板胡(hu)是伴隨著中國地方戲曲梆(bang)子(zi)腔的出(chu)現,在胡(hu)琴的基礎上產生的一種擦奏弦鳴樂(le)器,歸屬于拉弦樂(le)器。
它的名稱(cheng)是(shi)因為琴筒用薄(bo)木板粘成而得(de)名的,清(qing)代時曾別稱(cheng)板琴。
板胡在(zai)中國大約有300多年的歷史(shi),品種繁多,音色明亮,高亢。是我國多種梆子腔(qiang)戲曲(qu),北方戲曲(qu)和曲(qu)藝的主要(yao)伴奏樂器。
20世紀(ji)50年(nian)代后,又(you)用(yong)于獨(du)(du)奏,器樂合奏。深(shen)受廣大人民喜愛,流(liu)行于西(xi)北(bei)、華北(bei)、東北(bei)、東北(bei)各省區(qu),尤以陜(shan)西(xi)、甘(gan)肅、山西(xi)等省最為盛行。最初(chu),板(ban)胡主要流(liu)行于中(zhong)國的北(bei)方地區(qu),當地的許(xu)多(duo)地方戲(xi)曲(qu)(qu)和曲(qu)(qu)藝,比如像河(he)北(bei)梆子,評劇(ju)、豫(yu)劇(ju)、秦腔(qiang)等都是用(yong)板(ban)胡作為主要伴(ban)奏樂器的。由于板(ban)胡和中(zhong)國的戲(xi)曲(qu)(qu)、曲(qu)(qu)藝有著深(shen)厚的淵源(yuan)關系(xi),因此它(ta)在(zai)演奏戲(xi)曲(qu)(qu)、曲(qu)(qu)藝音樂時最能發揮(hui)自身的特(te)長(chang),在(zai)地方戲(xi)曲(qu)(qu)和曲(qu)(qu)藝伴(ban)奏中(zhong),各地區(qu)的板(ban)胡善于表現(xian)各自不(bu)同的風格(ge),富有獨(du)(du)特(te)的地方色彩。
板(ban)胡在中國大約(yue)有300多年的歷史(shi),它的名稱是(shi)因為琴筒用薄(bo)木板(ban)粘成而得名的。
最(zui)初,板胡(hu)主(zhu)要流行于中國(guo)的(de)(de)北(bei)方地(di)(di)(di)區(qu),當地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)許多地(di)(di)(di)方戲曲(qu)(qu)和(he)曲(qu)(qu)藝(yi),比如像(xiang)豫劇、河北(bei)梆子(zi)、評(ping)劇、秦腔等都(dou)是用板胡(hu)作為(wei)主(zhu)要伴奏(zou)樂(le)器的(de)(de)。由(you)于板胡(hu)和(he)中國(guo)的(de)(de)戲曲(qu)(qu)、曲(qu)(qu)藝(yi)有(you)(you)著深厚的(de)(de)淵源關系,因此它(ta)在演奏(zou)戲曲(qu)(qu)、曲(qu)(qu)藝(yi)音樂(le)時最(zui)能發揮(hui)自身的(de)(de)特(te)長(chang),在地(di)(di)(di)方戲曲(qu)(qu)和(he)曲(qu)(qu)藝(yi)伴奏(zou)中,各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)板胡(hu)善于表現各(ge)自不(bu)同的(de)(de)風格(ge),富有(you)(you)獨特(te)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方色彩。
新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)立以后,在音(yin)樂(le)(le)工(gong)作(zuo)者(zhe)和樂(le)(le)器(qi)制作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)努力(li)下,板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)制作(zuo)技術也有了(le)很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)發(fa)展,使許多新(xin)品種加入了(le)"板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)家(jia)族(zu)"。其中(zhong)(zhong)有中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)、高(gao)音(yin)板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu),三弦板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu),竹筒(tong)板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu),秦腔(qiang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)等(deng)等(deng),都是"板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)家(jia)族(zu)"的(de)(de)"新(xin)成(cheng)(cheng)員"。隨著板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)形(xing)制的(de)(de)發(fa)展,板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)演奏技巧(qiao)也在不(bu)斷地提高(gao),表現力(li)也更(geng)加豐富(fu)多彩,成(cheng)(cheng)為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)民(min)族(zu)樂(le)(le)隊中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)可缺(que)少的(de)(de)特(te)色樂(le)(le)器(qi)和具(ju)有濃(nong)郁地方(fang)特(te)色的(de)(de)獨奏樂(le)(le)器(qi),并為民(min)族(zu)歌(ge)劇(ju)、民(min)族(zu)歌(ge)舞和聲樂(le)(le)伴奏。
板胡的音箱用椰殼或木制,面板用薄桐木板。琴桿用較硬的烏木或紅木,張二根弦,馬尾竹弓。音色明亮、高亢,適于表現熱(re)烈奔放的曲調。
板胡的結構絕(jue)大部(bu)分(fen)和二胡相(xiang)同(tong),主要區別在(zai)琴筒(tong)和千斤上。
