長江天鵝(e)洲白鰭豚國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)有(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬(shu)于(yu)64科(ke)(ke)168屬(shu)。共有(you)高等陸(lu)生脊(ji)椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)(qi)中，鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)14目33科(ke)(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中包(bao)括(kuo)中國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)一(yi)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，二(er)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；獸(shou)類(lei)(lei)6目8科(ke)(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包(bao)括(kuo)國(guo)家(jia)一(yi)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)白暨豚和麋鹿，二(er)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)長江江豚；兩棲類(lei)(lei)1目3科(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)2目6科(ke)(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)調查的(de)(de)(de)(de)最高記錄曾達到77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分屬(shu)18科(ke)(ke)，其(qi)(qi)中鯉形目種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占67.5%，是“四大家(jia)魚(yu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)天然種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資(zi)源(yuan)庫。故道水體共有(you)浮(fu)游植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，浮(fu)游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據(ju)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)(xiang)對豐度的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義(yi)——相(xiang)(xiang)對豐度是指該(gai)區(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量占所屬(shu)行(xing)政(zheng)省區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例。湖北省約(yue)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右(you)；陸(lu)生脊(ji)椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右(you)，魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，脊(ji)椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)共計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據(ju)此可以(yi)粗略(lve)的(de)(de)(de)(de)估(gu)算出(chu)天鵝(e)洲動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)對物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐度。高等植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)對豐度比較(jiao)低，僅約(yue)占全省植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)6.4%，按(an)標準規(gui)定屬(shu)于(yu)“相(xiang)(xiang)對較(jiao)低”的(de)(de)(de)(de)水平；動(dong)(dong)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)約(yue)占全省脊(ji)椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)41.7%，屬(shu)于(yu)“相(xiang)(xiang)對較(jiao)高”的(de)(de)(de)(de)水平。
天(tian)鵝(e)洲白(bai)鰭豚國家級自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區位于江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)平原南(nan)緣，由于地(di)勢低(di)平，水(shui)流(liu)的擺動和沖刷，長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)荊江(jiang)(jiang)河道(dao)形成“九曲回腸(chang)”的獨特(te)景觀，后(hou)經(jing)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)或人(ren)工裁(cai)彎(wan)取直(zhi)留下(xia)了眾多(duo)的故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)(牛軛湖)。天(tian)鵝(e)洲故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)是1972年(nian)(nian)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)截彎(wan)取直(zhi)而成。故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)呈新月(yue)形，環繞天(tian)鵝(e)島，天(tian)鵝(e)島呈橢圓(yuan)形，東南(nan)側在(zai)枯水(shui)期(qi)與小河鎮相連，呈半島型；汛(xun)期(qi)則完全(quan)被(bei)故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)包圍。1998年(nian)(nian)大洪水(shui)后(hou)，為(wei)(wei)了保護故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)區人(ren)民的生(sheng)命財(cai)產安全(quan)，在(zai)漁政站、春風閘(zha)(zha)一帶修筑了平均高(gao)(gao)度達38.5米的圍堤，之后(hou)又在(zai)此基礎(chu)上(shang)加高(gao)(gao)1米，即現在(zai)的沙(sha)灘子大堤，僅有(you)下(xia)口閘(zha)(zha)在(zai)汛(xun)期(qi)通過人(ren)為(wei)(wei)調控與長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)相連。 天(tian)鵝(e)洲濕(shi)地(di)以故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)水(shui)面為(wei)(wei)最低(di)，山(shan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)淺灘逐漸向江(jiang)(jiang)岸增高(gao)(gao)。平均海拔(ba)一般35米左右，最高(gao)(gao)點(dian)為(wei)(wei)38.44米，最低(di)點(dian)32.91米，相對高(gao)(gao)差不大。一年(nian)(nian)一度的江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)泛濫，加上(shang)洞庭湖的頂托，流(liu)速降低(di)，泥(ni)沙(sha)淤積，形成大片的蘆葦沼澤濕(shi)地(di)。
