貴州納(na)雍大坪箐國家濕地公園位于貴州省納(na)雍縣(xian)、總面積1074公頃(qing)。距縣(xian)城約40公里,地理坐標(biao)東經105°26'19"~105°29'52",北緯26°40'01"~26°42'20"。地處(chu)烏(wu)江(jiang)北源(yuan)六(liu)沖(chong)河上游,山頂上的(de)沼澤(ze)濕地是烏(wu)江(jiang)上游的(de)隱形水庫和碳(tan)庫,它與(yu)大坪箐水庫、溝谷及山頂緩丘上的(de)中亞(ya)熱帶(dai)常綠闊葉林(lin)互(hu)為補充,持續地為河流供給水源(yuan),發揮著(zhu)強大的(de)蓄(xu)水能力和碳(tan)匯功能。是一(yi)個蘚類沼澤(ze)、草本沼澤(ze)、灌叢沼澤(ze)、森林(lin)沼澤(ze)、庫塘組成的(de)集合體,是典(dian)型的(de)云貴高原中山沼澤(ze)濕地。
為了落(luo)實國(guo)家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)分類分級保(bao)護(hu)管理措施,有效(xiao)保(bao)護(hu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)資源,2013年,納雍(yong)(yong)縣(xian)人民(min)政(zheng)府決(jue)定建(jian)設(she)大坪(ping)箐國(guo)家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)(gong)園。濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)(gong)園規劃(hua)總面(mian)積1074.0公(gong)(gong)頃,濕(shi)(shi)地(di)面(mian)積551.4公(gong)(gong)頃,濕(shi)(shi)地(di)率51.3%。所在地(di)土(tu)地(di)所有權屬國(guo)有,由國(guo)有納雍(yong)(yong)林場經營(ying),沒有村莊分布(bu)其中(zhong);氣(qi)候屬中(zhong)亞熱帶季風濕(shi)(shi)潤氣(qi)候;土(tu)壤以(yi)黃棕壤為主,沼(zhao)澤(ze)分布(bu)區多發(fa)育形成沼(zhao)澤(ze)土(tu)或草甸土(tu)。
大坪(ping)箐(qing)火山(shan)(shan)玄武巖(yan)山(shan)(shan)頂波狀(zhuang)起伏(fu)的(de)地貌(mao)(mao),是海拔2000~2100米的(de)平(ping)頂山(shan)(shan)地貌(mao)(mao),與山(shan)(shan)下(xia)地形相對高差500~600米,整體(ti)屬侵蝕剝蝕中山(shan)(shan)地貌(mao)(mao)類型。濕(shi)地墊面(mian)為(wei)大量(liang)的(de)飽水泥炭蘚(xian)或濕(shi)生(sheng)植物,具(ju)有(you)水汽蒸發(fa)(fa)充分和熱(re)容量(liang)大的(de)特點。公園山(shan)(shan)頂常年云霧(wu)繚繞,形成獨特的(de)局地氣(qi)候,表現(xian)出明顯常年水霧(wu)氣(qi)候的(de)“水平(ping)降水”,匯(hui)合成烏(wu)江(jiang)源頭的(de)山(shan)(shan)頂濕(shi)地水源,與大坪(ping)箐(qing)水庫互為(wei)補充,山(shan)(shan)體(ti)溝谷有(you)大量(liang)發(fa)(fa)育良好(hao)的(de)中亞熱(re)帶常綠落葉、闊(kuo)葉林(lin)有(you)強大的(de)蓄水能力,在(zai)保障烏(wu)江(jiang)及(ji)其下(xia)游(you)長江(jiang)水系的(de)生(sheng)態安全和維持區域水平(ping)衡中發(fa)(fa)揮了(le)重要作用。
這(zhe)里主要濕地(di)植物(wu)植物(wu)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)有多(duo)紋泥炭蘚(xian)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)、金發蘚(xian)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)、曲尾蘚(xian)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)、燈心草(cao)+通泉草(cao)—多(duo)紋泥炭蘚(xian)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)、棒頭草(cao)+大(da)理苔草(cao)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)、桃(tao)葉杜鵑+小果(guo)南(nan)燭—曲尾蘚(xian)、小果(guo)南(nan)燭+山(shan)礬+西南(nan)山(shan)茶—曲尾蘚(xian)等。
據統計,濕地(di)公園分布(bu)有(you)(you)野生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)780種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)苔蘚(xian)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)43科75屬157種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),主要種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)(you)泥炭蘚(xian)、曲尾蘚(xian)、金發(fa)蘚(xian)等(deng);蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)25科44屬80種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);野生種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)543種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)4科5屬7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)111科331屬536種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中受(shou)國(guo)家保護(hu)(hu)的珍稀瀕(bin)危(wei)野生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)5科5屬5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家Ⅰ級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)光葉珙桐、云貴水(shui)韭(jiu)、紅豆杉(shan)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕地(di)公園為我國(guo)特有(you)(you)瀕(bin)危(wei)水(shui)生蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)云貴水(shui)韭(jiu)的新分布(bu)地(di)。Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)十齒花、香果(guo)樹2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
