芒果视频

基本介紹

舌(she)戰群(qun)儒出自明代羅貫中所著章回小說(shuo)《三國演義》第43回：“諸葛亮舌(she)戰群(qun)儒，魯(lu)子(zi)敬力排(pai)眾議。”

故事講述(shu)諸葛(ge)亮為聯盟(meng)孫權抵抗曹操的(de)過程中遭到(dao)東吳諸謀士(shi)的(de)責難，最后都(dou)被諸葛(ge)亮一一反駁(bo)，啞口無言。

角色介紹

孔明簡介

諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(181—234年(nian))，三國(guo)時(shi)杰出政治家(jia)(jia)、戰略家(jia)(jia)、外(wai)交家(jia)(jia)。字孔明，號臥(wo)龍。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮于漢(han)靈帝光(guang)和(he)四年(nian)(181年(nian))出生(sheng)于瑯邪陽都(今山(shan)東(dong)沂南縣)的一個官(guan)吏之家(jia)(jia)。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)氏是瑯邪的望族，先(xian)祖諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)豐曾(ceng)在西(xi)漢(han)元帝時(shi)做(zuo)過(guo)司隸校尉(wei)(衛戍京師(shi)的長官(guan))。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮父親諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)圭，字君貢，東(dong)漢(han)末年(nian)做(zuo)過(guo)泰山(shan)郡丞。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮3歲(sui)母親章(zhang)氏病逝,諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮8歲(sui)喪父，與(yu)弟弟諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)均一起跟隨由袁(yuan)術任命為豫(yu)章(zhang)太守的叔父諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)玄(xuan)到豫(yu)章(zhang)赴任。東(dong)漢(han)朝(chao)廷(ting)派朱皓(hao)取代了諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)玄(xuan)職務，諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)玄(xuan)就去投奔老(lao)朋(peng)友荊州牧劉表。

內容介紹

有關資料

小說記載

《三(san)國演義》是中國古代長篇(pian)章回小(xiao)說的開山之作。

三(san)國(guo)(guo)故事(shi)在我國(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)民間(jian)(jian)頗為(wei)流行。宋元時(shi)代(dai)(dai)即被搬上舞(wu)臺，金、元演出(chu)的(de)(de)三(san)國(guo)(guo)劇目達30多種(zhong)。元代(dai)(dai)至治年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)出(chu)現了(le)(le)新安虞氏所刊(kan)(kan)的(de)(de)《全相(xiang)三(san)國(guo)(guo)志(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)話》。元末(mo)明初羅貫(guan)中綜(zong)合民間(jian)(jian)傳說(shuo)和(he)戲曲、話本(ben)，結合陳壽《三(san)國(guo)(guo)志(zhi)(zhi)》和(he)裴松之(zhi)注的(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)料，根據他個(ge)人(ren)對(dui)(dui)社(she)(she)會人(ren)生的(de)(de)體悟，創作(zuo)了(le)(le)《三(san)國(guo)(guo)志(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)俗演義(yi)》，現存最早刊(kan)(kan)本(ben)是(shi)明嘉靖(jing)年(nian)(nian)所刊(kan)(kan)刻的(de)(de)，俗稱“嘉靖(jing)本(ben)”，本(ben)書(shu)(shu)24卷(juan)。清康(kang)熙(xi)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)，毛(mao)綸毛(mao)宗崗(gang)父子(zi)辨正史(shi)(shi)事(shi)、增刪文字，修改(gai)成今(jin)日通(tong)行的(de)(de)120回本(ben)《三(san)國(guo)(guo)演義(yi)》。《三(san)國(guo)(guo)演義(yi)》描寫(xie)的(de)(de)是(shi)從(cong)東漢末(mo)年(nian)(nian)到西晉初年(nian)(nian)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)近一(yi)百年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)風云(yun)。全書(shu)(shu)反映(ying)了(le)(le)三(san)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)政治軍事(shi)斗(dou)爭，反映(ying)了(le)(le)三(san)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)各類社(she)(she)會矛(mao)盾的(de)(de)滲透與轉化，概(gai)括了(le)(le)這一(yi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)巨變，塑造了(le)(le)一(yi)批咤叱風云(yun)的(de)(de)英(ying)雄人(ren)物。在對(dui)(dui)三(san)國(guo)(guo)歷史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)把握上，作(zuo)者表(biao)現出(chu)明顯的(de)(de)擁劉(liu)反曹傾向，以劉(liu)備集團作(zuo)為(wei)描寫(xie)的(de)(de)中心，對(dui)(dui)劉(liu)備集團的(de)(de)主要人(ren)物加以歌(ge)頌，對(dui)(dui)曹操(cao)則極力揭露鞭撻。今(jin)天(tian)我們對(dui)(dui)于作(zuo)者的(de)(de)這種(zhong)擁劉(liu)反曹的(de)(de)傾向應有辯證的(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)。尊劉(liu)反曹是(shi)民間(jian)(jian)傳說(shuo)的(de)(de)主要傾向，在羅貫(guan)中生活的(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)隱含著人(ren)民對(dui)(dui)漢族復興的(de)(de)希望(wang)。

