措施(shi)所(suo)(suo)致。中期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)顯得(de)比較復雜，多(duo)系在(zai)中心部位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一間(jian)(jian)大室(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)再建木結構(gou)瓦頂棺(guan)(guan)房(fang)，如河(he)北(bei)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)劉勝(sheng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)(deng)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比較簡(jian)約，把棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo)置于后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)即可(ke)。關于其(qi)(qi)他室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能，因(yin)被盜(dao)諸原因(yin)，不能論(lun)(lun)述準確，僅就個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，依據清(qing)理(li)(li)情(qing)況和(he)各(ge)(ge)室(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)存設施(shi)，簡(jian)述如下：獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楚(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之E2，清(qing)理(li)(li)時發現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)諸多(duo)銅(tong)(tong)錢遺跡，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)盜(dao)洞(dong)又出(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)完整(zheng)錢17．6萬余枚，故論(lun)(lun)定此為(wei)錢庫；該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之E4，清(qing)出(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)女(nv)性所(suo)(suo)用之物及(ji)(ji)女(nv)性牙齒等(deng)(deng)，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)又有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)專門(men)之封門(men)設備，故為(wei)女(nv)性陪(pei)葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；而W3和(he)W4分別集中出(chu)土銅(tong)(tong)鏡、銅(tong)(tong)印、銅(tong)(tong)鏃、銅(tong)(tong)帶鉤(gou)、鐵(tie)甲(jia)、鐵(tie)盔等(deng)(deng)，故認為(wei)為(wei)儲(chu)藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)；該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，出(chu)土整(zheng)套(tao)石磬(qing)、琴鈕(niu)之類樂器附件，似為(wei)樂舞(wu)廳。北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之西側室(shi)(shi)(shi)，因(yin)塞石封堵較嚴，未被盜(dao)擾，在(zai)其(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)清(qing)理(li)(li)出(chu)金帶鉤(gou)、金耳飾、玉(yu)衣片、透雕玉(yu)飾及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)帶鉤(gou)等(deng)(deng)，亦應為(wei)儲(chu)藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)；在(zai)出(chu)土文(wen)物中有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“武庫”銅(tong)(tong)印章(zhang)及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)弩機、銅(tong)(tong)鏃等(deng)(deng)兵(bing)器，說明(ming)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)中當為(wei)“武庫”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設置。中期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)M1甬道上(shang)(shang)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一套(tao)間(jian)(jian)（XIV、XV）與該耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)（XⅢ）相對應，從出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶俑、陶馬、陶盆(pen)及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)弩機、鐵(tie)銜鑣等(deng)(deng)及(ji)(ji)井等(deng)(deng)設施(shi)看(kan)，該室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能應為(wei)車馬間(jian)(jian)。在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)沐(mu)浴(yu)間(jian)(jian)（馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）和(he)廁(ce)(ce)(ce)間(jian)(jian)（北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)2間(jian)(jian)、馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)1間(jian)(jian)）。中期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廁(ce)(ce)(ce)所(suo)(suo)不大明(ming)確，如小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之第(di)X室(shi)(shi)(shi)，石橋M1主(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)東端北(bei)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小室(shi)(shi)(shi)也應為(wei)廁(ce)(ce)(ce)所(suo)(suo)。在(zai)楚(chu)王(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中多(duo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)井設置，這(zhe)些水(shui)(shui)(shui)井的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不同，早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)包(bao)廚間(jian)(jian)中，中期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩眼水(shui)(shui)(shui)井，其(qi)(qi)一位于男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)XIV室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬廄中，另一眼位于XI、XⅡ兩室(shi)(shi)(shi)壁(bi)中間(jian)(jian)；晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)臥(wo)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)井位于后(hou)(hou)(hou)側室(shi)(shi)(shi)南壁(bi)下。關于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)設施(shi)，不分早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)皆有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，唯(wei)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)尚未按(an)原計(ji)劃(hua)建成(cheng)而沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)外，其(qi)(qi)他各(ge)(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)方向，依各(ge)(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)具體情(qing)況而異，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)在(zai)裂隙處，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)向墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道。

