芒果视频

墓地概況

大河口西(xi)周墓(mu)地位于山(shan)西(xi)省臨汾(fen)市翼(yi)城縣，占(zhan)地面(mian)積(ji)約4萬(wan)余平方(fang)米(mi)，有(you)墓(mu)葬(zang)千(qian)余座。從2009年(nian)(nian)開始，考(kao)古(gu)工(gong)作者對墓(mu)地進行的大面(mian)積(ji)發(fa)(fa)掘已揭(jie)露面(mian)積(ji)15000余平方(fang)米(mi)，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)墓(mu)葬(zang)615座、車馬坑22座。墓(mu)葬(zang)內不僅首次(ci)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了(le)漆木俑、原始瓷器等國(guo)寶，而(er)且首次(ci)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)西(xi)周時期三(san)足銅(tong)盂、三(san)足鼎式(shi)簋(gui)等珍(zhen)稀青銅(tong)器，個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)葬(zang)甚至發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)金器，三(san)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)前的這些寶器為研究古(gu)代封國(guo)的歷史提供(gong)了(le)重要史料(liao)。2011年(nian)(nian)4月25日，山(shan)西(xi)翼(yi)城縣“大河口西(xi)周墓(mu)地”入圍2010年(nian)(nian)中國(guo)十(shi)大考(kao)古(gu)新發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)。

地理位置

大(da)河(he)(he)口西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)翼(yi)城縣城以(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)約6公(gong)里處，處于(yu)(yu)(yu)一片(pian)兩河(he)(he)交匯形(xing)成的三角洲高地(di)(di)上(shang)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)四周(zhou)除了(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北部與西(xi)(xi)(xi)側(ce)臺地(di)(di)相接外，皆為(wei)(wei)溝壑地(di)(di)貌，澮河(he)(he)干流(liu)和支流(liu)分(fen)別縈繞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)兩側(ce)流(liu)過，地(di)(di)勢(shi)為(wei)(wei)北高南(nan)(nan)低(di)的向陽緩坡。其北部為(wei)(wei)太岳(yue)山(shan)余(yu)脈和尚公(gong)德山(shan)（又名二峰(feng)山(shan)），東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)(wei)太行山(shan)余(yu)脈翔山(shan)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)部為(wei)(wei)凸(tu)起的丘陵山(shan)地(di)(di)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)(wei)沖積(ji)平原(yuan)。在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的周(zhou)圍發現了(le)(le)幾處不同(tong)時(shi)(shi)期的遺址，其中新(xin)石器時(shi)(shi)代遺址位于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)方的澮河(he)(he)東(dong)(dong)(dong)岸臺地(di)(di)上(shang)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)遺址位于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)約0.5公(gong)里處，東(dong)(dong)(dong)周(zhou)和漢(han)代遺址分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)東(dong)(dong)(dong)北、東(dong)(dong)(dong)側(ce)和西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)方臺地(di)(di)上(shang)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)范圍內也包(bao)含有(you)數十座(zuo)東(dong)(dong)(dong)周(zhou)窖穴遺存。

發掘歷史

2007年5月(yue)大河(he)口西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地被盜發(fa)現(xian)，山西(xi)省考(kao)(kao)古研究所報(bao)請國家文物局批準，于2007年9月(yue)至2008年5月(yue)進行了(le)考(kao)(kao)古勘探和(he)試掘，共試掘了(le)6座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)；2008年9月(yue)至12月(yue)進行了(le)全(quan)面普(pu)探，通過勘探發(fa)掘了(le)解到墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地分布面積約4萬余(yu)平方(fang)米，埋藏(zang)西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang) 1000余(yu)座(zuo)。2009年5月(yue)開始進行大規模搶救(jiu)性(xing)發(fa)掘。已揭露面積15000余(yu)平方(fang)米，發(fa)現(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)615座(zuo)，車(che)馬(ma)坑22座(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)內出土的(de)青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)種類有食器(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)、工具、車(che)馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)等；陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)組合主要(yao)有：鬲，鬲罐(guan)，罐(guan)，鬲盆罐(guan)等。玉(yu)、石(shi)、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)、貝和(he)串飾較多，部分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)隨葬(zang)(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)，個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)甚至發(fa)現(xian)有金(jin)器(qi)(qi)。到2011年4月(yue)末(mo)，大河(he)口西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地發(fa)掘工作進入尾聲，僅剩下數十座(zuo)小型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)尚(shang)未發(fa)掘、保護。

