茈碧湖位于(yu)云(yun)南(nan)省大(da)(da)理洱源縣東北部,距洱源縣城約3公(gong)里(li)(li),距大(da)(da)理以北73公(gong)里(li)(li),距離劍川石寶山風景區(qu)以南(nan)58公(gong)里(li)(li)。東、北靠山,西南(nan)連田,南(nan)北狹長,是高(gao)原(yuan)斷陷溶(rong)蝕洼地形成的天(tian)然淡(dan)水(shui)湖泊,是洱海上游的主要(yao)湖泊之一,也是洱海的源頭了,鄧川壩子的灌溉水(shui)源主要(yao)靠它。
湖泊(bo)面(mian)積(ji)7.86平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),南北長(chang)(chang)6公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),東西寬最(zui)大2.5公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),湖岸線總長(chang)(chang)7公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),平均水(shui)深(shen)18米,最(zui)大水(shui)深(shen)32米,湖水(shui)碧綠透明,湖中盛(sheng)產(chan)的茈碧花屬睡蓮科,葉呈心臟(zang)形,浮于水(shui)面(mian),莖長(chang)(chang)七八(ba)尺,根(gen)扎(zha)在水(shui)底泥中,夏(xia)季(ji)開(kai)花,類似蓮蓬,多為(wei)黃白色,每(mei)天中午2時(shi)至下午4時(shi)開(kai)放,其余(yu)時(shi)間閉合為(wei)花蕾狀,清香撲鼻,湖也因此花而得名。
湖(hu)(hu)泊面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)7.86平方公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(加(jia)西(xi)南(nan)側(ce)的草海(hai),則為(wei)(wei)8.46平方公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)長6.1公(gong)里(li)(li)(li),東西(xi)寬最(zui)大2.5公(gong)里(li)(li)(li),最(zui)小0.75公(gong)里(li)(li)(li),湖(hu)(hu)岸線(xian)總(zong)長17公(gong)里(li)(li)(li),平均水(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)11米(mi),最(zui)大水(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)32米(mi),平均水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫14Yc湖(hu)(hu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)最(zui)低海(hai)拔2052.8米(mi),正常蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)2056.2米(mi),總(zong)庫(ku)容9322.4萬立方米(mi)(其(qi)中灌(guan)溉庫(ku)容1877萬立方米(mi),徑流(liu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)6如.1平方公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)),湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)碧(bi)(bi)綠透(tou)明,年(nian)產鮮(xian)魚近百噸。湖(hu)(hu)中盛產芘碧(bi)(bi)花(hua),構成水(shui)(shui)(shui)花(hua)奇(qi)觀,“芘碧(bi)(bi)湖(hu)(hu)”由此得名。茈碧(bi)(bi)花(hua)屬睡(shui)蓮(lian)(lian)科,葉呈心臟形,浮于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)(mian),莖長七八尺,扎(zha)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)底泥中,夏季開花(hua),類似蓮(lian)(lian)蓬,多為(wei)(wei)黃白色,每天中午12時至下午4時開放,其(qi)余時間閉合為(wei)(wei)花(hua)蕾(lei)狀,清香撲(pu)鼻。這種水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)花(hua)卉(hui),在日本稱(cheng)作“子午蓮(lian)(lian)”,屬珍(zhen)貴植物。死碧(bi)(bi)湖(hu)(hu)背靠青山,面(mian)(mian)(mian)對(dui)壩子,環(huan)境優(you)美。湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)梨園,西(xi)而為(wei)(wei)黑谷山,山麓(lu)湖(hu)(hu)岸曾建澄碧(bi)(bi)樓和(he)龍王廟,每年(nian)農(nong)歷(li)七月(yue)二(er)十三為(wei)(wei)廟會(hui)期,沿湖(hu)(hu)群眾對(dui)歌放海(hai)燈,只見湖(hu)(hu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)海(hai)泛(fan)(fan)金波,爭奇(qi)競秀。湖(hu)(hu)內盛產的茈碧(bi)(bi)花(hua),有(you)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)花(hua)樹”奇(qi)觀,楊升底曾撰《泛(fan)(fan)湖(hu)(hu)窮源碑》志其(qi)勝。
茈碧湖水源充沛,北(bei)有彌茨河(he),南(nan)有鳳(feng)羽河(he),還有鳳(feng)河(he)和潛流源源匯入。
湖(hu)泊(bo)(bo)徑流區的(de)侵蝕基準面(mian)(mian),除南端(duan)低洼(wa)為泄水(shui)(shui)(shui)道外,四(si)周地(di)表和地(di)下的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)在湖(hu)內(nei)匯集。輸水(shui)(shui)(shui)干渠??海尾(wei)河長8.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),下泄彌苴河,注(zhu)入洱海。清(qing)嘉慶十三年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元1808年(nian))水(shui)(shui)(shui)淹洱源壩子(zi)時(shi),湖(hu)面(mian)(mian)曾(ceng)擴大到(dao)28.36平方公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。建(jian)(jian)國后,茈碧湖(hu)為縣內(nei)重點水(shui)(shui)(shui)利工程,幾經修建(jian)(jian),筑堤(di)圍(wei)湖(hu),基本(ben)設施已(yi)(yi)經配(pei)套,成了用于(yu)灌溉6萬多畝農(nong)田(tian)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫。1955年(nian)3月至1956年(nian)9月,將(jiang)“南映山光(guang),北(bei)接(jie)海子(zi),有堤(di)界其中”的(de)湖(hu)泊(bo)(bo)縮(suo)小,建(jian)(jian)成中型水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫。該湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)無(wu)色無(wu)味,透明,色度(du)平均8.5度(du),硬(ying)度(du)69.7毫克/升(sheng),屬天然地(di)面(mian)(mian)軟(ruan)水(shui)(shui)(shui),PH值平均8.15,溶(rong)解氧(yang)平均7.歷毫克/升(sheng),各種金(jin)屬含量(liang)很低。有機污染評(ping)價(jia)為二級(ji)(尚清(qing)潔(jie)級(ji)),毒物(wu)污染指數(shu)評(ping)價(jia)為一級(ji)(清(qing)潔(jie))。外湖(hu)已(yi)(yi)出(chu)現(xian)沼澤化。現(xian)環海公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)岸柳成蔭,湖(hu)光(guang)山色相映成趣,已(yi)(yi)成為優美的(de)風景區和療養(yang)勝地(di)。
在茈碧湖(hu)(hu)中,還有(you)一(yi)種罕見的(de)(de)自然(ran)景觀,叫“水花樹”。每當風和日麗的(de)(de)日子,如(ru)果乘船到湖(hu)(hu)心,就有(you)可能欣賞到這樣(yang)的(de)(de)奇景:在碧綠透明的(de)(de)深水中,從下而上,冒出一(yi)串串晶亮的(de)(de)水珠,在陽光的(de)(de)映照下,就像(xiang)一(yi)株掛滿珍珠的(de)(de)玉樹。