（五）關于封土

一般來(lai)講(jiang)，西漢的(de)(de)帝陵、王陵皆有封(feng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，楚王陵墓(mu)(mu)亦不例外。但是，有的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)經(jing)過2000多年(nian)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)風(feng)(feng)雨雨，水土(tu)(tu)(tu)流(liu)失，有的(de)(de)尚存，如(ru)楚王山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、北洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)；有的(de)(de)已不存在了，如(ru)小龜(gui)山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)籃山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、石(shi)橋墓(mu)(mu)等。封(feng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)地一般是從山(shan)下(xia)運上(shang)去的(de)(de)褐色(se)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，以夯(hang)實，夯(hang)層一般在20～35厘米，個別封(feng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)周圍還用特制石(shi)條(tiao)鑲(xiang)砌，加以保(bao)護，如(ru)楚王山(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)。

（六）關于陵園及其他設施

西漢帝陵(ling)(ling)皆有(you)陵(ling)(ling)園，且(qie)規(gui)模(mo)龐(pang)大。按照制度，王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)也(ye)應有(you)陵(ling)(ling)園，因徐州(zhou)歷史上多次(ci)黃(huang)河泛濫，造(zao)成(cheng)平地有(you)3～5米(mi)淤(yu)積(ji)，加之(zhi)地貌變(bian)化(hua)，陵(ling)(ling)園已(yi)不復存。但在(zai)(zai)楚(chu)王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)周圍，仍(reng)可(ke)見一(yi)些遺跡(ji)，如在(zai)(zai)獅(shi)子山西的(de)磚瓦(wa)廠采(cai)土場內，可(ke)見到(dao)不少西漢瓦(wa)片，在(zai)(zai)我們找墓時新(xin)挖(wa)的(de)幾條(tiao)探溝中，也(ye)都(dou)見到(dao)瓦(wa)礫遺物。同時，在(zai)(zai)獅(shi)子山西坡上，發(fa)現二節陶質(zhi)排水(shui)(shui)管，是為墓垣上的(de)排水(shui)(shui)設施，從這(zhe)些遺物和遺跡(ji)，說明獅(shi)子山墓當年有(you)相當規(gui)模(mo)的(de)陵(ling)(ling)園建筑。

墓(mu)是葬埋死人的設施。個別墓(mu)不僅(jin)有(you)墓(mu)葬設施，而且還(huan)附有(you)衙屬部分，如北洞(dong)山墓(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)道中(zhong)段東側，建(jian)造(zao)有(you)一整套類似地面建(jian)筑的衙屬，功能齊備，有(you)大小達(da)11間之多，計有(you)武(wu)庫、樂舞廳(ting)、更衣(yi)室(shi)、倉房，地下貯藏室(shi)（凌陰）、廚房、水井、柴房、廁所等。

個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)葬還(huan)專門陪葬有兵(bing)(bing)(bing)馬俑(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)衛戍(shu)部(bu)隊。如獅子山(shan)楚王墓(mu)(mu)，在(zai)其西、北(bei)部(bu)都(dou)發現(xian)有兵(bing)(bing)(bing)馬俑(yong)(yong)(yong)坑(keng)(keng)，西側有6條(tiao)坑(keng)(keng)，包括步(bu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)、騎兵(bing)(bing)(bing)、車兵(bing)(bing)(bing)和警衛俑(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)種，數量(liang)多(duo)達4000余件。同時(shi)，在(zai)陵園內也發現(xian)多(duo)處(chu)(chu)零星(xing)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)俑(yong)(yong)(yong)坑(keng)(keng)和一處(chu)(chu)車坑(keng)(keng)，車坑(keng)(keng)中(zhong)葬有3輛漆質(zhi)模型(xing)車和3個(ge)(ge)立式陶(tao)俑(yong)(yong)(yong)，當為(wei)御手或車士。

