芒果视频

墓地概況

大河口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)地(di)位于山西(xi)(xi)省臨汾市(shi)翼(yi)城縣，占地(di)面(mian)積約4萬余(yu)平方(fang)(fang)米，有墓(mu)葬(zang)千余(yu)座。從2009年(nian)開(kai)始，考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)工作者對墓(mu)地(di)進(jin)行(xing)的大面(mian)積發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘已揭露面(mian)積15000余(yu)平方(fang)(fang)米，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現墓(mu)葬(zang)615座、車馬坑22座。墓(mu)葬(zang)內不僅(jin)首次發(fa)(fa)(fa)現了(le)漆木(mu)俑、原始瓷器(qi)(qi)等(deng)國寶，而且首次發(fa)(fa)(fa)現西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)時期三(san)足銅盂(yu)、三(san)足鼎式簋等(deng)珍稀青銅器(qi)(qi)，個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)葬(zang)甚至(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現有金器(qi)(qi)，三(san)千年(nian)前的這些寶器(qi)(qi)為研究古(gu)(gu)代封國的歷史提供了(le)重要史料。2011年(nian)4月25日，山西(xi)(xi)翼(yi)城縣“大河口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)地(di)”入(ru)圍2010年(nian)中國十大考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)新發(fa)(fa)(fa)現。

地理位置

大河口(kou)西周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)位于(yu)翼(yi)城縣(xian)城以東(dong)(dong)約6公(gong)里處(chu)(chu)，處(chu)(chu)于(yu)一(yi)片兩河交(jiao)匯(hui)形成的(de)三角洲高地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)上。墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)四周(zhou)(zhou)除了(le)(le)西北(bei)部(bu)與西側臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)相接外，皆為溝壑地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌，澮(kuai)河干流和(he)支流分別縈繞墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)西南(nan)兩側流過，地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢為北(bei)高南(nan)低的(de)向陽(yang)緩坡。其北(bei)部(bu)為太(tai)岳山(shan)(shan)余(yu)脈和(he)尚公(gong)德山(shan)(shan)（又(you)名二峰山(shan)(shan)），東(dong)(dong)南(nan)為太(tai)行山(shan)(shan)余(yu)脈翔山(shan)(shan)，西部(bu)為凸起(qi)的(de)丘陵山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，西南(nan)為沖積平原。在墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)周(zhou)(zhou)圍(wei)發現了(le)(le)幾處(chu)(chu)不同時期的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)，其中新石器時代遺(yi)址(zhi)位于(yu)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)西南(nan)方(fang)的(de)澮(kuai)河東(dong)(dong)岸臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)上，西周(zhou)(zhou)遺(yi)址(zhi)位于(yu)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)西南(nan)約0.5公(gong)里處(chu)(chu)，東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)和(he)漢代遺(yi)址(zhi)分布于(yu)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)、東(dong)(dong)側和(he)西南(nan)方(fang)臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)上，墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)范圍(wei)內(nei)也包(bao)含(han)有數十(shi)座東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)窖穴(xue)遺(yi)存。

發掘歷史

2007年5月(yue)(yue)大河口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)地被盜發現，山西(xi)(xi)省考古研究所報請國家文物(wu)局(ju)批準，于(yu)2007年9月(yue)(yue)至2008年5月(yue)(yue)進行了考古勘探和(he)(he)試掘，共(gong)試掘了6座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)；2008年9月(yue)(yue)至12月(yue)(yue)進行了全面普(pu)探，通過勘探發掘了解(jie)到墓(mu)(mu)地分布(bu)面積(ji)約4萬余(yu)平方米，埋藏(zang)西(xi)(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang) 1000余(yu)座(zuo)(zuo)。2009年5月(yue)(yue)開始進行大規模搶救性發掘。已揭露面積(ji)15000余(yu)平方米，發現墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)615座(zuo)(zuo)，車馬坑(keng)22座(zuo)(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)內出土的青銅(tong)器(qi)種類(lei)有(you)食器(qi)、酒器(qi)、水器(qi)、兵器(qi)、工(gong)具(ju)、車馬器(qi)、樂器(qi)等(deng)；陶(tao)器(qi)組合主要有(you)：鬲，鬲罐(guan)，罐(guan)，鬲盆(pen)罐(guan)等(deng)。玉、石、骨(gu)、蚌器(qi)、貝和(he)(he)串(chuan)飾較多(duo)，部分墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)錫器(qi)或漆器(qi)，個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)甚(shen)至發現有(you)金器(qi)。到2011年4月(yue)(yue)末，大河口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)地發掘工(gong)作進入尾聲，僅剩下數十座(zuo)(zuo)小型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)尚未發掘、保(bao)護。

