吉林(lin)(lin)(lin)汪清嘎呀河(he)國家濕地(di)(di)(di)公園位于延(yan)邊(bian)州汪清縣天橋嶺(ling)林(lin)(lin)(lin)業局北(bei)部(bu)的(de)八人溝林(lin)(lin)(lin)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。北(bei)部(bu)與正(zheng)在(zai)規劃的(de)吉林(lin)(lin)(lin)天橋嶺(ling)東(dong)北(bei)虎保護(hu)區相鄰、南(nan)接天橋嶺(ling)鎮(zhen)響(xiang)水村北(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)西主要以(yi)公路及農田等(deng)標志物為界,范圍包括八人溝林(lin)(lin)(lin)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)6、10、11、26、18、38、23、48、49、64、63、71、72、77、81、84、85 南(nan)市(shi)林(lin)(lin)(lin)班(ban)部(bu)分區域。地(di)(di)(di)理坐(zuo)標為北(bei)緯 43°47′44″~43°54′47″N,東(dong)經(jing)129°48′33″ ~129°51′38″E,總面積(ji)1161.0hm2。主要分為河(he)流(liu)濕地(di)(di)(di)、沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)濕地(di)(di)(di)和人工(gong)濕地(di)(di)(di)3大類,森林(lin)(lin)(lin)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、灌叢沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、草(cao)本沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)化(hua)草(cao)甸(dian)、水產養殖(zhi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、庫塘和稻田8個型(xing)。
濕地公(gong)園主(zhu)體屬圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)水系,其中嘎(ga)呀河(he)是公(gong)園內(nei)主(zhu)要河(he)流(liu),起源于汪清(qing)北側草帽(mao)子(zi)頂(ding)山附近,流(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積為6242km2,與海蘭(lan)江(jiang)匯(hui)合流(liu)入(ru)圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang),屬圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)一級(ji)支流(liu),流(liu)長(chang)108.7km,寬15~25m,河(he)深1.2m,流(liu)速每秒0.6m。公(gong)園內(nei)嘎(ga)呀河(he)流(liu)長(chang)14.4km,流(liu)域(yu)多年平均地表水資源總量(liang)為26.87×108m3。
根據濕地景觀的異質性,濕地公(gong)園內的土(tu)壤分為受(shou)淹(yan)土(tu)壤和非受(shou)淹(yan)土(tu)壤兩(liang)大類(lei)型(xing)。(1)受(shou)淹(yan)土(tu)壤類(lei)型(xing):一(yi)般可分為草甸土(tu)、草甸沼澤土(tu)和水(shui)下沉積物三種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)。(2)非受(shou)淹(yan)土(tu)壤類(lei)型(xing):主要有灰棕壤、沖(chong)積土(tu)和水(shui)稻土(tu)等(deng)三種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)。
本區植(zhi)(zhi)物區系組成比較復(fu)雜,野生植(zhi)(zhi)物資源(yuan)十分豐富。據初步(bu)調查統計,濕地(di)(di)(di)公園內(nei)有野生植(zhi)(zhi)物共計308種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)濕地(di)(di)(di)蘚類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物4科4屬(shu)12種(zhong)(zhong);濕地(di)(di)(di)維管(guan)束植(zhi)(zhi)物296種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)于60科,149屬(shu),其中(zhong)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物6科8屬(shu)13種(zhong)(zhong);種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物54科141屬(shu)283種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物1科4屬(shu)5種(zhong)(zhong),被(bei)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物53科137屬(shu)278種(zhong)(zhong)。
濕(shi)地(di)公園內野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源豐富。縱(zong)向穿過濕(shi)地(di)公園的(de)嘎呀河流域水資(zi)源十分(fen)豐富,區(qu)域內形成大面積草本(ben)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)、灌叢(cong)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)、森(sen)林沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)和沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)化草甸。區(qu)域地(di)形特殊,植被類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)多樣(yang),造就復雜多樣(yang)的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)環境,為野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)提供(gong)了(le)適宜的(de)繁(fan)衍、棲息生(sheng)境。根(gen)據實地(di)考察(cha)和資(zi)料查詢,該區(qu)域分(fen)布有脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)206種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)林省(sheng)已知脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)數的(de)35.2%,分(fen)別(bie)隸(li)屬(shu)于(yu)5綱30目(mu)71科(ke)。