雷發達(da),字(zi)明所,南康府(fu)建昌縣梅棠(tang)(tang)鄉新(xin)莊(今江西(xi)永修縣梅棠(tang)(tang)鎮新(xin)莊村)人。生(sheng)于(yu)明萬歷四十七年(1619年),卒于(yu)康熙三十二年(1693年),歸(gui)葬金陵。他是(shi)清(qing)初宮廷(ting)“樣式房”的(de)掌案(總(zong)設計師),世(shi)稱“樣式雷”,被譽為近代世(shi)界著名的(de)建筑藝術大(da)師。
清代初年,雷發(fa)達(da)與堂(tang)兄雷發(fa)宣(xuan),因以建筑工藝見長,應募赴北京(jing)修(xiu)建皇室宮殿(dian)。雷發(fa)達(da)年70解役,著(zhu)有《工部工程做法則例(li)》、《工程營造錄》等著(zhu)作。
雷(lei)(lei)發達(da)生有三個(ge)兒(er)子:雷(lei)(lei)金玉(yu)、雷(lei)(lei)金鳴、雷(lei)(lei)金升(sheng)。長子金玉(yu),字良生,生于清順治十六年(nian)(1659年(nian)),繼(ji)承父業,到光緒末年(nian),已傳(chuan)到六代孫雷(lei)(lei)建(jian)昌,掌管"存(cun)式"房長達(da)二百余年(nian)。他們(men)參(can)與設計的(de)建(jian)筑物除皇宮外,還有四園(yuan)(yuan):圓明(ming)園(yuan)(yuan)、頤和(he)園(yuan)(yuan)、靜宜(yi)園(yuan)(yuan)、靜明(ming)園(yuan)(yuan);三山(shan);三海;二陵。
雷(lei)(lei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)(da)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)皇室宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擔(dan)任(ren)工(gong)(gong)部樣(yang)(yang)式負責人(ren),他(ta)虛心(xin)求教(jiao),融會(hui)貫通(tong),技(ji)藝很高(gao)。康(kang)熙中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期,他(ta)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)故宮(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(太和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、保和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規模最大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)數太和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也就是(shi)人(ren)們(men)泛稱(cheng)的(de)(de)金(jin)鑾寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。太和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)始建(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)明(ming)永樂十八年,先后(hou)稱(cheng)奉天殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、皇極殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。清康(kang)熙初重新修建(jian)(jian)(jian),改名(ming)太和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。工(gong)(gong)程開(kai)始時,因缺少(shao)大(da)(da)(da)木(mu)梁(liang),發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)(da)建(jian)(jian)(jian)議拆取明(ming)陵楠(nan)木(mu)舊梁(liang)柱充用(yong)。上梁(liang)之(zhi)日,康(kang)熙率(lv)文武(wu)大(da)(da)(da)臣親(qin)臨行禮,正當上梁(liang)之(zhi)際,大(da)(da)(da)梁(liang)因卯眼不(bu)合(he),懸而下落,工(gong)(gong)部長(chang)官相顧愕然(ran),唯恐有(you)(you)誤上梁(liang)吉辰,急忙找來(lai)雷(lei)(lei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)(da),并授與冠(guan)服,雷(lei)(lei)袖(xiu)斧猱升,急攀梁(liang)上,高(gao)揚鋼(gang)斧,只聽"篤、篤、篤"連響三(san)(san)聲,木(mu)梁(liang)"轟隆"一聲,穩(wen)穩(wen)地落了(le)下來(lai)。剎時,鼓樂齊(qi)鳴,文武(wu)百官,三(san)(san)呼"萬(wan)歲"!上梁(liang)禮成(cheng),康(kang)熙皇帝龍(long)心(xin)大(da)(da)(da)悅,當即召見雷(lei)(lei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)(da),面授發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)(da)為(wei)工(gong)(gong)部營造所長(chang)班。因此(ci)時人(ren)留下"上有(you)(you)魯(lu)班,下有(you)(you)長(chang)班,紫徽照令,金(jin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)封宮(gong)(gong)"的(de)(de)歌(ge)謠。以后(hou),規模宏大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)圓(yuan)明(ming)園(yuan)工(gong)(gong)程開(kai)始,發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)(da)調任(ren)圓(yuan)明(ming)園(yuan)楠(nan)木(mu)樣(yang)(yang)式房掌(zhang)案(an),也就是(shi)擔(dan)任(ren)工(gong)(gong)程總設(she)計師的(de)(de)任(ren)務。此(ci)時的(de)(de)雷(lei)(lei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)(da)已取得(de)了(le)重大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)成(cheng)就,尤其在(zai)設(she)計方(fang)(fang)面成(cheng)績卓著。他(ta)善于(yu)(yu)在(zai)繼承(cheng)前人(ren)傳統的(de)(de)基礎上,勇于(yu)(yu)創(chuang)新,形(xing)成(cheng)自己(ji)獨特的(de)(de)風格(ge),如中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群采用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)線(xian)(xian)南北縱(zong)深(shen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展,采取對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)布置(zhi)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式等(deng)。