為了(le)保(bao)證遺(yi)址(zhi)科學(xue)順利地發(fa)(fa)掘，工作人員(yuan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了(le)全面(mian)(mian)部署。以勘探(tan)(tan)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)為依據(ju)，選(xuan)擇重(zhong)點(dian)區域(yu)，確定發(fa)(fa)掘面(mian)(mian)積(ji)，設立(li)坐標基點(dian)，統一(yi)(yi)分區布方，首先(xian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)抽樣(yang)式小探(tan)(tan)方發(fa)(fa)掘，再進(jin)(jin)行(xing)大(da)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)探(tan)(tan)方揭露(lu)，按(an)層位發(fa)(fa)掘所有(you)探(tan)(tan)方墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)(kou)上文化層，暴露(lu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)(kou)，拍(pai)(pai)攝(she)探(tan)(tan)方全景照后(hou)，打掉隔梁，然后(hou)將每座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)下挖30厘米(mi)，對(dui)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)統一(yi)(yi)測量繪圖、航拍(pai)(pai)、編號，再按(an)計劃(hua)有(you)步驟(zou)地發(fa)(fa)掘單(dan)個墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)填土采(cai)取(qu)半剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)或多(duo)剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)結(jie)(jie)合的(de)發(fa)(fa)掘方法，按(an)照逆埋葬(zang)(zang)順序逐(zhu)層發(fa)(fa)掘，并及時做好記錄資(zi)料、取(qu)樣(yang)和現場文物保(bao)護工作，加強多(duo)學(xue)科合作。此次大(da)規模發(fa)(fa)掘發(fa)(fa)現并搶救(jiu)了(le)一(yi)(yi)大(da)批珍貴的(de)文物，考古工作取(qu)得(de)了(le)階段(duan)性的(de)重(zhong)要成果(guo)。

2017年6月7日，山西(xi)(xi)省考古(gu)研究所獲悉，經(jing)過考古(gu)工作(zuo)者3年再發掘，翼(yi)城大河口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周“霸國”墓地已全部發掘完(wan)成(cheng)。10年間，共發掘墓葬2200余座，出土器物2.5萬余件組(zu)。

墓地形制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形制(zhi)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)長方(fang)形土(tu)壙豎穴，多口小(xiao)底大(da)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)俗(su)絕大(da)多數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)東西向(xiang)(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，以(yi)頭(tou)向(xiang)(xiang)西為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，少(shao)量(liang)頭(tou)向(xiang)(xiang)東，南(nan)北向(xiang)(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)僅10余座(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)間很少(shao)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)打破現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象，大(da)中型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)發掘區(qu)域內散布(bu)(bu)，分布(bu)(bu)沒有(you)明顯規律，區(qu)域內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)聚群(qun)特征明顯。車(che)馬(ma)坑均(jun)位于(yu)大(da)中型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的東側(ce)，除1座(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)北向(xiang)(xiang)外，余均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)東西向(xiang)(xiang)。部分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)腳窩和(he)生土(tu)二層臺，個(ge)(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)壁龕，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)棺(guan)、一(yi)(yi)(yi)棺(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)槨(guo)或二棺(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)槨(guo)，槨(guo)蓋(gai)板(ban)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般為(wei)(wei)(wei)橫(heng)鋪，棺(guan)蓋(gai)板(ban)、底板(ban)和(he)槨(guo)底板(ban)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般為(wei)(wei)(wei)豎鋪（個(ge)(ge)別例外），四壁立板(ban)間多為(wei)(wei)(wei)榫卯(mao)結構。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)仰(yang)身直肢，個(ge)(ge)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)屈(qu)肢葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，未發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)俯身葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式。發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)腰(yao)坑和(he)腰(yao)坑殉狗的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)較(jiao)多，未發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)殉人。僅2008年發掘的M1發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)四個(ge)(ge)斜洞，其余墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)未發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)此類設施。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)物多放置在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)前，其余置于(yu)棺(guan)槨(guo)間、二層臺上(shang)、棺(guan)內或蓋(gai)板(ban)上(shang)，大(da)中型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以(yi)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)青銅器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，小(xiao)型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以(yi)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。青銅器(qi)(qi)種類豐富，食器(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)、工具、車(che)馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)等(deng)都有(you)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)組合主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)鬲、鬲罐(guan)、罐(guan)、鬲盆罐(guan)等(deng)等(deng)；玉(yu)、石、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)、貝(bei)和(he)串飾較(jiao)多；部分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)；個(ge)(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)金器(qi)(qi)；少(shao)部分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)未發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)物。