天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚國家(jia)級自然(ran)保護區屬于亞熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)季(ji)(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候。保護區內(nei)的(de)年(nian)太(tai)陽輻射總量達106千卡/平(ping)(ping)(ping)方厘米，能充分(fen)滿(man)足植物光(guang)合作用的(de)需要。全(quan)年(nian)日照(zhao)(zhao)總時(shi)(shi)數(shu)1844小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)左(zuo)石(shi)，夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)初秋(qiu)日照(zhao)(zhao)多，月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)(zhao)時(shi)(shi)數(shu)達215小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)的(de)有7個(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)（4-10月(yue)(yue)(yue)），全(quan)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)每天(tian)(tian)日照(zhao)(zhao)5小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)以上。最(zui)多“月(yue)(yue)(yue)日照(zhao)(zhao)”出現在(zai)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)，為(wei)318.8小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，最(zui)少“月(yue)(yue)(yue)日照(zhao)(zhao)”出現在(zai)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)，為(wei)25.7小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)(zhao)百分(fen)率為(wei)42%。 保護區年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫16.5℃左(zuo)右(you)(you)，最(zui)熱(re)月(yue)(yue)(yue)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫28.5℃左(zuo)右(you)(you)，極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫38.6℃左(zuo)右(you)(you)；最(zui)冷(leng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)l月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫3.5℃左(zuo)右(you)(you)，極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)低(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫-14.9℃，0℃以上活動積溫達6000℃。每年(nian)的(de)無霜期(qi)長(chang)達261天(tian)(tian)，超(chao)過石(shi)首市258天(tian)(tian)的(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)數(shu)。冬季(ji)(ji)受(shou)強大的(de)蒙古(gu)冷(leng)高(gao)壓(ya)控制和影響(xiang)，多偏北風，天(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)寒冷(leng)、干燥；夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)受(shou)太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)洋(yang)副熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)高(gao)壓(ya)、印度(du)洋(yang)熱(re)低(di)壓(ya)影響(xiang)和控制，多偏南風，天(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)炎熱(re)；春(chun)季(ji)(ji)、初夏(xia)、晚秋(qiu)，南北冷(leng)熱(re)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)經常(chang)在(zai)長(chang)江中下游一帶(dai)(dai)匯合交鋒，造成較多降水，常(chang)出現春(chun)雨、梅雨和秋(qiu)雨。
保護區的年(nian)(nian)降水量達(da)1200毫米以上，其中6月最(zui)多，達(da)191毫米左右(you)，1月最(zui)少，只有30毫米左右(you)。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)絕(jue)對濕度大(da)17.4毫巴(ba)，年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)相對濕度為80%左右(you)。歷年(nian)(nian)3-8月均(jun)雨量都大(da)于100毫米，4-10月的總雨量高達(da)859.7毫米，占全年(nian)(nian)總雨量的74.5%。
保護(hu)區所在(zai)的(de)石首市的(de)災害天氣有(you)：陣陰雨、寒潮、低(di)溫、大風(feng)、降雪、積雪、雹、雷、霧、霜、霜凍等13種(zhong)，其(qi)中值(zhi)得引起(qi)保護(hu)區足夠重視的(de)主要有(you)旱、澇(lao)、風(feng)、凍等4種(zhong)。
天鵝洲長江故道濕地(di)自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)屬典型(xing)的(de)(de)近代河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)相(xiang)沖積、洪積物(wu)堆積而成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)洲灘平(ping)(ping)原，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)歷史不長，成(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母(mu)質以(yi)(yi)砂(sha)質粘(zhan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，發育的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)為(wei)(wei)草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類。根據80年(nian)代中(zhong)(zhong)國第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普查的(de)(de)分類方案，該地(di)區(qu)只有一(yi)個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類（草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一(yi)個來類（淺色(se)草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一(yi)個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬（河(he)(he)(he)灘草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)）。再根據沉(chen)(chen)積物(wu)砂(sha)泥(ni)含量(liang)比例的(de)(de)不同，續(xu)分為(wei)(wei)蘆(lu)葦河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒地(di)河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒地(di)河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等(deng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種，其中(zhong)(zhong)又(you)以(yi)(yi)生長草甸(dian)(dian)植被為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)荒地(di)河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種。從土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普查家(jia)化樣分析結果(guo)來看(kan)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)理化性狀較好，如荒地(di)河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和荒地(di)河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，質地(di)適中(zhong)(zhong)（中(zhong)(zhong)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），層次明顯(xian)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體構型(xing)為(wei)(wei)A—B—C型(xing)，全(quan)剖面具有強石(shi)灰反應(ying)(ying)，PH值8.0左(zuo)右，上下(xia)層差異不大(da)，原因在于成(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母(mu)質為(wei)(wei)富含碳酸鈣(gai)的(de)(de)沉(chen)(chen)積物(wu)。這種沉(chen)(chen)積物(wu)在地(di)勢低平(ping)(ping)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)淋(lin)溶作用(yong)弱的(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)所形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)都具有石(shi)灰反應(ying)(ying)強烈(lie)的(de)(de)物(wu)性。根據家(jia)化樣分析，表(biao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層（A層，厚度16cm左(zuo)右）有機質含量(liang)1.62%—3.35%，全(quan)氮(dan)0.12%—0.19%，堿解氮(dan)56—132PPM，速(su)效磷5.36—6.27PPM，速(su)效鉀127—147PPM，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)容量(liang)1.4g/cm3，代換(huan)量(liang)20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。