《三(san)國(guo)演(yan)義》刻畫了(le)近(jin)200個人(ren)(ren)(ren)物形象，其中(zhong)最為成功的(de)(de)(de)有諸葛(ge)(ge)亮、曹(cao)操、關羽(yu)、劉(liu)備等人(ren)(ren)(ren)。諸葛(ge)(ge)亮是作(zuo)者心目中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)“賢相”的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)身，他(ta)具(ju)有“鞠躬(gong)盡瘁，死而(er)后(hou)已”的(de)(de)(de)高風亮節(jie)，具(ju)有近(jin)世濟民再造太(tai)平(ping)盛(sheng)世的(de)(de)(de)雄心壯(zhuang)志，而(er)且(qie)作(zuo)者還賦予他(ta)呼風喚雨、神機(ji)妙算的(de)(de)(de)奇異本領。曹(cao)操是一位奸(jian)(jian)雄，他(ta)生活的(de)(de)(de)信條是“寧教(jiao)(jiao)我(wo)負(fu)天下人(ren)(ren)(ren)，不(bu)教(jiao)(jiao)天下人(ren)(ren)(ren)負(fu)我(wo)”，既(ji)有雄才大(da)略，又殘暴奸(jian)(jian)詐，是一個政(zheng)治野心家陰(yin)謀(mou)家這與歷史上的(de)(de)(de)真曹(cao)操是不(bu)可混同的(de)(de)(de)。關羽(yu)“威猛剛毅”、“義重(zhong)如(ru)山”。劉(liu)備被作(zuo)者塑造成為仁(ren)民愛物、視(shi)賢下士、知人(ren)(ren)(ren)善任的(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)君典型。

《三國演義》描(miao)寫了(le)大(da)大(da)小小的戰(zhan)爭，構(gou)思宏偉，手(shou)法多樣，使我們清晰(xi)地看到了(le)一場場刀光(guang)血影(ying)的戰(zhan)爭場面。其中“官渡之戰(zhan)”和“赤(chi)壁之戰(zhan)”等戰(zhan)爭的描(miao)寫波瀾起伏、跌宕跳躍，讀來(lai)驚(jing)心(xin)動魄。

全書的文不甚(shen)深，言不甚(shen)俗(su)，簡(jian)潔明(ming)快，氣勢(shi)充沛(pei)，生動(dong)活潑。

《三(san)國演義(yi)》帶來(lai)我(wo)國歷史小說創作的熱潮，它所塑造的一系列人物形象在(zai)我(wo)國已(yi)家喻戶曉，婦孺(ru)皆知。

《三(san)國演義(yi)》的版(ban)本很多，主要(yao)有：明弘治刻(ke)本《三(san)國志通俗(su)演義(yi)》，文字(zi)粗樸，內容平易；《三(san)國志演義(yi)》，清毛宗崗增(zeng)刪評點本，約成(cheng)書(shu)于康熙(xi)初(chu)年，該本在社會上流傳(chuan)最為(wei)廣泛。人民文學(xue)出(chu)版(ban)社多次重(zhong)印出(chu)版(ban)。