M1為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東西方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)，土坑豎穴，口(kou)小(xiao)(xiao)底大，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)長4.25米(mi)、寬3.22米(mi)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)底長4.6米(mi)、寬3.78米(mi)、自深9.75米(mi)，在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)平面(mian)四(si)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)外(wai)(wai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)4個(ge)通向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)洞，這(zhe)是繼絳縣橫(heng)水墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地之(zhi)后又一(yi)次發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)類似的(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)洞設施。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主頭向(xiang)西，仰身直下肢，一(yi)棺(guan)一(yi)槨，槨底有(you)(you)一(yi)腰坑。在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)二(er)層(ceng)臺(tai)之(zhi)上(shang)四(si)壁(bi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)11個(ge)壁(bi)龕，壁(bi)龕內(nei)(nei)放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)物，已發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)俎、罍、豆(dou)、壺、杯(bei)（雙(shuang)耳杯(bei)、單(dan)耳杯(bei)、角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)狀杯(bei)）、犧尊(zun)(zun)、坐屏等(deng)等(deng)，在(zai)一(yi)座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內(nei)(nei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)如此(ci)多的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)龕、并且(qie)在(zai)壁(bi)龕內(nei)(nei)放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)大量器(qi)(qi)(qi)物的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)考古中(zhong)(zhong)首見。在(zai)東部二(er)層(ceng)臺(tai)上(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)兩個(ge)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)俑(yong)，雙(shuang)足(zu)(zu)站立于漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)龜(gui)上(shang)，雙(shuang)手作持物狀，兩俑(yong)前面(mian)及(ji)側(ce)面(mian)放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)有(you)(you)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)原地區西周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內(nei)(nei)也是首見。在(zai)其他幾面(mian)二(er)層(ceng)臺(tai)上(shang)還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)帶木(mu)(mu)柄銅(tong)(tong)(tong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)盾牌等(deng)。在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)內(nei)(nei)棺(guan)槨之(zhi)間(jian)或棺(guan)蓋上(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了大量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)物，其中(zhong)(zhong)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)數量最多，包(bao)括禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工(gong)具(ju)、車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲(li)7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉(he)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶8 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單(dan)耳罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)，樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鐘(zhong)和(he)鐃3組8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)盾牌青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)飾昜、兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)、戟、矛、鉞等(deng)30余件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都具(ju)有(you)(you)非常高的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值，很(hen)多兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)遺存有(you)(you)木(mu)(mu)柄，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)具(ju)有(you)(you)斧(fu)、鑿、鏟等(deng)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)掛韁鉤(gou)、鑾鈴、車轄、當盧等(deng)，還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)原始瓷(ci)(ci)尊(zun)(zun)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)(ci)豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)(ci)瓿1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲(li)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、筒形(xing)尊(zun)(zun)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)杯(bei)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足(zu)(zu)盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)，此(ci)外(wai)(wai)還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)大量的(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜(gui)甲、鹿(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)。24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)足(zu)(zu)圓(yuan)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)，一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)足(zu)(zu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)，腹(fu)足(zu)(zu)帶扉棱圓(yuan)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)內(nei)(nei)壁(bi)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“伯作寶尊(zun)(zun)彝”，無扉棱柱(zhu)足(zu)(zu)圓(yuan)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，扁足(zu)(zu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)座(zuo)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui) 2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，豎條紋簋(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，喇叭形(xing)圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，內(nei)(nei)底鑄銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)“□父戊”，鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)式簋(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋、器(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)底有(you)(you)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)“芮公(gong)舍霸馬兩玉(yu)金(jin)用鑄簋(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)”，乳釘紋簋(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)三足(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋底對銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“霸中(zhong)(zhong)作旅彝”，4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)卣(you)形(xing)制略同，從大到(dao)小(xiao)(xiao)排列，前兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)制相(xiang)同，后兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)制相(xiang)同。其中(zhong)(zhong)最大的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卣(you)蓋內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“燕(yan)侯旨作姑妹寶尊(zun)(zun)彝”，卣(you)內(nei)(nei)置(zhi)酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)套7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)爵(jue)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“旨作父辛爵(jue)”。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)觶6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓋內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“析父丁(ding)”。從隨(sui)葬(zang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)判斷(duan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)男性。

