我(wo)國(guo)(guo)能(neng)源(yuan)分(fen)布和(he)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展極不均(jun)衡的(de)基(ji)本(ben)國(guo)(guo)情,決定(ding)(ding)了(le)能(neng)源(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)必須(xu)在全國(guo)(guo)范圍內(nei)優(you)(you)化(hua)配置(zhi)。內(nei)蒙古(gu)東(dong)部(bu)地(di)(di)區(簡稱蒙東(dong)地(di)(di)區)風能(neng)資(zi)源(yuan)豐富,是國(guo)(guo)家確(que)定(ding)(ding)的(de)千萬千瓦級風電(dian)基(ji)地(di)(di)之一。蒙東(dong)地(di)(di)區地(di)(di)形開(kai)闊平(ping)坦,成片(pian)開(kai)發(fa)風電(dian)優(you)(you)勢明顯。蒙東(dong)風電(dian)基(ji)地(di)(di)的(de)電(dian)力通過特高壓電(dian)網外送,能(neng)夠(gou)更加經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)、有效地(di)(di)促進(jin)風電(dian)基(ji)地(di)(di)開(kai)發(fa)。加快蒙東(dong)風電(dian)基(ji)地(di)(di)建(jian)設,對(dui)于促進(jin)清潔能(neng)源(yuan)規(gui)模(mo)化(hua)開(kai)發(fa),優(you)(you)化(hua)電(dian)力發(fa)展格(ge)局,支(zhi)撐我(wo)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)快速發(fa)展并向低碳經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)轉型具(ju)有重要意義。
我國中東部地區(qu)經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達,電力消費潛力極(ji)大,但能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相對(dui)匱(kui)乏(fa),而(er)水能(neng)、煤炭等常規(gui)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主要(yao)分布在西部地區(qu)。近年來(lai),煤炭運輸越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)緊張,能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)技術經(jing)濟(ji)環境保護(hu)問題越(yue)發(fa)(fa)(fa)突出,調整能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結(jie)構、提(ti)高能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利用效率和發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)已成為必然趨勢。風(feng)能(neng)是清潔(jie)的可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),加快風(feng)能(neng)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)集約開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa),與我國節能(neng)減排、提(ti)高能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)效率、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的戰(zhan)略相適應,同時有利于促進電力與經(jing)濟(ji)、社(she)會、生(sheng)態環境的可持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。
蒙東地(di)區(qu)(qu)地(di)處北(bei)半球(qiu)中緯度盛行西風帶,受西伯利亞(ya)及(ji)蒙古冷(leng)高(gao)(gao)氣壓(ya)、蒙古高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)氣旋,以及(ji)東亞(ya)海陸季(ji)風和蒙古高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)季(ji)風影響,風能資(zi)源(yuan)豐富(fu)。其中,赤(chi)峰市的翁牛特旗、克什克騰旗和松山區(qu)(qu)的交(jiao)界(jie)地(di)帶,地(di)勢平(ping)坦(tan)、高(gao)(gao)程較高(gao)(gao)、風能資(zi)源(yuan)較好,70m離地(di)高(gao)(gao)度平(ping)均風速(su)達(da)到了(le)8.0~9.3m/s,功率密度達(da)到了(le)700~1200W/m2;呼倫貝爾(er)嶺西地(di)區(qu)(qu)的新巴爾(er)虎右旗、滿洲里等地(di)區(qu)(qu)均屬低山丘(qiu)陵(ling)區(qu)(qu),風能資(zi)源(yuan)豐富(fu);通遼(liao)、興安盟地(di)區(qu)(qu)風能資(zi)源(yuan)處于平(ping)均水平(ping)。
我國中(zhong)東(dong)部地(di)區(qu)由于環保壓力大(da)、能源(yuan)(yuan)運輸(shu)成本高、土地(di)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)緊張,已不適宜再大(da)規模建設燃煤電(dian)廠,同時風能、太陽能等(deng)新能源(yuan)(yuan)大(da)規模開發能力有(you)限。華北(bei)的京津冀魯、華東(dong)、華中(zhong)等(deng)負荷中(zhong)心地(di)區(qu)經濟(ji)發達,但(dan)能源(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)匱乏,電(dian)力消費市場空間(jian)較大(da),需大(da)規模接受(shou)區(qu)外(wai)來電(dian),以滿足(zu)地(di)區(qu)經濟(ji)、社會發展(zhan)需要。
我國華北(bei)(bei)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)、西北(bei)(bei)“三(san)北(bei)(bei)”地區(qu)風能(neng)資源豐(feng)富(fu),具備大(da)規模(mo)開發(fa)利用(yong)的資源條(tiao)件。為滿足中東(dong)(dong)部地區(qu)不(bu)斷增長的用(yong)電(dian)需求,結合“三(san)北(bei)(bei)”地區(qu)風能(neng)、煤炭(tan)資源豐(feng)富(fu)等條(tiao)件集(ji)約開發(fa)大(da)型風電(dian)、煤電(dian)基地,宜采用(yong)“風火打捆”的送(song)電(dian)方(fang)式(shi)。按照國家風電(dian)發(fa)展戰(zhan)略,依托風能(neng)資源豐(feng)富(fu)區(qu),以“建(jian)(jian)設大(da)基地、融入大(da)電(dian)網”方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)行規劃和(he)建(jian)(jian)設的思路,將電(dian)能(neng)從“三(san)北(bei)(bei)”地區(qu)大(da)規模(mo)輸送(song)到(dao)中東(dong)(dong)部地區(qu),是解決中東(dong)(dong)部地區(qu)電(dian)力供應的有效措(cuo)施。