為了(le)保(bao)證遺(yi)址科(ke)學順利地(di)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，工(gong)作(zuo)人員進行了(le)全面(mian)部署。以(yi)勘探(tan)(tan)結果為依據，選擇重點(dian)區(qu)域，確定發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面(mian)積，設立坐標基點(dian)，統(tong)一(yi)(yi)分區(qu)布方，首先進行抽樣式小(xiao)探(tan)(tan)方發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，再進行大(da)面(mian)積探(tan)(tan)方揭露，按層(ceng)位發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)所有探(tan)(tan)方墓(mu)口(kou)上文(wen)化(hua)層(ceng)，暴露墓(mu)口(kou)，拍攝探(tan)(tan)方全景照(zhao)后，打(da)掉隔梁(liang)，然后將每座(zuo)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)下挖30厘米，對墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)進行統(tong)一(yi)(yi)測量繪圖、航拍、編號，再按計劃有步驟地(di)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)單個墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)。墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)填土采取半剖(pou)面(mian)或多(duo)剖(pou)面(mian)結合(he)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)方法(fa)，按照(zhao)逆埋(mai)葬(zang)(zang)順序逐層(ceng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，并及時做(zuo)好記錄資料、取樣和現(xian)場文(wen)物保(bao)護工(gong)作(zuo)，加強多(duo)學科(ke)合(he)作(zuo)。此(ci)次大(da)規模發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)并搶救了(le)一(yi)(yi)大(da)批珍貴的(de)(de)文(wen)物，考古(gu)工(gong)作(zuo)取得了(le)階段性(xing)的(de)(de)重要成果。

2017年(nian)6月7日(ri)，山西省(sheng)考(kao)古(gu)研(yan)究所獲悉，經(jing)過考(kao)古(gu)工(gong)作者3年(nian)再發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，翼城大河口西周“霸國”墓地(di)已全部發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)完成。10年(nian)間，共發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)墓葬(zang)2200余座，出土(tu)器(qi)物2.5萬余件組(zu)。

墓地形制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形制(zhi)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)長方(fang)形土(tu)壙豎穴，多口(kou)小底(di)大(da)(da)。葬(zang)俗(su)絕大(da)(da)多數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)，以頭向(xiang)西(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，少量頭向(xiang)東(dong)，南(nan)北向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)僅(jin)(jin)10余座(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)間(jian)很少發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)打破現(xian)(xian)象，大(da)(da)中(zhong)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)在發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘區域(yu)內(nei)散布(bu)，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)明顯(xian)規律(lv)，區域(yu)內(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)聚群特征明顯(xian)。車馬(ma)坑(keng)均(jun)(jun)位于大(da)(da)中(zhong)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)東(dong)側，除1座(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)北向(xiang)外(wai)，余均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)。部分(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)腳窩(wo)和生土(tu)二層臺(tai)，個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)壁(bi)龕(kan)，葬(zang)具為(wei)(wei)(wei)一棺、一棺一槨(guo)或(huo)(huo)二棺一槨(guo)，槨(guo)蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)一般為(wei)(wei)(wei)橫鋪，棺蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)、底(di)板(ban)(ban)和槨(guo)底(di)板(ban)(ban)一般為(wei)(wei)(wei)豎鋪（個(ge)別例(li)外(wai)），四壁(bi)立(li)板(ban)(ban)間(jian)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)榫卯結(jie)構。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)仰(yang)身直(zhi)肢(zhi)，個(ge)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)屈肢(zhi)葬(zang)，未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)俯身葬(zang)式。發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)腰坑(keng)和腰坑(keng)殉狗的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)較多，未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)殉人(ren)。僅(jin)(jin)2008年發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘的(de)M1發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)四個(ge)斜洞，其(qi)(qi)余墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)均(jun)(jun)未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)此類(lei)設施。隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物多放置(zhi)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)頭前，其(qi)(qi)余置(zhi)于棺槨(guo)間(jian)、二層臺(tai)上、棺內(nei)或(huo)(huo)蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)上，大(da)(da)中(zhong)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)以隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，小型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)以隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類(lei)豐富，食(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)；陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組合主(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you)(you)鬲、鬲罐、罐、鬲盆罐等等；玉、石、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝和串飾較多；部分(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)(huo)漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)；個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)金(jin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)；少部分(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物。