M2為(wei)一座(zuo)三鼎墓(mu)(mu)，土壙豎穴，東西(xi)向，墓(mu)(mu)主頭向西(xi)，墓(mu)(mu)口長3.51米(mi)、寬(kuan)2.49米(mi)、墓(mu)(mu)底長4.2米(mi)、寬(kuan)3.47米(mi)、自深8.2米(mi)，兩棺一槨，墓(mu)(mu)主為(wei)女性，仰身(shen)直(zhi)肢。隨(sui)葬銅器(qi)有鼎3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鐘1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)，陶(tao)器(qi)有鬲(li)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足甕1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、未燒結碎陶(tao)器(qi)7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，玉石串飾(shi)7 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、項飾(shi)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、玉玦8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、握玉2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、柄形(xing)飾(shi)2組。另外(wai)還發現(xian)蚌(bang)器(qi)和貝等(deng)(deng)。在M2銅甗內壁發現(xian)有鑄銘“唯正月(yue)初吉霸（□）伯(bo)作寶甗其(qi)永用”。

M1017墓口長5米(mi)、寬3.4米(mi)、自深10米(mi)，口小底大(da)，墓主頭向西，有(you)(you)腰坑。墓室內(nei)(nei)發現(xian)大(da)量青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)、玉(yu)石(shi)器(qi)、錫器(qi)、蚌器(qi)、貝等，數(shu)十件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)青(qing)銅(tong)容器(qi)置于墓主頭前棺槨(guo)之間(jian)，其余(yu)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)發現(xian)于棺槨(guo)之間(jian)或棺蓋(gai)上(shang)。青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)種(zhong)類有(you)(you)食(shi)器(qi)、酒器(qi)、水器(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)、兵器(qi)、工具(ju)、車馬器(qi)等，青(qing)銅(tong)食(shi)器(qi)中鼎(ding)簋(gui)數(shu)量較多，計有(you)(you)方鼎(ding)5 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圓鼎(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盨2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斝1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盂(yu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甬(yong)鐘3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，青(qing)銅(tong)兵器(qi)戈、矛、鏃(zu)多件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，工具(ju)有(you)(you)鑿(zao)、刀等，金柄形器(qi)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，錫器(qi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，二層臺(tai)上(shang)發現(xian)陶鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)青(qing)銅(tong)盂(yu)、簋(gui)、豆等器(qi)內(nei)(nei)發現(xian)銘文，其中銅(tong)豆蓋(gai)內(nei)(nei)銘“霸伯作(zuo)大(da)寶(bao)尊彝其孫孫子子萬(wan)年(nian)永用”。此墓已整體(ti)搬遷至(zhi)室內(nei)(nei)進行發掘。

M2002墓(mu)口(kou)長2.75米(mi)、寬(kuan)1.68米(mi)、墓(mu)底(di)長3.83米(mi)、寬(kuan)2.83米(mi)、自深9.91米(mi)，口(kou)小(xiao)底(di)大，墓(mu)主頭向西，腰坑(keng)內殉(xun)狗1只，一(yi)(yi)棺一(yi)(yi)槨，墓(mu)主仰身直肢，為男性(xing)。隨葬銅(tong)鼎3件(jian)、簋3件(jian)、鬲2件(jian)、甗1件(jian)、盤(pan)1件(jian)、鳥尊形盉(he)1件(jian)，及大量(liang)的青銅(tong)兵(bing)器(qi)、車馬器(qi)和工具等(deng)，還發現陶鬲1件(jian)及鉛、玉、石、骨、蚌、貝等(deng)器(qi)物。其中出土的瓦棱紋扁腹圈足(zu)雙耳(er)銅(tong)簋的蓋、內底(di)鑄(zhu)有(you)銘文4行(xing)(xing)近30字，鳥尊形盉(he)蓋內鑄(zhu)銘文8行(xing)(xing)約50字。

