長(chang)江天鵝(e)洲白鰭豚國(guo)家(jia)級自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)有(you)(you)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)于64科168屬(shu)。共有(you)(you)高(gao)等陸生脊(ji)(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)，鳥類(lei)14目(mu)(mu)33科201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)包括中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)一級保(bao)(bao)護鳥類(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，二級保(bao)(bao)護鳥類(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；獸(shou)類(lei)6目(mu)(mu)8科13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包括國(guo)家(jia)一級保(bao)(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)白暨豚和麋鹿，二級保(bao)(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)長(chang)江江豚；兩棲類(lei)1目(mu)(mu)3科5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬(pa)行(xing)(xing)類(lei)2目(mu)(mu)6科12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚(yu)類(lei)調查的(de)(de)最高(gao)記錄曾達到77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分(fen)屬(shu)18科，其中(zhong)鯉形目(mu)(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占67.5%，是(shi)“四大家(jia)魚(yu)”的(de)(de)天然(ran)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資源庫。故(gu)道水體(ti)共有(you)(you)浮游植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，浮游動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)對(dui)豐(feng)(feng)度的(de)(de)定義——相(xiang)對(dui)豐(feng)(feng)度是(shi)指該區(qu)(qu)域的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量占所屬(shu)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)省區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量的(de)(de)比例(li)。湖北(bei)省約有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右；陸生脊(ji)(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右，魚(yu)類(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，脊(ji)(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據此可以(yi)粗略的(de)(de)估算出天鵝(e)洲動(dong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資源的(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐(feng)(feng)度。高(gao)等植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)豐(feng)(feng)度比較(jiao)低(di)(di)，僅(jin)約占全省植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)6.4%，按標(biao)準規定屬(shu)于“相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)低(di)(di)”的(de)(de)水平；動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)約占全省脊(ji)(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)41.7%，屬(shu)于“相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)高(gao)”的(de)(de)水平。
天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚國(guo)家級自然(ran)保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)位于江漢平(ping)原南緣，由于地(di)勢低(di)(di)平(ping)，水流(liu)的(de)擺動和沖刷(shua)，長江在(zai)荊江河(he)道(dao)形(xing)成(cheng)“九(jiu)曲回腸”的(de)獨特景觀，后經自然(ran)或人(ren)工裁彎(wan)取直(zhi)留(liu)下(xia)了(le)眾多的(de)故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(牛軛(e)湖(hu))。天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)故(gu)(gu)道(dao)是1972年自然(ran)截(jie)彎(wan)取直(zhi)而成(cheng)。故(gu)(gu)道(dao)呈新月形(xing)，環(huan)繞天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)島(dao)(dao)，天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)島(dao)(dao)呈橢圓形(xing)，東(dong)南側(ce)在(zai)枯水期(qi)(qi)與(yu)小(xiao)河(he)鎮相連，呈半島(dao)(dao)型；汛(xun)(xun)期(qi)(qi)則完全被故(gu)(gu)道(dao)包圍(wei)。1998年大洪水后，為(wei)(wei)了(le)保護(hu)(hu)故(gu)(gu)道(dao)區(qu)(qu)人(ren)民的(de)生命財產安(an)全，在(zai)漁政站、春風閘一(yi)帶(dai)修筑了(le)平(ping)均(jun)高(gao)度達38.5米的(de)圍(wei)堤，之后又在(zai)此基礎上加高(gao)1米，即現(xian)在(zai)的(de)沙(sha)灘子大堤，僅(jin)有下(xia)口(kou)閘在(zai)汛(xun)(xun)期(qi)(qi)通過人(ren)為(wei)(wei)調控(kong)與(yu)長江相連。 天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)濕地(di)以故(gu)(gu)道(dao)水面為(wei)(wei)最低(di)(di)，山故(gu)(gu)道(dao)淺灘逐漸向(xiang)江岸增高(gao)。平(ping)均(jun)海拔(ba)一(yi)般(ban)35米左右，最高(gao)點(dian)為(wei)(wei)38.44米，最低(di)(di)點(dian)32.91米，相對(dui)高(gao)差不(bu)大。一(yi)年一(yi)度的(de)江水泛濫，加上洞庭(ting)湖(hu)的(de)頂托，流(liu)速(su)降低(di)(di)，泥沙(sha)淤(yu)積，形(xing)成(cheng)大片的(de)蘆葦沼澤濕地(di)。