M1為東西方(fang)向(xiang)，土坑豎穴(xue)，口(kou)小底(di)(di)大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)長4.25米(mi)(mi)、寬3.22米(mi)(mi)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)底(di)(di)長4.6米(mi)(mi)、寬3.78米(mi)(mi)、自深9.75米(mi)(mi)，在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)平面(mian)四角外(wai)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)4個(ge)(ge)通向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)壁的(de)(de)(de)(de)斜洞，這是繼絳縣橫水墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地之后(hou)又(you)一(yi)次發(fa)(fa)現(xian)類似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斜洞設施。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主頭(tou)向(xiang)西，仰身直下肢，一(yi)棺一(yi)槨，槨底(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)腰坑。在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室二層(ceng)臺(tai)(tai)之上(shang)四壁發(fa)(fa)現(xian)11個(ge)(ge)壁龕(kan)(kan)(kan)，壁龕(kan)(kan)(kan)內(nei)(nei)放(fang)置(zhi)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始(shi)(shi)瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)物，已(yi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)俎、罍(lei)、豆(dou)、壺、杯(bei)（雙耳(er)杯(bei)、單耳(er)杯(bei)、角狀杯(bei)）、犧尊(zun)、坐屏等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，在(zai)一(yi)座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)內(nei)(nei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)如此多的(de)(de)(de)(de)壁龕(kan)(kan)(kan)、并且在(zai)壁龕(kan)(kan)(kan)內(nei)(nei)放(fang)置(zhi)大(da)量器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象，為西周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)考古中首見。在(zai)東部二層(ceng)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)兩個(ge)(ge)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)俑，雙足(zu)(zu)(zu)站(zhan)立于漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)龜上(shang)，雙手作持物狀，兩俑前面(mian)及側面(mian)放(fang)置(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這在(zai)中原地區西周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)內(nei)(nei)也是首見。在(zai)其(qi)他幾面(mian)二層(ceng)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)帶(dai)木(mu)柄銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)盾(dun)牌(pai)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室內(nei)(nei)棺槨之間或棺蓋(gai)上(shang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始(shi)(shi)瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)物，其(qi)中青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量最(zui)多，包括禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工(gong)具(ju)、車(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲(li)7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶8 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍(lei)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單耳(er)罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鐘(zhong)和(he)(he)鐃3組8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)盾(dun)牌(pai)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)飾昜、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)、戟、矛、鉞等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)30余(yu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)非常高的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)，很多兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存有(you)(you)(you)(you)木(mu)柄，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)斧、鑿(zao)、鏟等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)車(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)掛(gua)韁鉤(gou)、鑾鈴、車(che)轄、當盧等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)原始(shi)(shi)瓷(ci)尊(zun)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)瓿1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲(li)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、筒形(xing)尊(zun)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵杯(bei)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，此外(wai)還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜甲、鹿角、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝(bei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)方(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為四足(zu)(zu)(zu)圓角方(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)，一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為四足(zu)(zu)(zu)方(fang)角方(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)，腹(fu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)帶(dai)扉(fei)棱(leng)圓鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)內(nei)(nei)壁銘(ming)(ming)“伯作寶尊(zun)彝”，無扉(fei)棱(leng)柱足(zu)(zu)(zu)圓鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，扁(bian)足(zu)(zu)(zu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中方(fang)座簋(gui)(gui)(gui) 2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，豎條紋簋(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，喇(la)叭形(xing)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，內(nei)(nei)底(di)(di)鑄(zhu)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)“□父戊”，鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)式(shi)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)底(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)(you)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)“芮公舍霸馬兩玉金用鑄(zhu)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)”，乳釘紋簋(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)三足(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)底(di)(di)對銘(ming)(ming)“霸中作旅彝”，4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)卣(you)形(xing)制(zhi)略同，從大(da)到小排列，前兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)制(zhi)相同，后(hou)兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)制(zhi)相同。其(qi)中最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卣(you)蓋(gai)內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)“燕侯旨(zhi)作姑妹寶尊(zun)彝”，卣(you)內(nei)(nei)置(zhi)酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)套7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)爵中有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銘(ming)(ming)“旨(zhi)作父辛爵”。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)觶6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓋(gai)內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)“析父丁(ding)”。從隨葬(zang)(zang)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)判斷墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主為男性。