其中:魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)22種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)林省(sheng)魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)數的(de)20.2%,分(fen)別(bie)隸(li)屬(shu)5目(mu)6科(ke)。兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)10種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)別(bie)隸(li)屬(shu)2目(mu)5科(ke),占(zhan)吉(ji)林省(sheng)兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)總(zong)數的(de)62.5%。爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)林省(sheng)爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)總(zong)數的(de)61.1%,分(fen)別(bie)隸(li)屬(shu)2個(ge)亞目(mu)4科(ke)。鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)132種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)別(bie)隸(li)屬(shu)16目(mu)41科(ke),占(zhan)吉(ji)林省(sheng)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)數的(de)37%。哺乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)32種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)別(bie)隸(li)屬(shu)6目(mu)15科(ke)。
在濕(shi)地公(gong)園分布的206種(zhong)野(ye)生脊(ji)椎(zhui)動物(wu)中,共有國家保(bao)護野(ye)生動物(wu)26種(zhong),其中:國家一級保(bao)護野(ye)生動物(wu)2種(zhong),即金(jin)雕和(he)紫(zi)貂;國家II級保(bao)護動物(wu)24種(zhong),其中鳥類(lei)20種(zhong),包括白(bai)額雁、鴛鴦、黑(hei)鳶、禿(tu)鷲、白(bai)頭鷂(yao)、鵲鷂(yao)、日本松雀鷹、雀鷹、蒼鷹、普通鵟、大鵟、紅隼、紅腳隼、花尾榛雞、領角鸮(xiao)(xiao)、紅角鸮(xiao)(xiao)、雕鸮(xiao)(xiao)、長尾林(lin)鸮(xiao)(xiao)、長耳鸮(xiao)(xiao)和(he)短耳鸮(xiao)(xiao),哺乳類(lei)3種(zhong),即黑(hei)熊、水(shui)獺(ta)和(he)馬鹿;另有國家保(bao)護水(shui)生動物(wu)1種(zhong),即細鱗魚。
吉林汪(wang)清嘎(ga)呀(ya)河(he)國家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園以優(you)美的(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)景(jing)觀(guan)、豐富的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性(xing)以及(ji)深厚的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)底蘊,成為濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)教(jiao)學、科研(yan)及(ji)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)旅(lv)游(you)的(de)(de)(de)理想場所,使游(you)人(ren)(ren)在體驗(yan)優(you)美濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)、森林景(jing)觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),感性(xing)化(hua)接(jie)受濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)重(zhong)大意(yi)(yi)義、濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)科普(pu)知識(shi)等,可(ke)(ke)以促進全民參與(yu)(yu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)氛圍的(de)(de)(de)逐步形(xing)成,對于推(tui)進濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)事業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)全面發展具有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)作用和(he)意(yi)(yi)義。同時(shi),可(ke)(ke)以讓(rang)更(geng)多人(ren)(ren)認識(shi)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di),感受濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)文化(hua),了解保(bao)(bao)護(hu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)及(ji)其野生(sheng)動(dong)植物(wu)、保(bao)(bao)護(hu)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing),培(pei)養人(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)和(he)諧的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)價值觀(guan)和(he)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)倫(lun)理道德觀(guan),增(zeng)強(qiang)人(ren)(ren)們愛護(hu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)、保(bao)(bao)護(hu)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)覺(jue)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)。促進企(qi)業(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)外界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流,進一步改善企(qi)業(ye)(ye)運行和(he)投融資(zi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)以及(ji)提升企(qi)業(ye)(ye)良好的(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)形(xing)象具有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)作用。