M1034墓口(kou)長3米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)1.61米(mi)(mi)(mi)、墓底長3.15米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)1.86米(mi)(mi)(mi)、自深4.43米(mi)(mi)(mi)，口(kou)小(xiao)底大，墓主(zhu)(zhu)頭向西，腰坑內殉狗1只，一棺一槨，墓主(zhu)(zhu)仰身直(zhi)肢，雙手置于(yu)髖骨(gu)位置，為男(nan)性。隨葬銅(tong)鼎(ding)3件、銅(tong)簋2件，及大量(liang)的青銅(tong)兵器、車(che)馬器、漆器、蚌器和(he)貝等。

出土文物

“霸(ba)”國(guo)出現填(tian)補空白

在(zai)試掘階段，考古隊就發現這是一個(ge)諸(zhu)侯(hou)國君級別的(de)墓——墓葬二層臺四壁(bi)(bi)有11個(ge)壁(bi)(bi)龕，壁(bi)(bi)龕內放置(zhi)漆(qi)木(mu)器、原始瓷器、陶器等物。

從出(chu)土的(de)(de)青(qing)銅器(qi)上面(mian)的(de)(de)銘文(wen)確(que)證，大河口墓(mu)地墓(mu)主的(de)(de)國族名為(wei) “霸”，“霸伯”是(shi)這(zhe)里的(de)(de)最高權力擁有者。“霸”國的(de)(de)商、周文(wen)化因素都比較明(ming)顯，并具有自身獨特的(de)(de)文(wen)化風格。其人(ren)群應為(wei)狄人(ren)系統的(de)(de)一支，是(shi)被中原商周文(wen)化同化的(de)(de)狄人(ren)人(ren)群。相繼的(de)(de)考古(gu)發現，“霸”國和周王室(shi)以及(ji)晉國、倗(peng)國、燕國等國關系密切。

“霸(ba)”國(guo)與(yu)晉(jin)國(guo)相鄰。從墓地(di)規(gui)模(mo)及隨(sui)葬(zang)品(pin)推測(ce)，“霸(ba)”國(guo)應比晉(jin)國(guo)低一個檔次，屬于小國(guo)。在君(jun)主(zhu)稱(cheng)謂方(fang)面，晉(jin)國(guo)的(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu)被封為晉(jin)侯，而(er)“霸(ba)”國(guo)的(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu)則被稱(cheng)為霸(ba)伯。此(ci)外，兩國(guo)的(de)(de)墓葬(zang)規(gui)模(mo)也相距甚遠，晉(jin)國(guo)曲村(cun)墓地(di)的(de)(de)墓葬(zang)多(duo)(duo)達(da)20000多(duo)(duo)座，而(er)“霸(ba)”國(guo)大河口墓地(di)的(de)(de)墓葬(zang)僅有1500座左右，從這里也可反映出兩國(guo)國(guo)都人口規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)差(cha)距。

中國(guo)社會科(ke)學院考(kao)古所所長王巍認為(wei)，大河口西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓地的(de)發(fa)現揭示(shi)了不見于歷(li)史(shi)文獻記載的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)“霸(ba)”國(guo)的(de)歷(li)史(shi)及文化，并為(wei)研究西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)分封制(zhi)(zhi)度、器(qi)用制(zhi)(zhi)度和族群融合等問題(ti)提供了寶貴的(de)實物資料，填補了中國(guo)對(dui)西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)時期(qi)(qi)考(kao)古研究的(de)一(yi)項(xiang)空白。

稀有漆木俑保留完好

墓葬(zang)二層(ceng)臺四壁(bi)有11個壁(bi)龕，一座墓葬(zang)內發現如此(ci)多的(de)壁(bi)龕在西周考(kao)古上還是第一次，墓內隨(sui)葬(zang)漆木俑可(ke)能(neng)是目前(qian)中原地區出土最早的(de)實物資料。