M2為一座三鼎(ding)(ding)墓，土壙豎穴，東西向，墓主(zhu)頭(tou)向西，墓口長(chang)3.51米(mi)、寬2.49米(mi)、墓底(di)長(chang)4.2米(mi)、寬3.47米(mi)、自深8.2米(mi)，兩棺一槨，墓主(zhu)為女性，仰身直肢。隨葬銅器有(you)鼎(ding)(ding)3件(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)1件(jian)(jian)、甗(yan)1件(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)、盉(he)1件(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)、鐘1件(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)，陶器有(you)鬲(li)1件(jian)(jian)、罐1件(jian)(jian)、三足甕(weng)1件(jian)(jian)、未燒(shao)結碎陶器7件(jian)(jian)，玉石串飾7 件(jian)(jian)、項飾2件(jian)(jian)、玉玦(jue)8件(jian)(jian)、握玉2件(jian)(jian)、柄形(xing)飾2組。另外還(huan)發(fa)現蚌器和貝等(deng)(deng)。在M2銅甗(yan)內(nei)壁(bi)發(fa)現有(you)鑄銘“唯正月初(chu)吉(ji)霸（□）伯作(zuo)寶甗(yan)其(qi)永用”。

M1017墓口長(chang)5米、寬(kuan)3.4米、自深10米，口小底大，墓主頭向(xiang)西，有腰坑。墓室(shi)內發現(xian)(xian)大量青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉石器(qi)(qi)(qi)、錫(xi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)，數十件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)青銅容器(qi)(qi)(qi)置于墓主頭前棺槨之(zhi)間(jian)，其(qi)(qi)余青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)發現(xian)(xian)于棺槨之(zhi)間(jian)或棺蓋上(shang)。青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類有食器(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)、水(shui)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具(ju)、車(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，青銅食器(qi)(qi)(qi)中鼎簋數量較多，計有方鼎5 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圓鼎8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盨2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣(you)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斝1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盂1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甬鐘3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，青銅兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)戈、矛、鏃多件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，工具(ju)有鑿、刀等(deng)，金柄形器(qi)(qi)(qi)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，錫(xi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，二(er)層臺上(shang)發現(xian)(xian)陶鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在青銅盂、簋、豆(dou)等(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內發現(xian)(xian)銘文(wen)，其(qi)(qi)中銅豆(dou)蓋內銘“霸伯作大寶尊(zun)彝(yi)其(qi)(qi)孫(sun)孫(sun)子子萬年永用”。此(ci)墓已(yi)整體搬遷至室(shi)內進行發掘。