（七）關于陪葬墓

近臣及親屬陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)古已有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)，西漢亦(yi)不例外(wai)。西漢開國(guo)皇帝(di)(di)劉(liu)邦長陵(ling)(ling)就有(you)蕭何、曹(cao)參、張耳、張良、周(zhou)勃、戚夫人等(deng)(deng)陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)；惠帝(di)(di)安陵(ling)(ling)有(you)魯元公主、陳(chen)平、張蒼、愛盎、楊雄等(deng)(deng)陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)如此，王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵(ling)(ling)也(ye)多依規(gui)行之(zhi)(zhi)。楚(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)目前(qian)可(ke)見有(you)4座陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)，《水經注》記(ji)載“……經十(shi)余墳”。北(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)北(bei)面的(de)(de)后柚山(shan)(shan)上，清(qing)理了(le)(le)近10座陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)。在(zai)獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)附近的(de)(de)繡球山(shan)(shan)上，1987年也(ye)清(qing)理出(chu)(chu)2座陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)。小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)也(ye)發(fa)掘過陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，那是1972年發(fa)掘小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)一號墓(mu)(mu)，從出(chu)(chu)土器(qi)物(wu)銘文(wen)可(ke)知為(wei)(wei)“翁(weng)主”墓(mu)(mu)。 值得一提的(de)(de)是獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)中的(de)(de)3座陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)，其一曰(yue)“食(shi)官監(jian)”墓(mu)(mu)，位(wei)于內外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)道相(xiang)(xiang)接處之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)道東壁下，墓(mu)(mu)主為(wei)(wei)男性(xing)，年齡在(zai)40歲左右(you)，隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品頗(po)豐(feng)厚，計(ji)有(you)5件(jian)銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)、4塊玉(yu)(yu)璧、兩(liang)件(jian)玉(yu)(yu)璜、4把鐵(tie)劍、兩(liang)件(jian)銅(tong)(tong)鏡、1套(tao)制作(zuo)精美的(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)枕、1方(fang)銅(tong)(tong)質“官監(jian)印”和1方(fang)無字玉(yu)(yu)印及大量銅(tong)(tong)錢、陶器(qi)和陶俑等(deng)(deng)；其二(er)為(wei)(wei)E4內，因被盜清(qing)理出(chu)(chu)牙齒及玉(yu)(yu)舞人、玉(yu)(yu)鼻(bi)塞、玉(yu)(yu)珩等(deng)(deng)文(wen)物(wu)，經鑒定，為(wei)(wei)一30歲左右(you)的(de)(de)女(nv)性(xing)；其三(san)為(wei)(wei)E5內，該室盜擾慘(can)重(zhong)，但從墓(mu)(mu)室的(de)(de)結構和與(yu)E4封門設備相(xiang)(xiang)同來看，亦(yi)應為(wei)(wei)一女(nv)性(xing)陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)。究其原因，可(ke)作(zuo)以下推論(lun)：獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)時(shi)代，發(fa)掘簡報認為(wei)(wei)第二(er)或第三(san)代楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。第二(er)代楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)劉(liu)郢客(ke)，為(wei)(wei)劉(liu)交之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)，官居“宗正”，在(zai)位(wei)四年薨(hong)，墓(mu)(mu)陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)二(er)女(nv)一男似難理解，若(ruo)為(wei)(wei)第三(san)代楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，該王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)參于“七國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)亂”，戰敗自(zi)(zi)(zi)殺(sha)(sha)，死(si)(si)的(de)(de)突(tu)然，墓(mu)(mu)未建成即行葬(zang)(zang)(zang)入在(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)殺(sha)(sha)前(qian)，把自(zi)(zi)(zi)己心愛的(de)(de)妃子(zi)先行殺(sha)(sha)掉與(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)一起，亦(yi)為(wei)(wei)不可(ke)；楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)戰敗自(zi)(zi)(zi)殺(sha)(sha)，二(er)女(nv)子(zi)癡情殉(xun)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)殺(sha)(sha)也(ye)有(you)可(ke)能；食(shi)官監(jian)是楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)親信，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)殺(sha)(sha)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)屬下，生時(shi)關系密切，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)死(si)(si)了(le)(le)，甘愿殉(xun)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)而(er)自(zi)(zi)(zi)殺(sha)(sha)也(ye)是可(ke)能的(de)(de)。