考(kao)古(gu)隊在(zai)(zai)發掘墓葬(zang)的(de)填土工作中，在(zai)(zai)東邊二(er)(er)層臺上(shang)意外發掘出了重要寶物：兩個(ge)一(yi)米多高的(de)漆木(mu)(mu)俑(yong)雙足(zu)(zu)站立(li)于(yu)漆木(mu)(mu)龜(gui)上(shang)，雙手(shou)作持物狀，兩俑(yong)前(qian)面(mian)及側(ce)面(mian)放置漆木(mu)(mu)器，這在(zai)(zai)中原地區西周墓葬(zang)內也是首見。考(kao)古(gu)學家(jia)介紹，漆木(mu)(mu)器在(zai)(zai)兩種環(huan)境(jing)下易于(yu)保(bao)存：一(yi)是十(shi)分(fen)(fen)濕潤的(de)環(huan)境(jing)，二(er)(er)是十(shi)分(fen)(fen)干燥的(de)環(huan)境(jing)。在(zai)(zai)黃(huang)土高原忽干忽濕的(de)環(huan)境(jing)里，兩個(ge)漆木(mu)(mu)俑(yong)經數千(qian)年還能(neng)較為完好地保(bao)留下來，彌足(zu)(zu)珍貴(gui)。

山西省(sheng)考古所(suo)副所(suo)長(chang)謝(xie)堯亭介紹，中(zhong)華文化(hua)的一個(ge)顯著特征是禮(li)制。古人朝會、狩獵、宴享(xiang)、訓練軍隊(dui)等活(huo)動都強調‘秩序’。故而推測這兩(liang)個(ge)漆(qi)木俑與禮(li)制和(he)宗教有關系。

考(kao)古(gu)專家歷經兩年，清(qing)理出大量(liang)的漆木器遺存，包括漆木俑(yong)、俎、罍、豆、壺、犧尊、坐屏、杯、案(an)、盾牌、方彝等(deng)種類。

鳥盉

大河口西周墓葬還發掘出一個青銅鳥形器物，經鑒定是鳥盉（hé）。這件器(qi)物被視為大河口西周墓葬銅器(qi)中(zhong)的瑰寶(bao)，它為中(zhong)國(guo)青銅器(qi)發展史(shi)提供了一件新的器(qi)形。

在此(ci)(ci)件鳥形器物出土之(zhi)前，發現的(de)鳥尊大(da)多屬于酒器，簡單地說，就(jiu)是(shi)一種鳥形的(de)盛(sheng)酒器，用(yong)來在各類祭(ji)祀活動中盛(sheng)裝不(bu)同(tong)的(de)酒。距此(ci)(ci)二(er)三十公里的(de)北趙(zhao)晉侯墓地就(jiu)發現了鳥尊，被收藏在山(shan)西省博物院，是(shi)其“鎮院之(zhi)寶”。此(ci)(ci)次發現的(de)青銅(tong)鳥形器物與北趙(zhao)晉侯墓地發現的(de)鳥尊有所不(bu)同(tong)，腹部沒有管(guan)狀(zhuang)流。專家(jia)認為，大(da)河口這(zhe)件鳥形器物不(bu)是(shi)尊，而是(shi)盉。

謝堯亭介(jie)紹，商周(zhou)時期，盉(he)多是一(yi)種注(zhu)水的水器。按照商周(zhou)貴族禮儀，在祭祀、宴飲、典禮過程中，參(can)與者(zhe)要洗手(shou)盥洗。

侍者用(yong)盉將水(shui)倒出。在既往的(de)考古發現和傳世器物(wu)中(zhong)都未曾見過像大河口墓葬中(zhong)這樣(yang)的(de)鳥形(xing)盉。

鳥(niao)形盉的(de)出現也意外糾正了一個錯誤：山西省(sheng)博物院(yuan)收藏(zang)的(de)鳥(niao)尊在(zai)發掘時尾(wei)巴(ba)(ba)已斷，上海博物院(yuan)將尾(wei)巴(ba)(ba)修復為朝里卷(juan)。此次發現的(de)鳥(niao)形盉十分完整，它清晰地(di)顯(xian)示，鳥(niao)的(de)尾(wei)巴(ba)(ba)是朝外卷(juan)的(de)。