《三國演義》第四十三回寫諸葛亮(liang)只身(shen)隨魯肅過江、游說東吳(wu)群臣。時值劉(liu)備新(xin)敗(bai)，退守夏口，曹操大軍壓境，東吳(wu)上下(xia)主降之風日(ri)盛。在此情勢(shi)下(xia)，諸葛亮(liang)以(yi)其超人(ren)的(de)膽識同東吳(wu)群儒(ru)展開舌(she)戰，并以(yi)其滔滔辯才使(shi)對手一個個皆(jie)成(cheng)“口”下(xia)敗(bai)將，并最終說服了孫權，使(shi)孫劉(liu)聯盟共(gong)抗(kang)曹操的(de)局面(mian)得以(yi)形成(cheng)。

史書記載

只記載諸葛亮(liang)面見孫(sun)權，東吳主戰派、主和派相爭日盛(sheng)。諸葛亮(liang)只是節使。

經典片段

原文

肅(su)乃(nai)引孔明(ming)至(zhi)(zhi)幕下(xia)(xia)(xia)。早見(jian)(jian)張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)、顧雍等一班文(wen)武二十(shi)余人(ren)(ren)，峨(e)冠博帶，整衣端坐(zuo)。孔明(ming)逐一相(xiang)見(jian)(jian)，各問姓名。施禮已畢，坐(zuo)于(yu)客位。張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)等見(jian)(jian)孔明(ming)豐神(shen)飄灑，器宇(yu)軒(xuan)昂(ang)，料道此(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)必來游說(shuo)。張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)先(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)挑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰：“昭(zhao)乃(nai)江東(dong)微(wei)末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)，久聞先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)高臥隆中(zhong)(zhong)，自(zi)比(bi)管(guan)(guan)、樂(le)。此(ci)(ci)語(yu)果有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎？”孔明(ming)曰：“此(ci)(ci)亮平生(sheng)小(xiao)(xiao)可之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)也。”昭(zhao)曰：“近聞劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)三顧先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)于(yu)草(cao)(cao)廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，幸(xing)得先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為‘如魚得水’，思欲(yu)席(xi)卷荊襄。今一旦(dan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)屬(shu)曹(cao)操，未審是(shi)何(he)主(zhu)見(jian)(jian)？”孔明(ming)自(zi)思張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)乃(nai)孫權手下(xia)(xia)(xia)第一個謀士(shi)(shi)，若不(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)難倒他，如何(he)說(shuo)得孫權，遂答(da)曰：“吾(wu)觀取漢(han)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，易如反(fan)掌。我(wo)主(zhu)劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)躬行仁義，不(bu)(bu)忍奪(duo)同宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基業(ye)，故(gu)力辭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。劉(liu)琮(cong)孺子，聽信(xin)佞言(yan)(yan)，暗自(zi)投降，致(zhi)使曹(cao)操得以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)猖獗。今我(wo)主(zhu)屯兵(bing)江夏(xia)，別(bie)有良圖，非等閑可知也。”昭(zhao)曰：“若此(ci)(ci)，是(shi)先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)言(yan)(yan)行相(xiang)違也。先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)自(zi)比(bi)管(guan)(guan)、樂(le)——管(guan)(guan)仲相(xiang)桓公(gong)，霸諸侯(hou)，一匡(kuang)天下(xia)(xia)(xia)；樂(le)毅扶持微(wei)弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)燕，下(xia)(xia)(xia)齊七十(shi)余城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)：此(ci)(ci)二人(ren)(ren)者，真(zhen)濟世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才也。先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)在草(cao)(cao)廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，但笑傲風月(yue)，抱膝危(wei)坐(zuo)。今既從事(shi)劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，當為生(sheng)靈興利除害，剿滅亂(luan)(luan)賊。且(qie)劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)未得先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，尚且(qie)縱橫寰(huan)宇(yu)，割(ge)據城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)；今得先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)，人(ren)(ren)皆仰望(wang)。雖三尺童蒙(meng)，亦謂彪(biao)虎生(sheng)翼，將(jiang)(jiang)見(jian)(jian)漢(han)室復興，曹(cao)氏(shi)即滅矣(yi)。