他(ta)在(zai)進行清宮(gong)(gong)設(she)計時,不(bu)墨守成(cheng)規,既在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)線(xian)(xian)上的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)保持(chi)嚴(yan)格(ge)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng),又對(dui)(dui)主(zhu)軸(zhou)兩側(ce)軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)上的(de)(de)各建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)采用(yong)大(da)(da)(da)致對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng),而顯(xian)靈活變動(dong)的(de)(de)新格(ge)局。這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),不(bu)但突出(chu)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)又體現(xian)了(le)"居中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)尊"的(de)(de)思想(xiang),而且形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)統一并有(you)(you)主(zhu)次的(de)(de)整體,從此(ci),雷(lei)(lei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)(da)被人(ren)們(men)譽為(wei)"樣(yang)(yang)式雷(lei)(lei)"。
雷(lei)(lei)發(fa)達雖是朝遷御匠,但他(ta)仍十(shi)分思念家(jia)鄉(xiang)(即今(jin)江西省(sheng)九江市永修縣梅(mei)棠鎮新莊雷(lei)(lei)村(cun))。相傳,他(ta)在朝時,匯錢(qian)給雷(lei)(lei)族(zu)大人(ren),委(wei)托他(ta)們興建(jian)雷(lei)(lei)氏(shi)(shi)祠堂(tang)。當(dang)時雷(lei)(lei)氏(shi)(shi)大人(ren),將(jiang)此錢(qian)私自(zi)花掉了。雷(lei)(lei)族(zu)大人(ren)后聽說雷(lei)(lei)發(fa)達要親(qin)自(zi)回(hui)家(jia)拜(bai)祭(ji)祖(zu)(zu)先,雷(lei)(lei)氏(shi)(shi)大人(ren)只好到處借錢(qian),急(ji)急(ji)忙忙建(jian)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)間祠堂(tang),名(ming)叫(jiao)"尊祖(zu)(zu)堂(tang)"。現由于(yu)年(nian)久失修,早已倒塌,但在祖(zu)(zu)居雷(lei)(lei)村(cun),現仍留(liu)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)斷墻殘壁。雷(lei)(lei)發(fa)達出于(yu)對雷(lei)(lei)氏(shi)(shi)家(jia)庭(ting)祖(zu)(zu)宗的(de)尊敬和忠孝,有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)南行(xing)(xing)公務(wu),順道(dao)到家(jia)鄉(xiang)看(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan),當(dang)行(xing)(xing)至德安境內(nei)時,向當(dang)地(di)老百姓(xing)打聽,到永修雷(lei)(lei)村(cun)有(you)(you)多遠,當(dang)地(di)百姓(xing)回(hui)答,還有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)天的(de)路(lu)程,發(fa)達隨身侍衛誤(wu)聽還有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)路(lu)程。由于(yu)發(fa)達旅途(tu)奔(ben)波,染上疾病,再(zai)要行(xing)(xing)程一(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)里,恐(kong)難(nan)支持,親(qin)身侍衛勸說雷(lei)(lei)發(fa)達打道(dao)回(hui)京,致(zhi)使(shi)此次(ci)回(hui)鄉(xiang)未(wei)成。
清(qing)嘉慶(qing)時期(qi),雷(lei)氏(shi)后人雷(lei)家瑞乘南行(xing)(xing)公(gong)務之機,回建(jian)昌(今(jin)江西省九江市(shi)永(yong)修縣)祖籍重(zhong)修了大成(cheng)(cheng)宗譜。雷(lei)氏(shi)家族(zu)靠(kao)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧和(he)辛勤勞動,獨創設計圖樣,制出"燙板"(今(jin)稱(cheng)模型)再行(xing)(xing)施工。雷(lei)氏(shi)家族(zu)攀(pan)上(shang)了清(qing)代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)和(he)園林藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)峰。《中(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)筑(zhu)史》、《中(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)史》等學術(shu)(shu)巨(ju)著,均高(gao)(gao)度(du)評價了該家族(zu)在古代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)就。《世界著名(ming)科學簡(jian)介(jie)》一(yi)書也把雷(lei)發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)字(zi)列入(ru)其中(zhong)。他們在建(jian)筑(zhu)科學和(he)建(jian)筑(zhu)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舉世矚(zhu)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)就,將永(yong)載中(zhong)華民族(zu)和(he)全人類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)工藝(yi)史冊。
發達,雷(lei)(lei)(lei)振(zhen)聲子。清初與其堂兄(xiong)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)發宣(雷(lei)(lei)(lei)振(zhen)宙子)以藝應募赴北京,又為(wei)"樣式雷(lei)(lei)(lei)"家發祥(xiang)之始祖。康熙中葉,營(ying)建三殿(dian)大工(gong),發達以南匠供役(yi)期間;故(gu)老傳聞云:"時太和(he)殿(dian)缺(que)大木(mu),倉猝拆取明陵楠木(mu)梁(liang)(liang)柱充用。上梁(liang)(liang)之日,圣祖親(qin)臨行禮。金梁(liang)(liang)舉起,卯榫(sun)懸(xuan)而不下,工(gong)部從官(guan)(guan)相(xiang)顧(gu)愕然,皇(huang)恐失措;所司(si)乃私畀(bi)發達冠服,袖斧猱升,斧落榫(sun)合。禮成。上大悅(yue),面敕授工(gong)部營(ying)造所長班。時人(ren)為(wei)之語曰:‘上有魯般,下有長班,紫薇照命,金殿(dian)封官(guan)(guan)。'"年七十解(jie)役(yi),歿葬金陵。