M2002墓(mu)口長2.75米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)1.68米(mi)(mi)、墓(mu)底長3.83米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)2.83米(mi)(mi)、自(zi)深9.91米(mi)(mi)，口小底大，墓(mu)主(zhu)頭(tou)向西(xi)，腰(yao)坑(keng)內(nei)殉狗(gou)1只(zhi)，一棺一槨，墓(mu)主(zhu)仰(yang)身(shen)直肢，為男性。隨(sui)葬銅鼎(ding)3件(jian)、簋3件(jian)、鬲(li)2件(jian)、甗(yan)1件(jian)、盤1件(jian)、鳥尊形(xing)盉(he)1件(jian)，及(ji)大量的青銅兵器(qi)、車馬器(qi)和工具等，還發現陶鬲(li)1件(jian)及(ji)鉛、玉(yu)、石、骨、蚌、貝等器(qi)物。其中出土的瓦棱紋扁腹圈(quan)足雙耳銅簋的蓋、內(nei)底鑄有(you)銘文(wen)4行近30字，鳥尊形(xing)盉(he)蓋內(nei)鑄銘文(wen)8行約(yue)50字。

M1034墓(mu)口長(chang)3米(mi)、寬(kuan)1.61米(mi)、墓(mu)底長(chang)3.15米(mi)、寬(kuan)1.86米(mi)、自深4.43米(mi)，口小底大(da)，墓(mu)主(zhu)頭向西(xi)，腰坑內殉狗1只(zhi)，一(yi)棺一(yi)槨，墓(mu)主(zhu)仰身直肢(zhi)，雙手置于髖骨位(wei)置，為(wei)男性。隨葬銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)3件、銅(tong)(tong)簋2件，及(ji)大(da)量的青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)兵器(qi)、車馬(ma)器(qi)、漆器(qi)、蚌器(qi)和貝等。

出土文物

“霸”國出現(xian)填補空白

在試(shi)掘階段，考(kao)古隊就發現這是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)諸侯國君級別的(de)墓——墓葬二層臺(tai)四壁(bi)有11個(ge)(ge)壁(bi)龕，壁(bi)龕內放(fang)置漆木器(qi)、原始瓷器(qi)、陶器(qi)等物。

從出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)青銅器上面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)銘文確(que)證，大河口墓地墓主的(de)(de)(de)國族(zu)名為 “霸”，“霸伯”是這里的(de)(de)(de)最高(gao)權力擁有者。“霸”國的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)、周(zhou)文化(hua)因素都比較(jiao)明顯，并具有自(zi)身(shen)獨特的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)風格。其人群應為狄人系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)一支，是被中原商(shang)周(zhou)文化(hua)同化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)狄人人群。相(xiang)繼(ji)的(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)發現，“霸”國和周(zhou)王室以及晉國、倗國、燕國等國關系密(mi)切。

“霸(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)與晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)相(xiang)鄰。從(cong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)規(gui)模(mo)及隨葬品推測，“霸(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)應比晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)低(di)一個檔次，屬于小國(guo)(guo)(guo)。在君(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)稱謂方面(mian)，晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)被(bei)封為(wei)(wei)晉侯，而“霸(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)則被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)霸(ba)伯。此外，兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規(gui)模(mo)也相(xiang)距甚遠，晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)曲村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬多達(da)20000多座，而“霸(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)大河(he)口墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬僅(jin)有1500座左右(you)，從(cong)這里也可(ke)反映出兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都人口規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)距。

中國社(she)會科學院考古所所長王巍(wei)認為，大河口西周墓地(di)的發(fa)現揭示了(le)不(bu)見于歷史文獻記(ji)載(zai)的西周“霸(ba)”國的歷史及文化，并為研究西周時期的分(fen)封制度(du)、器(qi)用制度(du)和族群融合等問題提供了(le)寶貴的實(shi)物資料，填補了(le)中國對西周時期考古研究的一項(xiang)空白。

稀有漆木(mu)俑保留完好

墓(mu)葬二層臺(tai)四壁(bi)有11個(ge)壁(bi)龕，一(yi)(yi)座墓(mu)葬內發現如此多的(de)(de)壁(bi)龕在西周考古上還是第一(yi)(yi)次(ci)，墓(mu)內隨葬漆木俑可能是目前中(zhong)原地區出土最早(zao)的(de)(de)實物資料。