朝廷舊臣(chen)，山(shan)林隱(yin)士(shi)(shi)，無不(bu)(bu)拭目而(er)待(dai)：以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為拂高天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)云(yun)翳，仰日月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光輝，拯(zheng)民(min)于(yu)水火之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，措天下(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)衽席(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上，在此(ci)(ci)時(shi)也。何(he)先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)自(zi)歸豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，曹(cao)兵(bing)一出，棄(qi)甲拋戈，望(wang)風而(er)竄(cuan)；上不(bu)(bu)能報(bao)劉(liu)表以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)安(an)庶民(min)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)不(bu)(bu)能輔孤子而(er)據疆土；乃(nai)棄(qi)新(xin)野，走樊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，敗當陽，奔夏(xia)口，無容身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地：是(shi)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)既得先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，反(fan)不(bu)(bu)如其初也。管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅，果如是(shi)乎？愚直之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)，幸(xing)勿見(jian)(jian)怪(guai)！”孔明(ming)聽罷，啞然(ran)(ran)而(er)笑曰：“鵬飛萬里，其志豈群鳥能識哉？譬如人(ren)(ren)染沉疴，當先(xian)(xian)用糜粥以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)飲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，和(he)藥(yao)(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；待(dai)其腑(fu)臟調和(he)，形體漸安(an)，然(ran)(ran)后用肉(rou)食以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)補之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，猛(meng)藥(yao)(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：則病根盡(jin)去(qu)，人(ren)(ren)得全生(sheng)也。若不(bu)(bu)待(dai)氣(qi)脈(mo)和(he)緩，便(bian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)猛(meng)藥(yao)(yao)厚味，欲(yu)求安(an)保(bao)，誠(cheng)為難矣(yi)。吾(wu)主(zhu)劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，向日軍敗于(yu)汝南，寄跡劉(liu)表，兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)滿(man)千，將(jiang)(jiang)止(zhi)關、張(zhang)(zhang)、趙(zhao)云(yun)而(er)已：此(ci)(ci)正(zheng)如病勢尫羸已極之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)也，新(xin)野山(shan)僻小(xiao)(xiao)縣，人(ren)(ren)民(min)稀少(shao)，糧(liang)食鮮薄，豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)不(bu)(bu)過暫借以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)容身(shen)，豈真(zhen)將(jiang)(jiang)坐(zuo)守于(yu)此(ci)(ci)耶？夫以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)甲兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)完，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭不(bu)(bu)固，軍不(bu)(bu)經(jing)練，糧(liang)不(bu)(bu)繼日，然(ran)(ran)而(er)博望(wang)燒屯，白(bai)河用水，使夏(xia)侯(hou)惇，曹(cao)仁輩心驚膽裂：竊謂管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用兵(bing)，未必過此(ci)(ci)。至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)劉(liu)琮(cong)降操，豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)實出不(bu)(bu)知；且(qie)又(you)不(bu)(bu)忍乘亂(luan)(luan)奪(duo)同宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基業(ye)，此(ci)(ci)真(zhen)大仁大義也。當陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗，豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)見(jian)(jian)有數十(shi)萬赴(fu)義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)，扶老攜幼相(xiang)隨，不(bu)(bu)忍棄(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，日行十(shi)里，不(bu)(bu)思進取江陵(ling)，甘與(yu)同敗，此(ci)(ci)亦大仁大義也。寡(gua)不(bu)(bu)敵眾(zhong)，勝負(fu)乃(nai)其常事(shi)。昔高皇數敗于(yu)項羽(yu)，而(er)垓下(xia)(xia)(xia)一戰(zhan)成功，此(ci)(ci)非韓信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良謀乎？夫信(xin)久事(shi)高皇，未嘗累(lei)勝。蓋(gai)國家大計，社稷安(an)危(wei)，是(shi)有主(zhu)謀。非比(bi)夸(kua)辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，虛譽欺人(ren)(ren)：坐(zuo)議立(li)談，無人(ren)(ren)可及；臨機應變(bian)，百無一能。——誠(cheng)為天下(xia)(xia)(xia)笑耳(er)！”這一篇言(yan)(yan)語(yu)，說(shuo)得張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)并(bing)無一言(yan)(yan)回答(da)。