墓地價值

大(da)(da)河口西周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)這(zhe)一(yi)考古(gu)(gu)項(xiang)目受到業內專家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)肯定。來(lai)自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)國社會科(ke)學院(yuan)考古(gu)(gu)所(suo)所(suo)長(chang)王巍就在(zai)會上表示，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國西周(zhou)(zhou)封國墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)考古(gu)(gu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)收獲(huo)。青(qing)銅器(qi)銘文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)顯(xian)(xian)示，“霸(ba)”是(shi)這(zhe)處墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國族名，“霸(ba)伯(bo)(bo)”是(shi)其最高(gao)權力擁有(you)者，“霸(ba)”器(qi)曾(ceng)見(jian)于以往的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅器(qi)著錄(lu)，在(zai)《殷周(zhou)(zhou)金文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)集成》中(zhong)(zhong)著錄(lu)有(you)“霸(ba)姞作(zuo)寶尊彝”鼎簋，曲(qu)村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)M6197也(ye)曾(ceng)出土過(guo)一(yi)件(jian)“霸(ba)伯(bo)(bo)作(zuo)寶尊彝”銅簋。雖(sui)然“霸(ba)”是(shi)國名，但不(bu)見(jian)于傳世的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻記(ji)載，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面積和(he)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)埋藏數量(liang)顯(xian)(xian)示，當(dang)時(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)河口人(ren)(ren)(ren)群規模(mo)不(bu)大(da)(da)，推測(ce)其所(suo)居(ju)城邑和(he)所(suo)轄區域也(ye)不(bu)會很(hen)大(da)(da)。可是(shi)銘文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)上又(you)顯(xian)(xian)示它與(yu)晉、燕等(deng)國和(he)周(zhou)(zhou)王朝都有(you)往來(lai)關系，從(cong)埋葬(zang)習(xi)俗看，大(da)(da)河口墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭向(xiang)、腰坑(keng)、殉狗、斜洞、使用日(ri)名等(deng)習(xi)俗與(yu)絳(jiang)縣橫水(shui)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)相似；車馬坑(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布局(ju)、無俯身葬(zang)、無殉人(ren)(ren)(ren)等(deng)現象又(you)與(yu)天馬—曲(qu)村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)有(you)共同之處；陶器(qi)組合(he)(he)和(he)青(qing)銅器(qi)風格又(you)具(ju)有(you)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征，商(shang)、周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)因素都比(bi)較明顯(xian)(xian)，自(zi)身文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)特(te)色獨具(ju)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)時(shi)(shi)代橫貫西周(zhou)(zhou)，晚期進(jin)入春(chun)秋初年，其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主人(ren)(ren)(ren)群應為狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支，是(shi)被中(zhong)(zhong)原商(shang)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)同化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)面貌顯(xian)(xian)示其人(ren)(ren)(ren)群相對單純。大(da)(da)河口西周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現為研究(jiu)西周(zhou)(zhou)時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分封制度(du)、器(qi)用制度(du)和(he)族群融合(he)(he)等(deng)歷(li)史和(he)考古(gu)(gu)問題等(deng)具(ju)有(you)重要(yao)意義。

中(zhong)新(xin)網太原6月9日電(胡健)記者9日傍(bang)晚從(cong)山西(xi)省考古研究所獲(huo)悉，山西(xi)翼城縣大(da)河口西(xi)周墓地成功入選2010年度(du)中(zhong)國(guo)十大(da)考古新(xin)發現。

山西(xi)(xi)翼城縣(xian)大河(he)口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周墓(mu)地是新(xin)發現的一處西(xi)(xi)周封(feng)國墓(mu)地，發現的眾多青銅器銘文(wen)中的“霸伯”是這里的最(zui)高權(quan)力擁(yong)有(you)者。