（八）關于殉葬器物 漢人行厚葬。

不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)建筑宏偉的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)，而且有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)品(pin)類(lei)齊全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各式器(qi)物(wu)。這(zhe)些(xie)器(qi)物(wu)就質地(di)講(jiang)可以包(bao)覽金銀銅(tong)(tong)鐵鉛、陶石玉(yu)骨(gu)漆。就功能來(lai)講(jiang)，反映了政治、經濟、軍事、文(wen)化、生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活和(he)(he)科學技術等(deng)(deng)，無所(suo)不(bu)(bu)包(bao)。但(dan)是，因(yin)這(zhe)些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬被盜嚴重，為研究(jiu)(jiu)設置了障礙(ai)。從這(zhe)些(xie)殘(can)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中清理(li)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物(wu)來(lai)看，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)葬服金縷玉(yu)衣，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)裝(zhuang)裹(guo)華麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)漆玉(yu)棺槨(guo)及玉(yu)枕等(deng)(deng)，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)配(pei)帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)璧、玉(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)沖牙(ya)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)娛(yu)樂器(qi)件石磬等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)生(sheng)前(qian)(qian)穿(chuan)戴和(he)(he)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵質盔甲和(he)(he)銅(tong)(tong)鐵劍戟鈹矛(mao)等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)活所(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)鼎、鍾、壺、匜、舫(fang)、鑒、鏡；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)飲酒的(de)(de)(de)(de)酒器(qi)玉(yu)卮、玉(yu)杯、玉(yu)耳杯及玻(bo)璃杯等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)為楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)做飯所(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)灶具甑、釜；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)為楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)陪(pei)葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)品(pin)魚(yu)、雞(ji)、牛排、狗、豬、羊等(deng)(deng)；更有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)為保衛楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)而特設的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍隊及墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內存放的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)豹、銅(tong)(tong)豹、玉(yu)獸等(deng)(deng)；還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)侍從男女陶俑等(deng)(deng)；更有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)反映楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)權力的(de)(de)(de)(de)印章和(he)(he)封泥等(deng)(deng)。 綜上(shang)(shang)所(suo)述，西漢楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建造(zao)(zao)方(fang)法(fa)可以概括為：1． 選(xuan)址：皆(jie)選(xuan)用(yong)石灰巖山(shan)(shan)頭(tou)，因(yin)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)元(yuan)王(wang)(wang)選(xuan)址在(zai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)山(shan)(shan)北坡(po)之(zhi)小山(shan)(shan)包(bao)上(shang)(shang)，其(qi)子孫(sun)皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)得(de)超(chao)之(zhi)，所(suo)以后(hou)(hou)代(dai)多選(xuan)用(yong)獨立存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小山(shan)(shan)頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)。2. 定位：墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)向(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)南(nan)、向(xiang)西和(he)(he)向(xiang)東(dong)，獨無向(xiang)北者(zhe)，但(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)(qian)一(yi)定要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)望無限的(de)(de)(de)(de)開闊地(di)帶，不(bu)(bu)得(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)他物(wu)擋其(qi)視(shi)線；同時墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)一(yi)般(ban)開在(zai)山(shan)(shan)坡(po)上(shang)(shang)或靠近底部(bu)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)和(he)(he)甬道(dao)(dao)要(yao)與山(shan)(shan)體石頭(tou)紋理(li)走向(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)夾角，并(bing)不(bu)(bu)得(de)小于45度，這(zhe)樣(yang)最安全(quan)(quan)。3. 墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)：在(zai)山(shan)(shan)下部(bu)或山(shan)(shan)腰，呈長條形或呈前(qian)(qian)寬(kuan)后(hou)(hou)窄箕形有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)平底和(he)(he)斜(xie)坡(po)底兩(liang)種。4. 甬道(dao)(dao)：沿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)前(qian)(qian)端向(xiang)里延伸，一(yi)般(ban)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)寬(kuan)而短，中期(qi)(qi)窄而長，晚期(qi)(qi)窄且短。5. 墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)：一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)或甬道(dao)(dao)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)或兩(liang)個耳室(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)中后(hou)(hou)及側室(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)。一(yi)般(ban)來(lai)講(jiang)，早(zao)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建造(zao)(zao)考(kao)究(jiu)(jiu)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)布(bu)局在(zai)中軸(zhou)線上(shang)(shang)或兩(liang)側，廁所(suo)比較明顯(xian)；中期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比較粗獷，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)比較復(fu)雜(za)；且主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)室(shi)(shi)內另設木結(jie)(jie)構(gou)棺房。晚期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)則比較簡約，只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)、后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)側室(shi)(shi)；個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)還(huan)附有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“衙屬”，結(jie)(jie)構(gou)復(fu)雜(za)，門類(lei)齊全(quan)(quan)，造(zao)(zao)型(xing)考(kao)究(jiu)(jiu)。6. 陵(ling)園及其(qi)他：一(yi)般(ban)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陵(ling)園設施，個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陪(pei)葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)或兵馬俑坑等(deng)(deng)。