天(tian)鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚(tun)國家(jia)級自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)屬于亞熱(re)帶(dai)季風氣(qi)(qi)候。保護區(qu)內的年太(tai)陽輻射(she)總量達106千卡/平(ping)(ping)(ping)方厘(li)米(mi)，能充(chong)分(fen)滿足植(zhi)物(wu)光合作用的需要(yao)。全(quan)年日照(zhao)總時數1844小(xiao)(xiao)時左(zuo)(zuo)石，夏(xia)季初秋(qiu)日照(zhao)多，月(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)時數達215小(xiao)(xiao)時的有7個(ge)月(yue)（4-10月(yue)），全(quan)年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每天(tian)日照(zhao)5小(xiao)(xiao)時以上。最(zui)多“月(yue)日照(zhao)”出(chu)現(xian)在7月(yue)，為318.8小(xiao)(xiao)時，最(zui)少“月(yue)日照(zhao)”出(chu)現(xian)在12月(yue)，為25.7小(xiao)(xiao)時，年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)百分(fen)率為42%。 保護區(qu)年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)16.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)右，最(zui)熱(re)月(yue)7月(yue)份平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)28.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)右，極端最(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)38.6℃左(zuo)(zuo)右；最(zui)冷(leng)(leng)月(yue)l月(yue)份平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)3.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)右，極端最(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)-14.9℃，0℃以上活動(dong)積溫(wen)達6000℃。每年的無霜期長(chang)達261天(tian)，超過(guo)石首市258天(tian)的平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)數。冬季受強大(da)的蒙古(gu)冷(leng)(leng)高壓(ya)控(kong)(kong)制和影(ying)響，多偏(pian)(pian)北風，天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)寒冷(leng)(leng)、干燥；夏(xia)季受太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)洋(yang)副熱(re)帶(dai)高壓(ya)、印(yin)度(du)洋(yang)熱(re)低壓(ya)影(ying)響和控(kong)(kong)制，多偏(pian)(pian)南(nan)風，天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)炎熱(re)；春季、初夏(xia)、晚秋(qiu)，南(nan)北冷(leng)(leng)熱(re)空氣(qi)(qi)經常在長(chang)江中下游一帶(dai)匯合交(jiao)鋒，造成較多降水，常出(chu)現(xian)春雨(yu)(yu)(yu)、梅(mei)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)和秋(qiu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)。
保護區(qu)的年(nian)(nian)降水量(liang)達(da)1200毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)以(yi)上，其中(zhong)6月(yue)最多(duo)，達(da)191毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)左(zuo)右(you)(you)，1月(yue)最少，只有30毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)左(zuo)右(you)(you)。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)絕對濕(shi)度大17.4毫(hao)(hao)巴(ba)，年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)相對濕(shi)度為80%左(zuo)右(you)(you)。歷年(nian)(nian)3-8月(yue)均(jun)(jun)雨(yu)量(liang)都大于100毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)，4-10月(yue)的總(zong)雨(yu)量(liang)高達(da)859.7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)，占全年(nian)(nian)總(zong)雨(yu)量(liang)的74.5%。
保(bao)護(hu)區所在的(de)石首市的(de)災(zai)害天(tian)氣有：陣陰雨(yu)、寒潮、低溫、大風、降雪、積雪、雹(bao)、雷、霧、霜、霜凍等13種，其中(zhong)值得(de)引起保(bao)護(hu)區足夠重視的(de)主要有旱、澇、風、凍等4種。
天鵝洲長江故道濕地(di)(di)自然(ran)保護區(qu)屬典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)近(jin)代(dai)河(he)(he)流相沖積、洪積物(wu)堆積而(er)成的(de)(de)(de)洲灘(tan)平原，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)形成的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)不長，成土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)砂(sha)(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主，發育的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)(wei)草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)。根據80年代(dai)中(zhong)國第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普(pu)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)方案，該(gai)地(di)(di)區(qu)只有(you)一(yi)個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)（草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一(yi)個來類(lei)(lei)（淺色草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一(yi)個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬（河(he)(he)灘(tan)草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)）。再根據沉(chen)積物(wu)砂(sha)(sha)泥含量比例的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)，續分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)蘆葦河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒地(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒地(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種(zhong)，其中(zhong)又(you)以(yi)生長草甸(dian)(dian)植被為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)荒地(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種(zhong)。