風能資(zi)源豐富,適合長期(qi)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)。內蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)自(zi)治(zhi)區離地10m高度風能資(zi)源總(zong)儲量(liang)為8.98億kW,技術可(ke)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)量(liang)為1.5億kW,其(qi)中(zhong)蒙(meng)(meng)東地區面(mian)積約占內蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)自(zi)治(zhi)區的(de)40%,風能資(zi)源儲量(liang)約占整個自(zi)治(zhi)區風能資(zi)源儲量(liang)的(de)32%,風能資(zi)源的(de)技術可(ke)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)量(liang)約為4300萬(wan)kW。
建(jian)場(chang)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)好,基(ji)(ji)建(jian)成(cheng)本低(di)。內(nei)蒙古自(zi)治區土地廣(guang)闊(kuo),人口較少,土地資(zi)源豐富(fu)且價格低(di)廉、特別是蒙東地區有大量荒(huang)漠或半荒(huang)漠土地,地價低(di)廉,建(jian)風電(dian)(dian)場(chang)的條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)較好。蒙東風電(dian)(dian)基(ji)(ji)地內(nei)無名勝古跡、自(zi)然保(bao)護區等敏感環境保(bao)護目(mu)標,風電(dian)(dian)基(ji)(ji)地的基(ji)(ji)建(jian)成(cheng)本相對較低(di),新建(jian)變電(dian)(dian)站、輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)線路走(zou)廊的選址也較為容易(yi)。
對(dui)草(cao)原生態環(huan)境影響小。風電(dian)的(de)(de)生產(chan)過程(cheng)是將當地(di)的(de)(de)風能(neng)(neng)轉變(bian)為機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)再轉變(bian)為電(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)。在整個能(neng)(neng)量轉換過程(cheng)中,不(bu)產(chan)生大(da)氣、水體、固體廢(fei)棄物等(deng)方面(mian)的(de)(de)污染(ran)物,也不(bu)會產(chan)生大(da)的(de)(de)噪(zao)聲污染(ran)。在采(cai)取(qu)適當的(de)(de)環(huan)保、水保、消噪(zao)措施后,對(dui)當地(di)較為脆弱的(de)(de)草(cao)原生態環(huan)境造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)不(bu)良(liang)影響很小。
具有良(liang)(liang)好的(de)規(gui)模(mo)效應(ying)。根據規(gui)劃(hua),到2020年,蒙東風電(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)地規(gui)劃(hua)建(jian)設(she)的(de)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機容量將達到1222.5萬kW,但由于蒙東電(dian)(dian)(dian)網負荷(he)水平較低,調峰困難(nan),只能消納風電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)極(ji)小(xiao)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)量。蒙東地區(qu)豐(feng)富的(de)風能采取(qu)大規(gui)模(mo)開發(fa)、大規(gui)模(mo)送出的(de)方式,符(fu)合國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公司對風電(dian)(dian)(dian)開發(fa)“建(jian)設(she)大基(ji)地,融入大電(dian)(dian)(dian)網”的(de)原則,具有良(liang)(liang)好的(de)規(gui)模(mo)效應(ying)。
中國(guo)(guo)(guo)作為能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消費大國(guo)(guo)(guo),能(neng)(neng)(neng)源產(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)支撐著經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。2010年,我國(guo)(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消費總量達(da)32.5億(yi),由此(ci)帶(dai)來一系列的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)問題,制約著我國(guo)(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟與社會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)可持(chi)續(xu)(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。調整能(neng)(neng)(neng)源結構(gou),提高(gao)(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源效率,是(shi)解決我國(guo)(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源問題的(de)(de)(de)重要措(cuo)施。風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)資源是(shi)清潔(jie)的(de)(de)(de)可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源,風(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)目前可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源中技術最成熟(shu)、最具規模開發(fa)(fa)條件和商業(ye)(ye)化發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)前景的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)方式。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)臨巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)和碳減(jian)排的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)(li),風(feng)電(dian)(dian)基(ji)地建設堅(jian)持(chi)可持(chi)續(xu)(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),需與我國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)源規劃(hua)相統一,還要與我國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)生態環(huan)境(jing)、經(jing)濟和社會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)相協(xie)調,最終形成能(neng)(neng)(neng)源利用率高(gao)(gao),能(neng)(neng)(neng)源安全(quan)有保障的(de)(de)(de)局面(mian)。