考古(gu)隊(dui)在發(fa)掘墓葬(zang)的(de)(de)填土(tu)工作(zuo)中，在東邊二層(ceng)臺(tai)上(shang)意外發(fa)掘出了重要寶物(wu)(wu)：兩個(ge)一(yi)米多高的(de)(de)漆木(mu)俑雙(shuang)足站(zhan)立于漆木(mu)龜上(shang)，雙(shuang)手作(zuo)持物(wu)(wu)狀，兩俑前(qian)面(mian)及側面(mian)放置(zhi)漆木(mu)器(qi)，這在中原地區西周(zhou)墓葬(zang)內(nei)也是(shi)首見。考古(gu)學家介紹(shao)，漆木(mu)器(qi)在兩種環(huan)(huan)境(jing)下(xia)易于保存：一(yi)是(shi)十分濕潤的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，二是(shi)十分干燥的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)。在黃土(tu)高原忽(hu)干忽(hu)濕的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)里，兩個(ge)漆木(mu)俑經數(shu)千年還能較為完好地保留下(xia)來，彌(mi)足珍貴。

山(shan)西省考古(gu)所副所長謝堯(yao)亭介(jie)紹，中華文(wen)化的(de)一個顯著特征是禮制。古(gu)人朝(chao)會(hui)、狩獵、宴享、訓練(lian)軍隊等活動(dong)都(dou)強調‘秩序’。故而推測這兩個漆木俑(yong)與禮制和宗教(jiao)有關系。

考古專家歷(li)經兩年，清理出大量的漆木器遺存，包括(kuo)漆木俑、俎、罍(lei)、豆、壺、犧尊、坐屏、杯、案、盾牌、方彝等種類。

鳥盉

大河口西周墓葬還發掘出一個青銅鳥形器物，經鑒定是鳥盉（hé）。這件器(qi)物被視為大河(he)口西周墓葬銅器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的瑰寶，它為中(zhong)(zhong)國青銅器(qi)發展史提供了(le)一件新(xin)的器(qi)形。

在此(ci)件鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)物出土之(zhi)(zhi)前，發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)尊大多(duo)屬于酒器(qi)(qi)，簡單地說，就(jiu)是一(yi)種鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)的(de)(de)盛酒器(qi)(qi)，用來在各類(lei)祭(ji)祀活動中盛裝不同的(de)(de)酒。距此(ci)二(er)三(san)十公里(li)的(de)(de)北趙(zhao)晉侯墓(mu)地就(jiu)發現(xian)(xian)了鳥(niao)(niao)尊，被收(shou)藏在山西省博物院，是其(qi)“鎮院之(zhi)(zhi)寶(bao)”。此(ci)次發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)青銅鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)物與北趙(zhao)晉侯墓(mu)地發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)尊有(you)所不同，腹部沒有(you)管狀流。專家認(ren)為(wei)，大河口這件鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)物不是尊，而是盉。

謝堯亭介紹，商周(zhou)(zhou)時期，盉多是(shi)一(yi)種注水的水器。按照(zhao)商周(zhou)(zhou)貴族禮儀(yi)，在祭祀、宴飲、典禮過(guo)程(cheng)中，參與者要洗手盥洗。

侍者(zhe)用盉將水倒出。在既往(wang)的考古發(fa)現和傳世器物(wu)中都未(wei)曾見過像大(da)河口墓葬中這(zhe)樣的鳥形(xing)盉。

鳥(niao)形盉的(de)(de)出(chu)現也(ye)意外(wai)糾正了一個錯誤：山西省(sheng)博物(wu)(wu)院收藏的(de)(de)鳥(niao)尊在發掘時尾(wei)巴已斷，上海博物(wu)(wu)院將尾(wei)巴修復為朝里卷(juan)。此(ci)次(ci)發現的(de)(de)鳥(niao)形盉十分完整(zheng)，它清晰地顯示(shi)，鳥(niao)的(de)(de)尾(wei)巴是朝外(wai)卷(juan)的(de)(de)。