長江天鵝洲白(bai)暨豚國家(jia)級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區動物(wu)多樣性
長江(jiang)天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)白暨豚(tun)國家級自然保(bao)護區得天(tian)獨厚的地理氣候條件為各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)、水生(sheng)及水陸兩棲(qi)動物提供(gong)了很好的棲(qi)息地。據(ju)統(tong)計，該(gai)區共(gong)(gong)有231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)脊椎動物。其(qi)中觀察(cha)到(dao)的鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有14目33科201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)6目8科13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲(qi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)1目3科5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)(lei)3目6科12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)7目11科50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；底棲(qi)動物26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；浮(fu)游(you)動物54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 1997年，湖北省水產科學研究所根據(ju)天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)的馬蹄形，以(yi)洲(zhou)為軸，設立了五(wu)個采(cai)樣(yang)點，分別于5月、8月、12月三(san)次采(cai)樣(yang)。浮(fu)游(you)動物通過三(san)次采(cai)樣(yang)，共(gong)(gong)檢(jian)出浮(fu)游(you)動物54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中原生(sheng)動物的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)數(shu)量(liang)最多(duo)(duo)，達到(dao)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，輪(lun)蟲18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，橈足類(lei)(lei)(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，枝角(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，所占比例分別為40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原生(sheng)動物以(yi)沙殼蟲屬為主，輪(lun)蟲以(yi)多(duo)(duo)肢輪(lun)蟲、臂尾輪(lun)蟲較多(duo)(duo)，枝角(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)以(yi)秀體蚤較多(duo)(duo)，橈足類(lei)(lei)(lei)劍水蚤、猛水蚤、膘(biao)水蚤均有。
底(di)棲動物(wu)(wu)經(jing)三次采(cai)集，共采(cai)集到底(di)棲生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)寡毛類8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水生(sheng)昆蟲4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，軟體動物(wu)(wu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)他動物(wu)(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
魚類1997年經調查統計，長江天鵝洲白暨豚國家級自然(ran)保護區1-9月的漁獲(huo)量為(wei)87.4kg，分屬(shu)7目(mu)11科50種(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)鯉科魚類占30種(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)鰍科3種(zhong)(zhong)，攀鱸科4種(zhong)(zhong)，銀(yin)魚科、鮠科、鱧科各占2種(zhong)(zhong)，鯡科、鯰科、科、合鰓(sai)科各占1種(zhong)(zhong)
兩(liang)棲(qi)類(lei)天(tian)鵝洲故道濕地(di)自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)區的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)棲(qi)類(lei)共有1目(mu)、3科(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)保護(hu)(hu)區內(nei)發現的(de)(de)(de)5種(zhong)(zhong)兩(liang)棲(qi)動物(wu)可(ke)以劃分：二個生態(tai)類(lei)群(qun)，其中金線蛙和黑(hei)斑(ban)蛙以及(ji)澤(ze)陸蛙屬(shu)于靜水(shui)棲(qi)息型，其中后兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)數量很多，在(zai)保護(hu)(hu)區內(nei)長滿(man)蒿草的(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)水(shui)地(di)帶(非故道)中，不斷地(di)可(ke)以聽(ting)到它們的(de)(de)(de)鳴聲和岸(an)上(shang)跳下(xia)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)聲音(yin)；第二種(zhong)(zhong)生態(tai)類(lei)群(qun)是屬(shu)于陸棲(qi)型的(de)(de)(de)中華大瞻蜍(chu)、澤(ze)陸蛙和飾(shi)紋(wen)姬蛙。在(zai)保護(hu)(hu)區內(nei)地(di)勢稍(shao)高而長滿(man)蘆葦(wei)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)帶中，可(ke)以發現很多的(de)(de)(de)澤(ze)陸蛙，在(zai)長滿(man)蒿草的(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)水(shui)地(di)帶的(de)(de)(de)陸上(shang)及(ji)居(ju)民(min)點(dian)周圍，幾(ji)(ji)乎(hu)走幾(ji)(ji)步就會發現一只(zhi)瞻蜍(chu)，其密(mi)度很高。 爬(pa)行(xing)類(lei)天(tian)鵝濕故道濕地(di)保護(hu)(hu)區的(de)(de)(de)爬(pa)行(xing)動物(wu)有3目(mu)、6科(ke)(ke)、12種(zhong)(zhong)。3目(mu)分別為：龜(gui)鱉(bie)目(mu)、蜥(xi)(xi)蜴(yi)目(mu)、蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)目(mu)；6科(ke)(ke)別為：龜(gui)鱉(bie)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)淡水(shui)龜(gui)科(ke)(ke)（烏龜(gui)）和鱉(bie)科(ke)(ke)（鱉(bie)）、蜥(xi)(xi)蜴(yi)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)石龍子科(ke)(ke)（蝘蜓）和壁虎(hu)科(ke)(ke)（多疣(you)壁虎(hu)）、蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)游(you)蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)科(ke)(ke)（赤(chi)練蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)、王錦蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)、紅(hong)點(dian)錦蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)、黑(hei)眉錦蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)、虎(hu)斑(ban)游(you)蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)、滑鼠(shu)蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)、烏梢蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)）和蝰科(ke)(ke)（蝮蛇(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)）。