“霸”是其國名，“霸”國未見于傳世的(de)文獻記載，山西省(sheng)考古研(yan)究所副(fu)所長謝(xie)堯亭(ting)在(zai)報告中指出。銘文資料顯(xian)示(shi)，“霸”與晉、北(bei)燕(yan)、芮等國曾有往(wang)來。在(zai)大河(he)口(kou)(kou)墓(mu)地(di)，商、周(zhou)文化(hua)因素(su)都比較明顯(xian)，自身特色也很鮮明，墓(mu)葬時代(dai)橫貫西周(zhou)，晚期已進(jin)入春秋初年。大河(he)口(kou)(kou)墓(mu)地(di)的(de)發現為(wei)研(yan)究西周(zhou)分(fen)封制(zhi)度(du)和西周(zhou)史提供了重要資料，對(dui)探討諸侯(hou)制(zhi)度(du)具有重要意義。

2007年(nian)5月(yue)，大河口墓地因(yin)被盜被發現，同年(nian)9月(yue)至次年(nian)5月(yue)進行(xing)了(le)考(kao)古(gu)勘探和(he)試掘，2008年(nian)9月(yue)至12月(yue)進行(xing)了(le)全面(mian)普探，2009年(nian)5月(yue)至2011年(nian)5月(yue)進行(xing)了(le)大規(gui)模搶救性(xing)發掘。

大河(he)口墓地(di)位于山西(xi)(xi)省南部(bu)(bu)翼(yi)城縣城以東(dong)約(yue)6公里處(chu)(chu)，墓地(di)四周(zhou)(zhou)除了(le)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)與西(xi)(xi)側(ce)臺地(di)相接外皆為(wei)溝壑，澮(kuai)河(he)干流(liu)和支流(liu)分(fen)別(bie)縈繞(rao)其(qi)西(xi)(xi)、南兩側(ce)流(liu)過(guo)，地(di)勢為(wei)北(bei)(bei)高南低(di)的向(xiang)陽緩(huan)坡地(di)，北(bei)(bei)方為(wei)太(tai)岳山余(yu)脈二峰(feng)山，東(dong)、南方為(wei)太(tai)行山余(yu)脈翔山，西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)凸起的丘陵山地(di)，西(xi)(xi)南為(wei)澮(kuai)河(he)沖積谷地(di)。在墓地(di)周(zhou)(zhou)圍發現了(le)幾處(chu)(chu)不(bu)同(tong)時期的遺址(zhi)，其(qi)中西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)遺址(zhi)位于墓地(di)西(xi)(xi)南約(yue)0.5公里處(chu)(chu)。墓地(di)分(fen)布面積約(yue)4萬余(yu)平(ping)方米(mi)，埋藏西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓葬約(yue)1500余(yu)座。

此次“2010年度全(quan)國(guo)(guo)十大(da)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)新發現”由國(guo)(guo)家(jia)文(wen)物局主辦(ban)，自(zi)2010年11月(yue)底啟(qi)動(dong)，從2010年1月(yue)1日～12月(yue)31日期間(jian)在中國(guo)(guo)境內進行發掘(jue)的合法(fa)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)項目(mu)(mu)中遴選(xuan)出56個候選(xuan)項目(mu)(mu)進入初(chu)評。初(chu)評由國(guo)(guo)家(jia)文(wen)物局考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)專家(jia)組成員、中國(guo)(guo)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)學(xue)會常務理(li)事(shi)(shi)和理(li)事(shi)(shi)、中國(guo)(guo)65 家(jia)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)發掘(jue)資質單(dan)位共同(tong)參與投票，最終，有25個項目(mu)(mu)入圍。

此次(ci)2010年(nian)度(du)中國十大考古新發現的具體名(ming)單為：河南(nan)新鄭望京樓夏商時期城(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、山(shan)東濟南(nan)大辛(xin)莊(zhuang)商代(dai)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、山(shan)西(xi)(xi)翼城(cheng)縣大河口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓地、江蘇(su)蘇(su)州市(shi)木瀆古城(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)西(xi)(xi)安(an)鳳棲原西(xi)(xi)漢家族(zu)墓地、新疆鄯(shan)善吐峪溝石(shi)窟群和佛寺(si)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)藍田北宋呂氏家族(zu)墓園、湖南(nan)永順老司城(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、江蘇(su)南(nan)京大報恩寺(si)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、廣東汕頭(tou)“南(nan)澳1號”明代(dai)沉船遺址(zhi)(zhi)。