從土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普(pu)查(cha)家化(hua)樣分(fen)(fen)析結果來看，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)(de)理化(hua)性狀(zhuang)較好，如荒地(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和荒地(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)適中(zhong)（中(zhong)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），層次明顯，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體構型為(wei)(wei)A—B—C型，全剖面具有(you)強(qiang)石(shi)灰反(fan)應(ying)(ying)，PH值8.0左(zuo)右，上(shang)下層差異不大，原因在于(yu)成土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)富含碳酸鈣的(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)積物(wu)。這種(zhong)沉(chen)積物(wu)在地(di)(di)勢低平，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)淋溶作用弱的(de)(de)(de)情況下所形成的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)都具有(you)石(shi)灰反(fan)應(ying)(ying)強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)性。根據家化(hua)樣分(fen)(fen)析，表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層（A層，厚度16cm左(zuo)右）有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含量1.62%—3.35%，全氮0.12%—0.19%，堿解氮56—132PPM，速(su)效(xiao)磷(lin)5.36—6.27PPM，速(su)效(xiao)鉀127—147PPM，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)容量1.4g/cm3，代(dai)換量20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。
長江天鵝洲白暨豚國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護區動物多樣性
長江天鵝洲白(bai)暨(ji)豚國家級自然保護區(qu)得(de)天獨厚的地理氣候條件為各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸(lu)生、水生及(ji)水陸(lu)兩(liang)棲動(dong)物(wu)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)很好的棲息地。據(ju)統計，該區(qu)共有231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸(lu)生脊椎動(dong)物(wu)。其中觀(guan)察到的鳥類(lei)(lei)有14目(mu)33科201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，獸類(lei)(lei)6目(mu)8科13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)1目(mu)3科5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)(lei)3目(mu)6科12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)7目(mu)11科50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；底棲動(dong)物(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；浮游動(dong)物(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 1997年，湖北省水產科學研究所根據(ju)天鵝洲的馬蹄形，以(yi)洲為軸(zhou)，設立了(le)五個(ge)采樣(yang)點，分別(bie)于5月、8月、12月三(san)(san)次(ci)采樣(yang)。浮游動(dong)物(wu)通(tong)過三(san)(san)次(ci)采樣(yang)，共檢出(chu)浮游動(dong)物(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中原(yuan)生動(dong)物(wu)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)和數(shu)量最多(duo)(duo)，達到22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，橈足(zu)類(lei)(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，枝角(jiao)類(lei)(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，所占比例分別(bie)為40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原(yuan)生動(dong)物(wu)以(yi)沙殼(ke)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)屬為主，輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)以(yi)多(duo)(duo)肢(zhi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、臂尾輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)較多(duo)(duo)，枝角(jiao)類(lei)(lei)以(yi)秀體蚤(zao)較多(duo)(duo)，橈足(zu)類(lei)(lei)劍(jian)水蚤(zao)、猛(meng)水蚤(zao)、膘水蚤(zao)均有。
底(di)棲(qi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)經三(san)次采集，共采集到底(di)棲(qi)生(sheng)物(wu)26種(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)寡毛類8種(zhong)，水生(sheng)昆(kun)蟲4種(zhong)，軟體動(dong)(dong)物(wu)12種(zhong)，其(qi)他動(dong)(dong)物(wu)1種(zhong)。
魚類(lei)1997年經(jing)調查統計(ji)，長江天鵝洲白暨(ji)豚國家級(ji)自然保護(hu)區1-9月的(de)漁獲量為87.4kg，分屬(shu)7目11科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)50種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)鯉科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)魚類(lei)占30種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)鰍科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)3種(zhong)(zhong)，攀鱸科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)4種(zhong)(zhong)，銀魚科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、鮠科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、鱧科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)各占2種(zhong)(zhong)，鯡科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、鯰科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、合(he)鰓(sai)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)各占1種(zhong)(zhong)