獸類(lei)天(tian)鵝洲濕地麋(mi)鹿(lu)自然保(bao)護(hu)區有(you)獸類(lei)6目8科(ke)13種，國家一(yi)級保(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)白鱀豚和麋(mi)鹿(lu)，二級保(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)長江(jiang)江(jiang)豚。
鳥類天鵝洲濕地麋(mi)鹿自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區有鳥類14目(mu)33科201種，其中包括(kuo)國家一級保(bao)護(hu)鳥類6種，二級保(bao)護(hu)鳥類17種。
長江(jiang)天鵝洲白暨豚國(guo)家級自然保護區植(zhi)物(wu)多樣(yang)性 浮游植(zhi)物(wu)
1997年，湖北省水產科學研究所根據天鵝洲(zhou)的(de)馬蹄形，以洲(zhou)為軸(zhou)，設(she)立了五(wu)個采樣(yang)點，分別于5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)三次采樣(yang)。經(jing)5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、11月(yue)(yue)三次對保護區水域(yu)內的(de)浮游植(zhi)物進行監測，從采集中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)水樣(yang)共檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)浮游植(zhi)物7門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)106種(zhong)(zhong)，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)以8月(yue)(yue)份(fen)最多(duo)，達84種(zhong)(zhong)。各月(yue)(yue)份(fen)的(de)優勢門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)類(lei)(lei)：5月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)；8月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)；11月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。從鏡檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)結果(guo)看，綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)比(bi)例(li)最高(gao)，甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)比(bi)例(li)最低，若把各門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)(lei)從少到(dao)多(duo)排列(lie)，其順序為甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。其中(zhong)(zhong)甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)3種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)2.8%；金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)5種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)4.7%；黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)7種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)6.6%；裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)11種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)10.4%；硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)17種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)16.1%；藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)31種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)29.2%；綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)32種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)30.2%。
濕地維管束植物
1997～1998年(nian)對長江故道天鵝(e)洲(zhou)白暨(ji)豚自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區水(shui)生和(he)濕生植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源(yuan)和(he)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被概(gai)況(kuang)進行調查，調查范(fan)圍主要為水(shui)域及(ji)岸邊季(ji)節性(xing)淹水(shui)濕地(di)。采(cai)集(ji)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)標本經分類(lei)鑒(jian)定，并(bing)參(can)考有關文(wen)獻材料，整(zheng)理出自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)名錄。計有高等(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)30科(ke)，59屬69種，其中苔(tai)蘚植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1科(ke)，1屬種，蕨(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1科(ke)，1屬1種。被子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)28科(ke)，57屬67種。
根據各科(ke)所(suo)(suo)(suo)含(han)的(de)(de)種(zhong)數統計(ji)(ji)：種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物含(han)1種(zhong)的(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)13個，占(zhan)(zhan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物科(ke)的(de)(de)46%，含(han)2-4種(zhong)的(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)11種(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物科(ke)的(de)(de)29.3%，含(han)5種(zhong)以上(shang)的(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)4個，占(zhan)(zhan)總數的(de)(de)14.3%。最大的(de)(de)科(ke)為菊(ju)科(ke)，含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)8種(zhong)，其次(ci)有(you)(you)(you)(you)禾本科(ke)，含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)7種(zhong)，其占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)部(bu)種(zhong)數的(de)(de)21.7%。從屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)統計(ji)(ji)看：含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)1種(zhong)的(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)53個，占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)部(bu)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)91.2%，毛(mao)莨屬(shu)(shu)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)數最多：4種(zhong)，其次(ci)為眼子菜屬(shu)(shu)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)3種(zhong)，它們分別(bie)為濕生植(zhi)(zhi)物和水(shui)生植(zhi)(zhi)物的(de)(de)優(you)勢種(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)，其種(zhong)數占(zhan)(zhan)總數11.95%。