座上忽一人抗聲問曰：“今曹公(gong)兵屯(tun)百萬，將列千員(yuan)，龍驤虎視，平(ping)吞江(jiang)夏(xia)，公(gong)以為何如(ru)？”孔(kong)(kong)明視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，乃虞(yu)翻也。孔(kong)(kong)明曰：“曹操收(shou)袁紹蟻聚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵，劫劉表(biao)烏(wu)合之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾，雖數(shu)百萬不(bu)足懼(ju)也。”虞(yu)翻冷(leng)笑(xiao)曰：“軍敗于當陽，計窮于夏(xia)口，區(qu)區(qu)求教于人，而猶(you)言‘不(bu)懼(ju)’，此(ci)真(zhen)(zhen)大言欺(qi)人也！”孔(kong)(kong)明曰：“劉豫州(zhou)以數(shu)千仁義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師，安(an)能(neng)敵百萬殘暴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾？退守夏(xia)口，所(suo)以待(dai)時也。今江(jiang)東兵精糧(liang)足，且(qie)有長江(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險(xian)，猶(you)欲使其主屈膝(xi)降賊，不(bu)顧天下恥笑(xiao)。——由此(ci)論之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，劉豫州(zhou)真(zhen)(zhen)不(bu)懼(ju)操賊者矣！”虞(yu)翻不(bu)能(neng)對。

座(zuo)間又一人(ren)(ren)問曰：“孔(kong)明欲(yu)效儀(yi)、秦(qin)(qin)之(zhi)舌，游說東吳耶？”孔(kong)明視之(zhi)，乃(nai)步騭也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)明曰：“步子山以蘇秦(qin)(qin)張儀(yi)為(wei)辯(bian)士，不知蘇秦(qin)(qin)、張儀(yi)亦豪杰也(ye)(ye)：蘇秦(qin)(qin)佩(pei)六國相印(yin)，張儀(yi)兩次相秦(qin)(qin)，皆有匡扶人(ren)(ren)國之(zhi)謀，非比畏(wei)強凌弱，懼刀避(bi)劍之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)。君等聞(wen)曹操虛發詐偽之(zhi)詞(ci)，便畏(wei)懼請降，敢笑蘇秦(qin)(qin)、張儀(yi)乎？”步騭默然無語。

忽(hu)一人(ren)(ren)問曰：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明以(yi)曹(cao)(cao)操何如人(ren)(ren)也(ye)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明視(shi)其人(ren)(ren)，乃(nai)(nai)薛綜(zong)也(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明答曰：“曹(cao)(cao)操乃(nai)(nai)漢賊也(ye)，又何必問？”綜(zong)曰：“公(gong)(gong)言差(cha)矣。漢傳(chuan)世至今(jin)，天數將終。今(jin)曹(cao)(cao)公(gong)(gong)已有天下三(san)分之(zhi)(zhi)二，人(ren)(ren)皆歸(gui)(gui)心。劉豫州不識(shi)天時(shi)，強欲與爭，正(zheng)如以(yi)卵擊石(shi)，安得不敗乎(hu)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明厲聲曰：“薛敬文(wen)安得出此無父(fu)無君之(zhi)(zhi)言乎(hu)！夫人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)天地間，以(yi)忠(zhong)孝為立身之(zhi)(zhi)本。公(gong)(gong)既為漢臣，則見有不臣之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，當誓共戮之(zhi)(zhi)：臣之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)也(ye)。今(jin)曹(cao)(cao)操祖宗叨食漢祿，不思報效，反(fan)懷篡(cuan)逆(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)心，天下之(zhi)(zhi)所共憤；公(gong)(gong)乃(nai)(nai)以(yi)天數歸(gui)(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)，真無父(fu)無君之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)！不足與語！請勿復言！”薛綜(zong)滿面(mian)羞(xiu)慚，不能對答。