兩(liang)棲類天(tian)(tian)鵝洲(zhou)故(gu)(gu)道濕(shi)地(di)自然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)棲類共有(you)1目(mu)(mu)(mu)、3科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)內(nei)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)5種(zhong)(zhong)兩(liang)棲動(dong)物可(ke)以(yi)(yi)劃分：二(er)個生態(tai)類群，其(qi)(qi)中金(jin)線蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)和(he)(he)(he)黑斑(ban)蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)澤(ze)(ze)陸(lu)(lu)蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)屬于靜水(shui)(shui)(shui)棲息型，其(qi)(qi)中后兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)數量很(hen)多(duo)(duo)，在(zai)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)內(nei)長滿(man)蒿(hao)草(cao)的(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)地(di)帶(非(fei)故(gu)(gu)道)中，不斷(duan)地(di)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)聽(ting)到它們的(de)(de)(de)鳴聲和(he)(he)(he)岸上跳下水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)聲音；第二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)生態(tai)類群是(shi)屬于陸(lu)(lu)棲型的(de)(de)(de)中華大瞻(zhan)蜍(chu)、澤(ze)(ze)陸(lu)(lu)蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)和(he)(he)(he)飾紋姬蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)。在(zai)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)內(nei)地(di)勢稍高(gao)而長滿(man)蘆葦(wei)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)帶中，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)發現(xian)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)澤(ze)(ze)陸(lu)(lu)蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)，在(zai)長滿(man)蒿(hao)草(cao)的(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)地(di)帶的(de)(de)(de)陸(lu)(lu)上及(ji)居民點周圍，幾乎走幾步(bu)就會(hui)發現(xian)一只瞻(zhan)蜍(chu)，其(qi)(qi)密度很(hen)高(gao)。 爬(pa)行類天(tian)(tian)鵝濕(shi)故(gu)(gu)道濕(shi)地(di)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)爬(pa)行動(dong)物有(you)3目(mu)(mu)(mu)、6科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、12種(zhong)(zhong)。3目(mu)(mu)(mu)分別(bie)為：龜鱉(bie)(bie)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蜥(xi)蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蛇(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)；6科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)別(bie)為：龜鱉(bie)(bie)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)龜科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（烏龜）和(he)(he)(he)鱉(bie)(bie)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（鱉(bie)(bie)）、蜥(xi)蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)石龍子科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（蝘蜓）和(he)(he)(he)壁虎(hu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（多(duo)(duo)疣壁虎(hu)）、蛇(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)游蛇(she)(she)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（赤練蛇(she)(she)、王錦蛇(she)(she)、紅點錦蛇(she)(she)、黑眉錦蛇(she)(she)、虎(hu)斑(ban)游蛇(she)(she)、滑(hua)鼠蛇(she)(she)、烏梢蛇(she)(she)）和(he)(he)(he)蝰科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（蝮蛇(she)(she)）。
獸(shou)(shou)類天鵝洲濕地麋鹿自然保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區有獸(shou)(shou)類6目8科13種，國(guo)家一級(ji)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)物白鱀豚(tun)和麋鹿，二級(ji)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)物長(chang)江江豚(tun)。
鳥類天(tian)鵝洲濕地麋(mi)鹿(lu)自(zi)然保護(hu)區有鳥類14目(mu)33科201種，其中包括國家一級(ji)保護(hu)鳥類6種，二級(ji)保護(hu)鳥類17種。
長江天鵝洲白暨豚國家級自然保護(hu)區植物多樣性 浮游植物