(1)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)，有于(yu)(yu)固(gu)堤(di)，主要(yao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)天(tian)鵝村段堤(di)邊，面(mian)(mian)(mian)積水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)大，呈(cheng)條(tiao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布，喜濕潤生(sheng)(sheng)境，與(yu)池杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)相互交錯。(2)意楊林(lin)(lin)(lin)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)，在保護區內為(wei)主要(yao)的(de)護堤(di)林(lin)(lin)(lin)，在上口(kou)至中(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)段的(de)右(you)岸(an)(保護區管理)(3)旱柳(liu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)，栽(zai)種(zhong)于(yu)(yu)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)緣(yuan)處(chu)，帶(dai)狀連(lian)續(xu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)目(mu)上河口(kou)村段堤(di)壩，長度(du)曾達4km，極耐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淹(yan)。(4)池杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)，條(tiao)狀間斷分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)兩岸(an)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)緣(yuan)處(chu)，與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)鑲嵌分(fen)(fen)(fen)布，面(mian)(mian)(mian)積較(jiao)小，亦(yi)耐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淹(yan)。草本(ben)濕地植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)沉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物 (1)竹葉(xie)(xie)(xie)眼(yan)子(zi)(zi)菜群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)為(wei)本(ben)區水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)絕(jue)對優(you)勢(shi)種(zhong)，帶(dai)狀連(lian)續(xu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)河訂離(li)岸(an)線約5-10m處(chu)，帶(dai)寬5-10m不等。并(bing)在上口(kou)岸(an)河口(kou)村淺灘處(chu)大面(mian)(mian)(mian)積分(fen)(fen)(fen)布，枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期覆(fu)蓋整個水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)組成(cheng)較(jiao)單一，有穗(sui)花狐藻(zao)、黑藻(zao)間雜其間。竹葉(xie)(xie)(xie)眼(yan)子(zi)(zi)菜難成(cheng)本(ben)區的(de)絕(jue)對優(you)勢(shi)種(zhong)與(yu)天(tian)鵝洲長江故道(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質清(qing)澈(che)，營養貧乏，基底較(jiao)硬有關。(2)穗(sui)花狐尾藻(zao)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)關分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)竹葉(xie)(xie)(xie)眼(yan)子(zi)(zi)菜帶(dai)之處(chu)，帶(dai)寬可達15-20m，植(zhi)(zhi)物扎根較(jiao)深，約3-4m，但主要(yao)占(zhan)領上半(ban)層水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)，層水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)由苦(ku)草和金魚藻(zao)占(zhan)領。(3)黑藻(zao)+菹草群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)狀分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)竹葉(xie)(xie)(xie)眼(yan)子(zi)(zi)菜內側，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深較(jiao)淺，約1-2m經常有許多水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)綿呈(cheng)煙(yan)霧(wu)狀分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)中(zhong)(zhong)，影(ying)響植(zhi)(zhi)物光合作用(yong)，是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)一大害，應采取適當措(cuo)施予以控(kong)制。(4)針藺(lin)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)廣泛分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)上口(kou)河口(kou)村段淺灘片，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深約1m，枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期挺出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，伴生(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)有小燈心草和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)田碎米薺。
天(tian)鵝洲白鰭(qi)豚自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區，天(tian)鵝洲位于荊楚大(da)地(di)，人(ren)文歷(li)史悠(you)久，燦爛的(de)楚文化和三國的(de)古戰(zhan)場在荊楚大(da)地(di)留下許多(duo)名勝古跡，如(ru)荊州的(de)紀南城遺址(zhi)、蒲圻(qi)的(de)赤壁(bi)古戰(zhan)場等(deng)等(deng)。這里(li)已經建(jian)有兩個中國國家級(ji)瀕危(wei)動物自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區，即天(tian)鵝洲白鰭(qi)豚自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區和麋鹿自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區。
天鵝洲故道東南距離東洞庭湖濕地候鳥自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)僅(jin)幾(ji)十公里，由此(ci)向西(xi)逆江(jiang)而上(shang)是全世界注目的生(sheng)態熱點三峽(xia)庫區(qu)(qu)，不遠可(ke)到達保(bao)康臘梅自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)和動(dong)植物(wu)寶庫神農架自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)。
天鵝洲長江故道濕地集自然地理、珍稀動物以(yi)及(ji)自然濕地生(sheng)態(tai)保護(hu)于一身，具(ju)有重要的科研、文化、生(sheng)態(tai)及(ji)旅游價值。
青青子衿 