二、相關問題研究

（一）西漢諸侯王墓的形制與楚王巖洞墓的建造

目前考古(gu)工作者已調(diao)查和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)掘了數十座西(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，由于(yu)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)幅(fu)員遼(liao)闊，各地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然、風俗和(he)(he)習(xi)慣存(cun)在(zai)(zai)較大差(cha)異，因此(ci)(ci)西(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑形制(zhi)亦不(bu)一(yi)致，總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)說可分為豎穴(xue)木(mu)槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)兩(liang)大類(lei)，同(tong)時(shi)每個大類(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)又(you)有(you)一(yi)些(xie)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形制(zhi)。其中(zhong)(zhong)，豎穴(xue)木(mu)槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)建(jian)(jian)造在(zai)(zai)平原地區或丘(qiu)陵之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)，如(ru)北(bei)京的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)流域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南長(chang)沙(sha)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、安徽六(liu)安王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)江(jiang)(jiang)蘇揚(yang)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陵王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)泗水王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)。此(ci)(ci)類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬又(you)可分為普通槨(guo)(guo)室和(he)(he)“黃(huang)腸題湊”兩(liang)種(zhong)形式，如(ru)北(bei)京大葆臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陽頃王(wang)(wang)(wang)劉(liu)建(jian)(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)揚(yang)州高郵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神居山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陵王(wang)(wang)(wang)劉(liu)胥墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，均(jun)為“黃(huang)腸題湊”式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型(xing)(xing)木(mu)槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)筑發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)史上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支絢麗奇葩，其“因山(shan)為陵，鑿石成室”，整(zheng)座陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)直接(jie)開(kai)鑿在(zai)(zai)山(shan)體之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，此(ci)(ci)類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)曾盛行一(yi)時(shi)，主要分布在(zai)(zai)冀西(xi)(xi)(xi)、豫東(dong)、魯(lu)南和(he)(he)蘇北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丘(qiu)陵地區，著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河北(bei)滿城中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)靖(jing)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、山(shan)東(dong)曲(qu)阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群、河南永城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梁王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群和(he)(he)江(jiang)(jiang)蘇徐(xu)州地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群，即(ji)(ji)是(shi)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)(xing)代(dai)表。此(ci)(ci)外還有(you)處于(yu)兩(liang)類(lei)之(zhi)間(jian)者，如(ru)山(shan)東(dong)長(chang)清濟北(bei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)即(ji)(ji)兼具巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)木(mu)槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。西(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)各自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，還形成了一(yi)些(xie)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地域特征和(he)(he)相(xiang)對獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬體系，從而極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐(feng)富(fu)了我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)筑藝術。

徐州(zhou)地(di)區是(shi)我國漢(han)(han)代巖(yan)(yan)洞墓(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)起源與集粹(cui)地(di)，這種墓(mu)葬(zang)形制曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)漢(han)(han)楚(chu)王(wang)國中廣泛盛行，是(shi)楚(chu)國高(gao)級貴(gui)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種特(te)有(you)葬(zang)制，其(qi)中楚(chu)王(wang)為橫穴式(shi)巖(yan)(yan)洞墓(mu)、楚(chu)國貴(gui)族(zu)為豎穴式(shi)巖(yan)(yan)洞墓(mu)。從時(shi)(shi)間上來看，楚(chu)元王(wang)劉(liu)交(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陵墓(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)建造上至少要(yao)早于文(wen)帝(di)霸陵23年，且文(wen)帝(di)尊崇(chong)楚(chu)元王(wang)，他之所以提倡巖(yan)(yan)洞墓(mu)很(hen)有(you)可能就(jiu)是(shi)受到其(qi)叔父劉(liu)交(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。巖(yan)(yan)洞墓(mu)之所以在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)漢(han)(han)楚(chu)王(wang)國中最(zui)先興(xing)起并大(da)(da)量(liang)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，是(shi)與徐州(zhou)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然地(di)理(li)條件(jian)(jian)、葬(zang)俗(su)習(xi)慣(guan)以及(ji)當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政治制度、思(si)想文(wen)化、生產力和(he)科技(ji)發展等因素(su)密不(bu)可分的(de)(de)(de)(de)。究其(qi)原因主要(yao)有(you)以下幾點：一是(shi)徐州(zhou)地(di)處山東(dong)丘陵向南延伸帶(dai)上，楚(chu)都彭城周圍群山環抱，多山少土的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)理(li)條件(jian)(jian)為巖(yan)(yan)洞墓(mu)建造提供了必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然條件(jian)(jian)；二(er)是(shi)徐州(zhou)一帶(dai)很(hen)久以來即有(you)人在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)山中建墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)，據(ju)史(shi)料記載，早在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)春秋時(shi)(shi)期宋國大(da)(da)夫桓魋(tui)就(jiu)曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)徐州(zhou)開鑿(zao)(zao)石槨墓(mu)，從而為西(xi)漢(han)(han)楚(chu)王(wang)大(da)(da)型巖(yan)(yan)洞墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)終(zhong)形成奠(dian)定了基礎；三(san)是(shi)漢(han)(han)初提倡的(de)(de)(de)(de)“黃老無(wu)為”、“與民休息”等文(wen)化思(si)想觀(guan)念和(he)政治因素(su)。四(si)是(shi)鐵(tie)質工(gong)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍使(shi)用和(he)炒(chao)鋼技(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現，對(dui)西(xi)漢(han)(han)時(shi)(shi)期巖(yan)(yan)洞墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建造和(he)最(zui)終(zhong)形成，起到了決定性的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，經金(jin)相分析(xi)表明獅子山楚(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑿(zao)(zao)墓(mu)鐵(tie)鑿(zao)(zao)即為炒(chao)鋼。