濕(shi)地公園已知的脊椎動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)131種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)45科(ke)(ke)98屬(shu),其中獸(shou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)17科(ke)(ke)31屬(shu)38種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國家Ⅱ級(ji)重點(dian)保(bao)護動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)穿山甲、斑(ban)靈貍等(deng)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)20科(ke)(ke)51屬(shu)73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國家Ⅱ級(ji)重點(dian)保(bao)護動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)鳶(yuan)、紅隼(sun)、白腹錦雞等(deng)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);兩棲(qi)爬行動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)8科(ke)(ke)16屬(shu)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),受保(bao)護種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)3科(ke)(ke)3屬(shu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國家Ⅱ級(ji)重點(dian)保(bao)護動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)貴州(zhou)疣螈。這(zhe)里是白鷺等(deng)侯鳥的重要遷徙路線。
納雍縣委縣政府高度重(zhong)視大坪箐(qing)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園建設工作,成(cheng)立(li)了國(guo)家(jia)(jia)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園建設領導小組,并(bing)于2013年編制完成(cheng)了《貴(gui)州(zhou)納雍大坪箐(qing)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園總(zong)體規劃(hua)》。2013年12月31日國(guo)家(jia)(jia)林業局(ju)同意貴(gui)州(zhou)大坪箐(qing)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園試點工作。《規劃(hua)》從功能上將濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園劃(hua)分為保育區、恢(hui)復重(zhong)建區、宣教展示區、合理(li)利用區、管(guan)理(li)服務區五(wu)大功能區。其中:
保(bao)育區(qu)面積(ji)951.4公(gong)頃,占公(gong)園(yuan)總面積(ji)88.6%;該區(qu)域以森(sen)林(lin)沼澤保(bao)護與保(bao)育為核心,加(jia)強區(qu)域內林(lin)草植被的(de)(de)保(bao)護與恢復;有效(xiao)保(bao)護獸(shou)類、鳥類等動(dong)物良好的(de)(de)棲(qi)息地,維持濕地—森(sen)林(lin)復合(he)生(sheng)態系統結構和功能的(de)(de)完整(zheng)性,增強恢復濕地生(sheng)態功能和生(sheng)物多樣性。
恢(hui)復(fu)重建(jian)區面(mian)積29.2公頃,占公園總面(mian)積的2.7%;通過濕(shi)地(di)基底和植被恢(hui)復(fu)建(jian)設,全面(mian)恢(hui)復(fu)濕(shi)地(di)生態系(xi)統(tong)。
宣(xuan)教展示區面(mian)積44.8公頃,占公園總(zong)面(mian)積4.2%;在該區域內(nei)充分利用濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)資源和景觀,通(tong)過科普宣(xuan)教和宣(xuan)傳畫廊等工(gong)程建設,全(quan)面(mian)宣(xuan)傳濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、介(jie)紹(shao)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),提高(gao)人們(men)對濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)保護意識(shi)。是(shi)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)教育(yu)、宣(xuan)傳展示的(de)場(chang)所。
合理利用(yong)區面積29.4公頃,占公園總面積2.7%;;通過開展登山(shan)、攀(pan)巖等競技(ji)活(huo)動及生(sheng)態觀光(guang)活(huo)動,發揮濕(shi)地(di)多重(zhong)效益,保障公園可持續(xu)發展。
管(guan)理(li)服務區面(mian)積19.2公(gong)頃,占公(gong)園總面(mian)積1.8%。是公(gong)園綜(zong)合管(guan)理(li)、服務接待的區域。
大坪箐(qing)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公園有獨特的(de)(de)高中(zhong)山沼澤(ze)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di),五(wu)彩(cai)繽紛(fen)的(de)(de)四(si)季(ji)野花(hua),涼(liang)爽宜人的(de)(de)氣(qi)候(hou)條件,得(de)天(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)民俗文(wen)化,其中(zhong)民族精粹“滾山珠”更(geng)是被文(wen)化部列入第(di)一(yi)(yi)批國家(jia)級非物質(zhi)文(wen)化遺產(chan)名錄。大坪箐(qing)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)是一(yi)(yi)個走近濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)、了(le)解濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)、休閑旅游的(de)(de)絕佳去處。