1997年，湖北省水產科學研究所(suo)根(gen)據(ju)天鵝洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)蹄(ti)形，以洲(zhou)為(wei)軸(zhou)，設立了五個采樣點，分別于5月(yue)(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)(yue)三次(ci)采樣。經5月(yue)(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)(yue)、11月(yue)(yue)(yue)三次(ci)對(dui)保(bao)護(hu)區水域內的(de)(de)(de)(de)浮(fu)(fu)游(you)植(zhi)物(wu)進行監測(ce)，從(cong)采集(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)水樣共檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)浮(fu)(fu)游(you)植(zhi)物(wu)7門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)106種(zhong)(zhong)，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)以8月(yue)(yue)(yue)份最多(duo)，達84種(zhong)(zhong)。各(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)份的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)類(lei)：5月(yue)(yue)(yue)份為(wei)綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)；8月(yue)(yue)(yue)份為(wei)綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)；11月(yue)(yue)(yue)份為(wei)硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。從(cong)鏡檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)結果看，綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例最高，甲藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例最低，若把各(ge)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)從(cong)少到多(duo)排(pai)列(lie)，其(qi)順序(xu)為(wei)甲藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<藍(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。其(qi)中甲藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)3種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)2.8%；金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)5種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)4.7%；黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)7種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)6.6%；裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)11種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)10.4%；硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)17種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)16.1%；藍(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)31種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)29.2%；綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)32種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)30.2%。
濕地維管束植物
1997～1998年對長江(jiang)故道天鵝(e)洲白暨豚自然保護區水(shui)生(sheng)和濕生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)資源和植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被概況進行調查(cha)，調查(cha)范圍主(zhu)要為水(shui)域及(ji)岸邊季節性淹水(shui)濕地。采集植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)標本經分類鑒定，并(bing)參考有(you)(you)關文獻材(cai)料，整理出(chu)自然保護區植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)名(ming)錄。計有(you)(you)高等植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)30科，59屬(shu)69種，其中苔蘚植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1科，1屬(shu)種，蕨(jue)類植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1科，1屬(shu)1種。被子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)28科，57屬(shu)67種。
根據各科所含(han)(han)(han)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)統計：種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物含(han)(han)(han)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)科有(you)(you)(you)(you)13個(ge)，占(zhan)(zhan)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物科的(de)46%，含(han)(han)(han)2-4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)科有(you)(you)(you)(you)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物科的(de)29.3%，含(han)(han)(han)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以上(shang)的(de)科有(you)(you)(you)(you)4個(ge)，占(zhan)(zhan)總數(shu)的(de)14.3%。最大的(de)科為(wei)菊科，含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其次有(you)(you)(you)(you)禾本科，含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)21.7%。從(cong)屬(shu)的(de)統計看：含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)屬(shu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)53個(ge)，占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)部屬(shu)的(de)91.2%，毛(mao)莨屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)最多：4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其次為(wei)眼子菜屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，它們分別為(wei)濕生植物和水生植物的(de)優(you)勢(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)，其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)占(zhan)(zhan)總數(shu)11.95%。