琴(qin)筒又稱瓢,是(shi)(shi)板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)的(de)(de)共(gong)鳴(ming)箱,呈圓筒形,用(yong)(yong)堅(jian)硬的(de)(de)椰子殼做成,也(ye)有用(yong)(yong)木(mu)質(zhi)、銅質(zhi)或竹(zhu)質(zhi)的(de)(de),七十年代以后還用(yong)(yong)低發(fa)泡(ABS)材料模壓成型。琴(qin)筒一頭大一頭小的(de)(de)形狀,能(neng)使音(yin)響共(gong)鳴(ming)集中并造成板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)的(de)(de)特色(se)。瓢大發(fa)音(yin)低沉(chen)不(bu)宏亮,瓢小則發(fa)音(yin)尖嘯(xiao)刺耳(er)。琴(qin)筒前口(kou)不(bu)蒙皮膜而膠以桐木(mu)板(ban)(ban)。它是(shi)(shi)板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)音(yin)色(se)優劣的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian),以用(yong)(yong)木(mu)質(zhi)松軟(ruan)、紋理順(shun)直、勻密、無痕節和水漬的(de)(de)梧桐木(mu)為佳。筒后口(kou)有的(de)(de)敞口(kou),有的(de)(de)開五個(ge)音(yin)孔,呈金錢(qian)眼狀。
琴桿用紅木(mu)(mu)、紫檀木(mu)(mu)或(huo)花梨木(mu)(mu)制(zhi)作,以貴重的烏木(mu)(mu)為好,琴桿為圓柱形,上端是琴頭,呈方形,開(kai)有(you)弦軸孔。琴桿不宜過長,過長會有(you)礙(ai)發音的優美,并加寬了指(zhi)位,不便(bian)運指(zhi)和掌握音準。
弦(xian)軸多(duo)用(yong)琴桿(gan)木料或黃楊木制成(cheng),表面(mian)開(kai)有(you)辯紋(wen),裝在(zai)琴桿(gan)同一(yi)側面(mian)。目前(qian)大部分板胡已用(yong)木柄齒(chi)輪銅軸,調弦(xian)既準確又不(bu)會(hui)回弦(xian)。
弓(gong)(gong)子(zi)用粗(cu)細均勻(yun)、富有彈性的(de)江葦(wei)或(huo)其他竹子(zi)做成(cheng),比二胡弓(gong)(gong)子(zi)長(chang)而粗(cu),上面裝的(de)馬尾以白(bai)馬尾為(wei)好(hao),出音柔潤。弓(gong)(gong)桿不宜(yi)過長(chang)或(huo)過短,過長(chang)笨重,過短不宜(yi)拉奏長(chang)音。
板胡(hu)的(de)(de)千斤(jin)又稱腰馬(ma),因在琴桿中部支弦而得名,是用牛(niu)角或紅木(mu)制成的(de)(de)扁形木(mu)片,用絲弦系(xi)于琴桿下鈾到弦馬(ma)的(de)(de)1/3處。
弦(xian)馬(ma)用竹或(huo)木制成(cheng),置于面板中央以上、板的 1/3處為(wei)宜,竹馬(ma)共鳴(ming)較(jiao)大,發音也較(jiao)渾厚優(you)美。
琴弦用絲(si)弦或鋼絲(si)弦發音比絲(si)弦干凈(jing)、明(ming)亮,泛(fan)音清晰。
板胡和(he)中國其它的胡琴類樂器(qi)相比,最大的特(te)點就(jiu)是音量大,音色清脆嘹亮,尤其擅長表(biao)現高亢,激昂(ang)、熱烈和(he)火(huo)爆的情緒,同時也具備優(you)美和(he)細膩的特(te)點。
板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)形(xing)制(zhi)大部分與二胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)相(xiang)同(tong),主要區別(bie)在琴筒(tong)和千斤。琴筒(tong)又叫瓢(piao),圓筒(tong)形(xing),用椰子(zi)殼(ke)制(zhi)作,也有用木質(zhi)、銅(tong)質(zhi)或竹筒(tong)的。琴筒(tong)前口蒙(meng)桐木板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)發音(yin)(yin)(yin)的關鍵。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的音(yin)(yin)(yin)色特別(bie)清(qing)澈響亮,富有鄉土氣息,在樂(le)(le)隊中(zhong)(zhong)它常(chang)是各(ge)種(zhong)伴奏樂(le)(le)器的領(ling)弦(xian),在弦(xian)樂(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)擔任(ren)高(gao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)聲部。弓(gong)桿比二胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)弓(gong)子(zi)長而(er)粗,弓(gong)毛(mao)多(duo)而(er)堅硬(ying)。千斤又稱腰(yao)馬,用牛角或紅木制(zhi)作,與二胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)千斤所用材(cai)料不同(tong)。琴弦(xian)為絲弦(xian)或鋼(gang)絲弦(xian)。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)有多(duo)個品(pin)種(zhong)。除用于獨奏、合奏的板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)外(wai),還有高(gao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又稱河北梆子(zi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)或評劇板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))、中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又稱河南(nan)梆子(zi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))、秦(qin)腔板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、山(shan)西板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又稱晉中(zhong)(zhong)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))。它們在琴筒(tong)大小、琴桿粗細、弦(xian)軸長短、琴弦(xian)的使用及音(yin)(yin)(yin)色等方面(mian),各(ge)有差異。另(ling)外(wai)還有用于紹興高(gao)調中(zhong)(zhong)的板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)和用于廣(guang)東音(yin)(yin)(yin)樂(le)(le)、戲曲、曲藝(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)的椰胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。