（二）西漢楚王陵墓的分期與時代特征

徐州楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群上起漢(han)(han)初下迄新莽，是我國(guo)西漢(han)(han)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)最多、時(shi)間跨(kua)度最長、保存序列最為(wei)完整的(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)之一(yi)(yi)，從中(zhong)可(ke)以清晰地看(kan)出(chu)其在(zai)(zai)不同(tong)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展和(he)(he)演(yan)變軌跡。徐州地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)西漢(han)(han)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)雖同(tong)屬巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，但每座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)形制結構又無(wu)一(yi)(yi)雷(lei)同(tong)而各(ge)具(ju)特色。這些楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)各(ge)個時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑結構和(he)(he)建(jian)造規模上，又與(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)興衰命運和(he)(he)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)位年限的(de)(de)(de)長短等因素息息相關。并隨著時(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，呈現(xian)出(chu)早、中(zhong)、晚三期(qi)較(jiao)為(wei)明顯的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展演(yan)變規律。現(xian)就西漢(han)(han)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)分期(qi)和(he)(he)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)特征(zheng)作以概述(shu)。

早(zao)期(qi)為(wei)漢初至文(wen)、景(jing)帝時(shi)期(qi)，其(qi)總體(ti)(ti)特(te)征(zheng)表現為(wei)：“同塋(ying)異冢”即楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)與王(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分葬(zang)(zang)于(yu)同一陵(ling)(ling)園的(de)(de)(de)兩座(zuo)山(shan)(shan)體(ti)(ti)之中；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形制(zhi)為(wei)中軸(zhou)線式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)堂、后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)宏偉(wei)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道長而(er)寬敞(chang)(chang)，甬道寬而(er)較短，其(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)具(ju)有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)逐步內(nei)(nei)(nei)收(shou)跡象(xiang)。這一時(shi)期(qi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)又分為(wei)三個不同的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)：第(di)(di)一階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)為(wei)文(wen)帝之前(qian)，以(yi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)山(shan)(shan)為(wei)代表，此時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚處(chu)于(yu)萌芽階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，保(bao)留有大(da)(da)(da)量豎穴(xue)土坑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)點(dian)，其(qi)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)為(wei)在豎穴(xue)巖(yan)(yan)坑內(nei)(nei)(nei)用石條壘筑(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)室(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)頂夯筑(zhu)高大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)覆斗形封土堆。第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)為(wei)文(wen)、景(jing)帝時(shi)期(qi)，此時(shi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已擺脫了(le)豎穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)影響，形成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)西漢楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)橫穴(xue)式(shi)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形制(zhi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結(jie)構(gou)基本(ben)呈(cheng)中軸(zhou)線布(bu)局，但并不完善；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)龐(pang)大(da)(da)(da)而(er)復雜，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側建(jian)(jian)附屬的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)或(huo)耳室(shi)(shi)，前(qian)端外(wai)部(bu)(bu)結(jie)構(gou)仍有用石條壘筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)，此后(hou)(hou)(hou)即全部(bu)(bu)改成(cheng)(cheng)在山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)中直接(jie)開(kai)鑿；長而(er)寬敞(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道分為(wei)前(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)3段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，其(qi)外(wai)寬內(nei)(nei)(nei)窄，逐段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)向(xiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)收(shou)縮；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)2米(mi)見方，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)甬道內(nei)(nei)(nei)由4組呈(cheng)“田(tian)”字形的(de)(de)(de)塞石封堵；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)相對較為(wei)簡(jian)單(dan)，基本(ben)為(wei)前(qian)堂后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)至前(qian)堂的(de)(de)(de)甬道內(nei)(nei)(nei)，側室(shi)(shi)較少或(huo)不完善，這一階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)有北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)獅子山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)(ling)。第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)為(wei)景(jing)帝至武帝前(qian)期(qi)，以(yi)馱籃山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)代表，此時(shi)王(wang)(wang)與后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)開(kai)始靠(kao)攏(long)，分建(jian)(jian)在同一座(zuo)山(shan)(shan)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)兩峰，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中軸(zhou)線對稱布(bu)局十分強列，陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)結(jie)構(gou)開(kai)始簡(jian)化，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)長而(er)寬敞(chang)(chang)單(dan)重斜坡式(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)外(wai)已不見耳室(shi)(shi)等(deng)附屬建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)結(jie)構(gou)卻(que)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)龐(pang)大(da)(da)(da)而(er)復雜，表現為(wei)甬道內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)側室(shi)(shi)增加，前(qian)堂周圍(wei)出現許(xu)多生活化的(de)(de)(de)附屬房間(jian)。