座上又一(yi)人應(ying)聲(sheng)問曰：“曹操(cao)(cao)雖(sui)挾天(tian)子以令諸侯，猶是相國(guo)(guo)曹參之(zhi)(zhi)后。劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)雖(sui)云中山靖(jing)王(wang)苗裔，卻無可(ke)稽考，眼(yan)見只是織席販屨之(zhi)(zhi)夫耳，何足與曹操(cao)(cao)抗衡哉(zai)！”孔(kong)明視之(zhi)(zhi)，乃陸(lu)績也。孔(kong)明笑(xiao)曰：“公(gong)非袁術座間(jian)懷橘(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)陸(lu)郎乎(hu)？請安坐(zuo)，聽吾一(yi)言(yan)：曹操(cao)(cao)既為(wei)曹相國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)后，則世為(wei)漢(han)臣(chen)矣；今乃專權肆橫(heng)，欺凌君父(fu)，是不惟無君，亦(yi)且蔑(mie)祖，不惟漢(han)室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)亂臣(chen)，亦(yi)曹氏之(zhi)(zhi)賊子也。劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)堂(tang)堂(tang)帝胄，當今皇帝，按譜(pu)賜爵(jue)，何云‘無可(ke)稽考’？且高(gao)(gao)祖起(qi)身亭(ting)長，而(er)終有天(tian)下；織席販屨，又何足為(wei)辱乎(hu)？公(gong)小兒(er)之(zhi)(zhi)見，不足與高(gao)(gao)士共(gong)語(yu)！”陸(lu)績語(yu)塞(sai)。

座上一人忽曰：“孔明(ming)(ming)所言，皆強詞奪理(li)，均非正論，不必(bi)再言。且(qie)請問孔明(ming)(ming)治何(he)經典？”孔明(ming)(ming)視之(zhi)，乃嚴畯也。孔明(ming)(ming)曰：“尋章摘句，世之(zhi)腐儒也，何(he)能興邦(bang)立事？且(qie)古耕莘伊尹，釣渭子(zi)牙，張良、陳平之(zhi)流。鄧禹、耿弇之(zhi)輩，皆有匡扶宇宙(zhou)之(zhi)才，未審(shen)其生平治何(he)經典。——豈亦(yi)效書生，區區于筆硯(yan)之(zhi)間，數黑(hei)論黃，舞(wu)文弄墨而已乎？”嚴畯低頭喪氣而不能對。

忽又一(yi)人(ren)大聲曰(yue)：“公好為大言，未必真(zhen)有實(shi)學(xue)，恐適為儒(ru)者所(suo)笑耳。”孔明視其人(ren)，乃汝(ru)陽程德樞(shu)也。孔明答曰(yue)：“儒(ru)有小(xiao)人(ren)君子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)別。君子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)，忠君愛國，守正惡(e)邪，務使(shi)澤(ze)及當時(shi)，名留后世。——若夫(fu)小(xiao)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)，惟務雕(diao)蟲，專工翰墨，青春作賦，皓首窮經；筆下雖有千言，胸中實(shi)無一(yi)策(ce)。且如揚雄以(yi)文(wen)章名世，而(er)(er)屈身(shen)事莽，不(bu)免(mian)投閣而(er)(er)死，此(ci)所(suo)謂小(xiao)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)也；雖日賦萬言，亦(yi)何取哉！”程德樞(shu)不(bu)能對。眾人(ren)見孔明對答如流，盡皆失(shi)色。