(1)水(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)人(ren)工栽(zai)培林(lin)(lin)，有(you)于(yu)(yu)固堤，主要(yao)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)天鵝(e)村段(duan)(duan)堤邊，面(mian)積水(shui)(shui)大，呈條分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)，喜濕潤生(sheng)境，與(yu)(yu)池(chi)(chi)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)相互交錯(cuo)。(2)意楊林(lin)(lin)人(ren)工栽(zai)培林(lin)(lin)，在(zai)保護區(qu)內為主要(yao)的(de)護堤林(lin)(lin)，在(zai)上(shang)口至中中段(duan)(duan)的(de)右(you)岸(an)(保護區(qu)管理)(3)旱(han)柳林(lin)(lin)人(ren)工栽(zai)培林(lin)(lin)，栽(zai)種(zhong)于(yu)(yu)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)緣處(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)連續分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)目(mu)上(shang)河(he)(he)口村段(duan)(duan)堤壩，長度曾(ceng)達(da)4km，極耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)淹(yan)(yan)。(4)池(chi)(chi)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)人(ren)工栽(zai)培林(lin)(lin)，條狀(zhuang)(zhuang)間(jian)(jian)斷(duan)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)兩岸(an)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)緣處(chu)，與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)鑲嵌(qian)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)，面(mian)積較小，亦(yi)耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)淹(yan)(yan)。草本(ben)(ben)濕地(di)植被沉(chen)水(shui)(shui)植物(wu) (1)竹(zhu)葉眼(yan)子(zi)菜群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)為本(ben)(ben)區(qu)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植被絕(jue)對(dui)優勢(shi)種(zhong)，帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)連續分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)河(he)(he)訂(ding)離(li)岸(an)線(xian)約5-10m處(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)寬(kuan)5-10m不(bu)等。并在(zai)上(shang)口岸(an)河(he)(he)口村淺(qian)灘處(chu)大面(mian)積分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)，枯水(shui)(shui)期覆(fu)蓋整個水(shui)(shui)面(mian)。群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)組成(cheng)較單(dan)一，有(you)穗花狐(hu)(hu)藻(zao)、黑(hei)藻(zao)間(jian)(jian)雜其間(jian)(jian)。竹(zhu)葉眼(yan)子(zi)菜難成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)區(qu)的(de)絕(jue)對(dui)優勢(shi)種(zhong)與(yu)(yu)天鵝(e)洲(zhou)長江故道水(shui)(shui)質清(qing)澈，營養貧(pin)乏(fa)，基底較硬(ying)有(you)關。(2)穗花狐(hu)(hu)尾藻(zao)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)(dai)關分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)葉眼(yan)子(zi)菜帶(dai)(dai)之處(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)寬(kuan)可達(da)15-20m，植物(wu)扎根較深，約3-4m，但(dan)主要(yao)占(zhan)領(ling)上(shang)半層水(shui)(shui)體(ti)，層水(shui)(shui)體(ti)由苦(ku)草和(he)(he)金魚藻(zao)占(zhan)領(ling)。(3)黑(hei)藻(zao)+菹草群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)葉眼(yan)子(zi)菜內側，水(shui)(shui)深較淺(qian)，約1-2m經常(chang)有(you)許(xu)多水(shui)(shui)綿(mian)呈煙(yan)霧狀(zhuang)(zhuang)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)中，影響植物(wu)光合作用(yong)，是水(shui)(shui)體(ti)中一大害，應采取適(shi)當措施予以(yi)控制。(4)針(zhen)藺群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)廣(guang)泛分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)上(shang)口河(he)(he)口村段(duan)(duan)淺(qian)灘片(pian)，水(shui)(shui)深約1m，枯水(shui)(shui)期挺出水(shui)(shui)面(mian)，伴(ban)生(sheng)種(zhong)有(you)小燈心草和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)田碎米薺。
天鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚(tun)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)，天鵝洲位于荊楚大(da)地(di)，人(ren)文歷(li)史悠久，燦爛的(de)楚文化和(he)三國的(de)古戰場(chang)在荊楚大(da)地(di)留下(xia)許(xu)多名勝古跡，如荊州的(de)紀南城遺址、蒲圻(qi)的(de)赤(chi)壁古戰場(chang)等等。這里已經建(jian)有兩(liang)個中國國家級瀕危動物自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)，即(ji)天鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚(tun)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)和(he)麋(mi)鹿自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)。
天鵝洲故(gu)道東南距離東洞庭湖濕地候鳥自然保(bao)護區僅幾十公里，由此向西逆(ni)江而(er)上是全世界注(zhu)目的生態熱點(dian)三峽庫區，不遠可到達保(bao)康臘(la)梅(mei)自然保(bao)護區和動(dong)植物寶庫神農架自然保(bao)護區。
天鵝洲(zhou)長江故(gu)道濕地集自然地理、珍稀動物以及自然濕地生(sheng)態保(bao)護于一身(shen)，具有重要的(de)科研、文化、生(sheng)態及旅游價值。
青青子衿 