中(zhong)期(qi)為武(wu)帝(di)至西漢(han)(han)晚期(qi)。由(you)于武(wu)帝(di)時漢(han)(han)朝中(zhong)央集權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷加強，這一(yi)(yi)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)在布局和(he)形制結(jie)構(gou)上均發生了(le)重(zhong)大演變(bian)(bian)(bian)。首先(xian)表現為“同冢異(yi)穴”，即(ji)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)與王(wang)(wang)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)建在同一(yi)(yi)座山(shan)體下，而(er)(er)分鑿出兩個靠近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室，兩墓(mu)(mu)(mu)之間(jian)一(yi)(yi)般有(you)◎門相通。其次是陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑規(gui)模(mo)逐漸(jian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)小，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)為非軸線式(shi)布局，其外(wai)部(bu)結(jie)構(gou)較為簡單(dan)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道單(dan)重(zhong)，短而(er)(er)窄，末(mo)端呈(cheng)喇叭口(kou)式(shi)內收(shou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門寬1米(mi)比前(qian)期(qi)縮小了(le)近一(yi)(yi)半(ban)，甬(yong)道變(bian)(bian)(bian)得(de)十(shi)(shi)分狹長，而(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內空(kong)間(jian)增(zeng)大，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室一(yi)(yi)般以大廳為中(zhong)心(xin)呈(cheng)不(bu)對稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯落(luo)式(shi)分布，寬敞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室中(zhong)部(bu)出現了(le)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擎(qing)天石柱筑結(jie)構(gou)。武(wu)帝(di)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)尚有(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模(mo)，但(dan)隨著(zhu)王(wang)(wang)國權(quan)勢和(he)國力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逐步減弱(ruo)，至西漢(han)(han)晚期(qi)建造規(gui)模(mo)日益縮小，特(te)別是王(wang)(wang)后陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)已十(shi)(shi)分微(wei)小，完(wan)全(quan)處于一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)從屬地位。此(ci)期(qi)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)小龜(gui)山(shan)、東洞(dong)山(shan)和(he)南洞(dong)山(shan)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。

晚(wan)期楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為西漢(han)末期，以臥(wo)牛山漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為代表。隨著西漢(han)晚(wan)期楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)國政治地位和綜合國力的(de)進(jin)一(yi)步萎(wei)縮，此時(shi)(shi)的(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已走向衰落，其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬形(xing)制基本沿襲了(le)中期楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)一(yi)些特征，但與(yu)之相比(bi)規模更(geng)小(xiao)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道外部入(ru)口處(chu)僅(jin)寬(kuan)2米，整條(tiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道完全為外寬(kuan)內窄的(de)嗽叭口狀，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室的(de)數(shu)量、功(gong)能(neng)與(yu)結構(gou)也更(geng)為簡單，僅(jin)有一(yi)主、一(yi)側兩間墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室和一(yi)耳室。此時(shi)(shi)僅(jin)見(jian)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)而(er)不見(jian)王(wang)后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，說明至西漢(han)末期時(shi)(shi)王(wang)后(hou)可能(neng)已合葬為一(yi)座陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。