墓地價值

大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口西周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)這(zhe)一考古項目受到業內專家的(de)高度(du)肯定(ding)。來自中(zhong)國社會(hui)(hui)科(ke)學(xue)院(yuan)考古所所長王巍(wei)就在會(hui)(hui)上(shang)表示(shi)，該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國西周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)封國墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)考古中(zhong)的(de)重要收獲。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)顯(xian)示(shi)，“霸(ba)”是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)處墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主的(de)國族(zu)名，“霸(ba)伯(bo)”是(shi)(shi)其(qi)最高權(quan)力擁有(you)者，“霸(ba)”器(qi)(qi)曾見于以往的(de)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)著錄，在《殷周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)金文(wen)(wen)集成》中(zhong)著錄有(you)“霸(ba)姞作寶尊(zun)彝”鼎簋，曲村墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)M6197也曾出土過(guo)一件(jian)“霸(ba)伯(bo)作寶尊(zun)彝”銅(tong)(tong)簋。雖(sui)然“霸(ba)”是(shi)(shi)國名，但不見于傳世的(de)文(wen)(wen)獻記(ji)載，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)面(mian)(mian)積和(he)(he)(he)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬埋(mai)藏數量(liang)顯(xian)示(shi)，當時大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口人(ren)群(qun)(qun)規模不大(da)(da)，推測其(qi)所居城(cheng)邑和(he)(he)(he)所轄(xia)區域(yu)也不會(hui)(hui)很大(da)(da)。可是(shi)(shi)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)上(shang)又(you)顯(xian)示(shi)它與晉、燕等國和(he)(he)(he)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王朝都有(you)往來關系(xi)，從埋(mai)葬習(xi)俗看，大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)頭向、腰坑、殉狗、斜洞、使(shi)用日名等習(xi)俗與絳縣橫(heng)水(shui)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)相(xiang)似；車馬坑的(de)布局、無俯身葬、無殉人(ren)等現象又(you)與天馬—曲村墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)有(you)共(gong)同之處；陶器(qi)(qi)組(zu)合和(he)(he)(he)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)風格(ge)又(you)具(ju)有(you)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)特(te)征，商、周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)因素都比較(jiao)明顯(xian)，自身文(wen)(wen)化(hua)特(te)色獨具(ju)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬時代橫(heng)貫西周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，晚期(qi)進入(ru)春(chun)秋(qiu)初年，其(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主人(ren)群(qun)(qun)應為(wei)狄(di)人(ren)系(xi)統的(de)一支，是(shi)(shi)被中(zhong)原商周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)同化(hua)的(de)狄(di)人(ren)人(ren)群(qun)(qun)，文(wen)(wen)化(hua)面(mian)(mian)貌顯(xian)示(shi)其(qi)人(ren)群(qun)(qun)相(xiang)對單純(chun)。大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口西周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)發現為(wei)研究(jiu)西周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)時期(qi)的(de)分(fen)封制度(du)、器(qi)(qi)用制度(du)和(he)(he)(he)族(zu)群(qun)(qun)融合等歷史和(he)(he)(he)考古問題等具(ju)有(you)重要意義。

中新(xin)網太原6月9日電(胡健)記者9日傍晚從山西省考古(gu)研究所獲悉，山西翼城縣大河口西周(zhou)墓地(di)成功入選2010年(nian)度中國(guo)十大考古(gu)新(xin)發現。

山西翼城(cheng)縣大河(he)口(kou)西周(zhou)墓地(di)是新發現(xian)的(de)一處(chu)西周(zhou)封(feng)國墓地(di)，發現(xian)的(de)眾多青(qing)銅器銘(ming)文中(zhong)的(de)“霸伯”是這里(li)的(de)最高權力擁有(you)者。

“霸(ba)”是其國(guo)名，“霸(ba)”國(guo)未(wei)見(jian)于傳世的(de)文獻記載，山西省考古研究所(suo)副所(suo)長謝堯(yao)亭(ting)在報告中指(zhi)出。銘文資料(liao)顯(xian)示，“霸(ba)”與(yu)晉、北燕、芮等國(guo)曾有(you)(you)往來。在大(da)(da)河口(kou)墓地，商、周(zhou)(zhou)文化因素都比較明顯(xian)，自身(shen)特色也很鮮明，墓葬時代橫貫(guan)西周(zhou)(zhou)，晚期已(yi)進入春秋初年。大(da)(da)河口(kou)墓地的(de)發現為(wei)研究西周(zhou)(zhou)分(fen)封(feng)制(zhi)度和西周(zhou)(zhou)史提供(gong)了(le)重(zhong)要(yao)資料(liao)，對探討諸侯(hou)制(zhi)度具(ju)有(you)(you)重(zhong)要(yao)意義(yi)。