同坐(zuo)上(shang)張溫、駱統(tong)二人(ren)，又欲問(wen)難(nan)。忽一人(ren)自外而入(ru)，厲聲言(yan)(yan)曰(yue)(yue)：“孔(kong)明(ming)乃(nai)(nai)(nai)當世(shi)(shi)奇才，君等以(yi)唇(chun)舌相難(nan)，非敬客之(zhi)禮(li)也(ye)。曹操大兵臨境，不(bu)思退敵之(zhi)策(ce)，乃(nai)(nai)(nai)徒斗(dou)口耶！”眾視其人(ren)，乃(nai)(nai)(nai)零陵人(ren)，姓黃，名蓋，字公覆(fu)，現為東(dong)吳(wu)(wu)糧官。當時(shi)黃蓋謂孔(kong)明(ming)曰(yue)(yue)：“愚聞多言(yan)(yan)獲(huo)利，不(bu)如(ru)默而無言(yan)(yan)。何(he)不(bu)將(jiang)金石之(zhi)論為我主言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)，乃(nai)(nai)(nai)與(yu)(yu)眾人(ren)辯論也(ye)？”孔(kong)明(ming)曰(yue)(yue)：“諸(zhu)君不(bu)知世(shi)(shi)務(wu)，互相問(wen)難(nan)，不(bu)容(rong)不(bu)答耳(er)。”于是黃蓋與(yu)(yu)魯肅引孔(kong)明(ming)入(ru)。至中門，正遇諸(zhu)葛瑾，孔(kong)明(ming)施禮(li)。瑾曰(yue)(yue)：“賢(xian)弟(di)(di)既(ji)到江東(dong)，如(ru)何(he)不(bu)來見(jian)我？”孔(kong)明(ming)曰(yue)(yue)：“弟(di)(di)既(ji)事劉豫(yu)州，理宜先公后私。公事未畢(bi)，不(bu)敢及私。望兄見(jian)諒。”瑾曰(yue)(yue)：“賢(xian)弟(di)(di)見(jian)過吳(wu)(wu)侯，卻來敘話(hua)。”說罷自去。