蒙東電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)位于內蒙古自(zi)治區的(de)東部(bu),與東北三省相鄰(lin),分(fen)(fen)為赤峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、通遼電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、興安電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)呼(hu)倫(lun)貝爾電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。雖然目前(qian)蒙東電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)尚未形成統一的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang),但大都有多回(hui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級的(de)聯(lian)絡(luo)線(xian)與東北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)相連。比如,赤峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)通遼電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)聯(lian)入遼寧和(he)(he)吉(ji)林(lin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang),呼(hu)倫(lun)貝爾電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通過伊(yi)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠線(xian)路(lu)實現與東北主網(wang)(wang)(wang)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運行(xing),興安盟部(bu)分(fen)(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力以1回(hui)220kV線(xian)路(lu)并(bing)入錫(xi)盟電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang),部(bu)分(fen)(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由呼(hu)倫(lun)貝爾電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)通遼電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
近年來,由(you)于(yu)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)地(di)區(qu)高耗能(neng)企業大(da)量停產,電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)低(di)谷(gu)時段供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量大(da)幅度下降(jiang),新建火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)中供(gong)熱機組(zu)所(suo)占(zhan)比例較大(da),水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(包括抽水(shui)蓄能(neng))機組(zu)裝(zhuang)機比例逐年下降(jiang)等原因,東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)峰(feng)谷(gu)差逐年持續增大(da),東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調峰(feng)困難的情況(kuang)已經日益突出(chu),而風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)運行(xing)的不確定性是加重東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調峰(feng)困難的主(zhu)要原因之一(yi),因此東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)蒙東(dong)(dong)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的能(neng)力有限。到2020年,東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規劃建設的風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)地(di)裝(zhuang)機容量較大(da),其中主(zhu)要包括蒙東(dong)(dong)和吉林2個千萬(wan)千瓦級風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)地(di),東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)僅(jin)能(neng)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)地(di)區(qu)部分風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力。根據東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)地(di)區(qu)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)能(neng)力分析結果,2020年時東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的容量也僅(jin)為1143萬(wan)kW。