2007年(nian)5月，大河口(kou)墓地因被盜被發現，同(tong)年(nian)9月至(zhi)(zhi)次年(nian)5月進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了考古(gu)勘探和試(shi)掘(jue)，2008年(nian)9月至(zhi)(zhi)12月進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了全面普探，2009年(nian)5月至(zhi)(zhi)2011年(nian)5月進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了大規(gui)模搶救性發掘(jue)。

大(da)河口墓(mu)地(di)(di)位于山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省南(nan)部翼城(cheng)縣城(cheng)以東約6公(gong)里處，墓(mu)地(di)(di)四周除了西(xi)(xi)北部與西(xi)(xi)側(ce)臺(tai)地(di)(di)相接外皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)溝(gou)壑，澮河干流(liu)和支流(liu)分別縈繞其(qi)西(xi)(xi)、南(nan)兩側(ce)流(liu)過，地(di)(di)勢為(wei)(wei)北高南(nan)低的向(xiang)陽緩(huan)坡(po)地(di)(di)，北方為(wei)(wei)太岳山(shan)(shan)余脈二峰山(shan)(shan)，東、南(nan)方為(wei)(wei)太行山(shan)(shan)余脈翔(xiang)山(shan)(shan)，西(xi)(xi)部為(wei)(wei)凸起的丘陵山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)，西(xi)(xi)南(nan)為(wei)(wei)澮河沖積(ji)谷地(di)(di)。在墓(mu)地(di)(di)周圍發(fa)現(xian)了幾處不同時期的遺址，其(qi)中西(xi)(xi)周遺址位于墓(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)約0.5公(gong)里處。墓(mu)地(di)(di)分布(bu)面(mian)積(ji)約4萬余平方米，埋藏西(xi)(xi)周墓(mu)葬(zang)約1500余座。

此次“2010年度全國十大考古新發(fa)現”由國家文(wen)(wen)物(wu)局主(zhu)辦，自2010年11月底(di)啟(qi)動，從2010年1月1日～12月31日期間在中國境內進行發(fa)掘的合法考古項(xiang)目中遴選(xuan)出(chu)56個(ge)候選(xuan)項(xiang)目進入(ru)初評。初評由國家文(wen)(wen)物(wu)局考古專家組成員、中國考古學(xue)會常務理(li)事和理(li)事、中國65 家考古發(fa)掘資質單(dan)位(wei)共同參與投票(piao)，最終，有25個(ge)項(xiang)目入(ru)圍(wei)。

此次(ci)2010年度中(zhong)國十大考古(gu)新發現(xian)的具體名單為：河南(nan)新鄭(zheng)望(wang)京(jing)樓夏商(shang)(shang)時期城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、山東(dong)濟(ji)南(nan)大辛(xin)莊商(shang)(shang)代遺址(zhi)(zhi)、山西(xi)翼城(cheng)(cheng)縣大河口(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)墓地、江蘇蘇州市(shi)木(mu)瀆古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、陜西(xi)西(xi)安(an)鳳(feng)棲原西(xi)漢家(jia)族(zu)墓地、新疆鄯善吐峪溝(gou)石窟(ku)群和佛(fo)寺遺址(zhi)(zhi)、陜西(xi)藍(lan)田(tian)北宋(song)呂氏家(jia)族(zu)墓園、湖(hu)南(nan)永順老司(si)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、江蘇南(nan)京(jing)大報恩寺遺址(zhi)(zhi)、廣(guang)東(dong)汕頭“南(nan)澳1號(hao)”明代沉船遺址(zhi)(zhi)。