統籌考慮(lv)蒙東(dong)(dong)(dong)、吉(ji)林千萬(wan)千瓦(wa)級風電(dian)基(ji)地能(neng)源資源情況、地理位置條件,并結合東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)“十二五(wu)”發展規(gui)劃,吉(ji)林千萬(wan)千瓦(wa)級風電(dian)基(ji)地立足于吉(ji)林省內乃至(zhi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)全網(wang)(wang)(wang)進行消(xiao)納(na)。根據國家特(te)高壓電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規(gui)劃,到2020年,蒙東(dong)(dong)(dong)地區(qu)規(gui)劃建成2個至(zhi)“三(san)華(hua)(hua)”電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)高壓直流輸電(dian)通道。蒙東(dong)(dong)(dong)風電(dian)基(ji)地的(de)(de)(de)風電(dian)除在東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)消(xiao)納(na)外,還有一部分需要通過特(te)高壓直流采用(yong)“風火打捆”的(de)(de)(de)方式送電(dian)“三(san)華(hua)(hua)”電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)消(xiao)納(na)。其中東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)地區(qu)消(xiao)納(na)656萬(wan)kW,“三(san)華(hua)(hua)”電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)消(xiao)納(na)566萬(wan)kW。
蒙東地區(qu)作為我國(guo)千(qian)萬千(qian)瓦級風電(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)地之一,也(ye)是國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公司(si)特高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)網規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)重要送(song)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)基(ji)地之一。除滿足自身經濟(ji)社(she)會發展(zhan)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力的(de)需求外,還主(zhu)要通過(guo)特高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)網送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)“三華”電(dian)(dian)(dian)網。
根據特高壓電(dian)網(wang)規劃,結合蒙東(dong)風電(dian)基地(di)項目前期工作進(jin)展情(qing)況,在(zai)輸電(dian)規劃論(lun)證中,考慮了以下主要原(yuan)則:
①風電接(jie)入應遵行(xing)“建設大(da)基地、融入大(da)電網”的(de)規劃思路,滿足分片、分區接(jie)入原則;
②風(feng)電的送出需進行(xing)統一規劃(hua),在充分利用當(dang)地(di)風(feng)電消納能力的基礎(chu)上(shang),剩(sheng)余風(feng)電容量應通(tong)過(guo)超高壓及特高壓通(tong)道(dao)由(you)東北及“三華”電網消納;
③風電(dian)場應適當聯合與分組,形成相對獨(du)立的(de)多個(ge)送(song)電(dian)通(tong)道,考(kao)慮(lv)到風電(dian)運行特點,避(bi)免(mian)風電(dian)送(song)電(dian)回路落點過(guo)于集中,風電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)應分散接入電(dian)網;
④位(wei)于(yu)蒙(meng)東的大規模(mo)風電(dian)(dian)場主(zhu)要應(ying)接入500kV電(dian)(dian)網運(yun)行(xing);風電(dian)(dian)場容量大且集(ji)(ji)中的區域,宜選擇合(he)適(shi)位(wei)置(zhi)建設(she)220kV或500kV匯集(ji)(ji)站,將風電(dian)(dian)場電(dian)(dian)力匯集(ji)(ji)后直(zhi)接送往500kV電(dian)(dian)網;
⑤對(dui)于地(di)(di)理位置較孤立的風(feng)電(dian)場,建議就近接入(ru)當(dang)地(di)(di)220kV及以下(xia)電(dian)網運行,或對(dui)容量較小的風(feng)電(dian)場進行匯集(ji)后送(song)入(ru)地(di)(di)區220kV電(dian)網。
到(dao)2020年,蒙東風(feng)(feng)電(dian)基(ji)地規劃建設的風(feng)(feng)電(dian)裝機容(rong)(rong)量(liang)將達到(dao)1222.5萬(wan)(wan)kW。其中,風(feng)(feng)電(dian)開(kai)發較為集(ji)中的地區(qu)(qu)為呼(hu)倫貝爾(er)市(shi)(shi)新(xin)巴爾(er)虎右(you)旗(qi)、通遼市(shi)(shi)開(kai)魯地區(qu)(qu)、珠日河(he)地區(qu)(qu)以及(ji)赤峰市(shi)(shi)松山(shan)區(qu)(qu)、克(ke)(ke)什(shen)克(ke)(ke)騰旗(qi)、翁牛(niu)特旗(qi)。呼(hu)倫貝爾(er)市(shi)(shi)新(xin)巴爾(er)虎右(you)旗(qi)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)開(kai)發容(rong)(rong)量(liang)約200萬(wan)(wan)kW,通遼市(shi)(shi)開(kai)魯地區(qu)(qu)、珠日河(he)地區(qu)(qu)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)開(kai)發容(rong)(rong)量(liang)約270萬(wan)(wan)kW,赤峰市(shi)(shi)松山(shan)區(qu)(qu)、克(ke)(ke)什(shen)克(ke)(ke)騰旗(qi)、翁牛(niu)特旗(qi)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)開(kai)發容(rong)(rong)量(liang)約390萬(wan)(wan)kW。剩余約362萬(wan)(wan)kW風(feng)(feng)電(dian)裝機地理位(wei)置分散(san)且單個風(feng)(feng)電(dian)場容(rong)(rong)量(liang)較小。
蒙(meng)東(dong)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)基地(di)規劃裝機容(rong)量較大,但蒙(meng)東(dong)地(di)區負荷(he)水平較低,所(suo)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)力需要(yao)大規模外(wai)送。加快蒙(meng)東(dong)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)基地(di)建設,對(dui)于促進清潔能源(yuan)(yuan)規模化開發(fa),優化煤(mei)炭發(fa)展格(ge)局,支撐我(wo)國(guo)經濟快速發(fa)展,促進智能電(dian)(dian)網發(fa)展戰略和規劃研究。低碳經濟發(fa)展具有重要(yao)意義。根據(ju)能源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)流向的合理安排,蒙(meng)東(dong)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)開發(fa)外(wai)送應考慮首(shou)先通過500kV電(dian)(dian)網送至東(dong)北主網消(xiao)納,其余風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)采(cai)用“風(feng)(feng)火打捆”方式(shi)通過特高壓直流外(wai)送“三華”電(dian)(dian)網。