魯(lu)肅曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“適間(jian)所囑，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)誤。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)點頭應諾。引至(zhi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)上，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)降階而迎(ying)，優禮(li)(li)相(xiang)(xiang)待。施禮(li)(li)畢(bi)，賜孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)坐。眾文武分(fen)兩行而立。魯(lu)肅立于(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)側，只看(kan)他講話。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)致玄德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意畢(bi)，偷眼(yan)看(kan)孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)：碧眼(yan)紫髯，堂(tang)(tang)(tang)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)一表。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)暗思(si)：“此(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)相(xiang)(xiang)貌(mao)非(fei)(fei)常，只可(ke)激(ji)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)說。等他問時(shi)，用言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)激(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便了(le)(le)。”獻茶已(yi)畢(bi)，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“多(duo)聞魯(lu)子敬談(tan)足(zu)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)(cai)，今幸(xing)得(de)相(xiang)(xiang)見，敢求(qiu)教(jiao)益。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)(cai)無(wu)學，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)辱明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)問。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“足(zu)下(xia)(xia)近在新野，佐劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)與(yu)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)決戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，必深知彼軍(jun)虛實。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)兵微將(jiang)寡，更兼新野城(cheng)小無(wu)糧，安能(neng)與(yu)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)相(xiang)(xiang)持(chi)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“曹(cao)(cao)兵共有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)少？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“馬步水軍(jun)，約有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一百(bai)余萬(wan)(wan)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“莫非(fei)(fei)詐乎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“非(fei)(fei)詐也。曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)就兗(yan)州(zhou)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)青州(zhou)軍(jun)二十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)；平(ping)(ping)了(le)(le)袁紹，又(you)得(de)五六十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)；中原新招之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵三四十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)；今又(you)得(de)荊(jing)州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軍(jun)二三十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)：以(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)計之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)一百(bai)五十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)。亮以(yi)(yi)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，恐(kong)驚江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)東(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)(shi)也。”魯(lu)肅在旁，聞言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)失色(se)，以(yi)(yi)目視孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)；孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)只做不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見。權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)部下(xia)(xia)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)將(jiang)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)少？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“足(zu)智多(duo)謀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)(shi)，能(neng)征慣戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)將(jiang)，何止一二千人(ren)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“今曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)平(ping)(ping)了(le)(le)荊(jing)、楚(chu)，復有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)遠圖(tu)乎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“即(ji)今沿江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)(xia)寨，準備戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)船，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欲圖(tu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)東(dong)，待取(qu)何地？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“若彼有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)吞并(bing)(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意，戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)與(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，請足(zu)下(xia)(xia)為我一決。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“亮有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，但恐(kong)將(jiang)軍(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯聽從(cong)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“愿聞高論。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“向(xiang)者宇內大(da)亂，故(gu)(gu)(gu)將(jiang)軍(jun)起(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)東(dong)，劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)收眾漢南，與(yu)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)并(bing)(bing)爭天(tian)下(xia)(xia)。今操(cao)(cao)(cao)芟(shan)除大(da)難，略已(yi)平(ping)(ping)矣(yi)(yi)；近又(you)新破荊(jing)州(zhou)，威(wei)震海內；縱有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)英雄，無(wu)用武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地：故(gu)(gu)(gu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)遁逃至(zhi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)。愿將(jiang)軍(jun)量(liang)力而處(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：若能(neng)以(yi)(yi)吳、越之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾，與(yu)中國抗衡，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)早與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絕；若其不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)，何不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)從(cong)眾謀士(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論，按兵束甲(jia)，北面而事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)未及答。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)又(you)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“將(jiang)軍(jun)外(wai)托服從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名，內懷疑貳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見，事急(ji)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷，禍至(zhi)無(wu)日矣(yi)(yi)！”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“誠如(ru)君言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)何不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)降操(cao)(cao)(cao)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“昔田橫，齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯士(shi)(shi)(shi)耳，猶守義不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辱。況劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)王室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胄，英才(cai)(cai)蓋世，眾士(shi)(shi)(shi)仰慕。事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)濟，此(ci)(ci)(ci)乃天(tian)也。又(you)安能(neng)屈處(chu)人(ren)下(xia)(xia)乎！”孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)聽了(le)(le)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)覺勃(bo)然變(bian)色(se)，拂衣而起(qi)，退入后(hou)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)。眾皆哂(shen)笑而散，魯(lu)肅責孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“先生(sheng)何故(gu)(gu)(gu)出(chu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)？幸(xing)是吾(wu)主(zhu)寬(kuan)洪大(da)度，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)即(ji)面責。先生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，藐(miao)視吾(wu)主(zhu)甚矣(yi)(yi)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)仰面笑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“何如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)容(rong)物(wu)(wu)耶！我自有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)破曹(cao)(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計，彼不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)問我，我故(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。”肅曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“果有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)良策，肅當請主(zhu)公(gong)求(qiu)教(jiao)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)視曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾，如(ru)群蟻(yi)耳！但我一舉手，則皆為齏粉矣(yi)(yi)！”肅聞言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，便入后(hou)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)見孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)怒氣(qi)未息，顧謂肅曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)欺(qi)吾(wu)太甚！”肅曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“臣亦以(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)責孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)反笑主(zhu)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)容(rong)物(wu)(wu)。破曹(cao)(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯輕言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，主(zhu)公(gong)何不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)回(hui)嗔作喜曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“原來孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)良謀，故(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)詞激(ji)我。我一時(shi)淺見，幾誤大(da)事。”便同(tong)魯(lu)肅重(zhong)復出(chu)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)，再(zai)請孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)敘話。權(quan)(quan)(quan)見孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，謝(xie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“適來冒瀆威(wei)嚴，幸(xing)勿(wu)見罪。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)亦謝(xie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“亮言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)語冒犯，望乞恕罪。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)邀孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)入后(hou)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)，置酒相(xiang)(xiang)待。

數巡之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，權曰(yue)：“曹(cao)操(cao)平生所(suo)惡(e)者(zhe)：呂布、劉(liu)(liu)表、袁紹(shao)、袁術、豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)孤(gu)耳。今數雄已滅，獨豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)孤(gu)尚存。孤(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能以全吳之(zhi)(zhi)地，受制于人(ren)(ren)。吾(wu)計決矣(yi)。非(fei)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)莫(mo)與(yu)當曹(cao)操(cao)者(zhe)；然(ran)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)新(xin)敗之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，安能抗此難(nan)乎(hu)？”孔明曰(yue)：“豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)雖新(xin)敗，然(ran)關云長猶(you)率精兵(bing)萬人(ren)(ren)；劉(liu)(liu)琦領江(jiang)夏戰(zhan)(zhan)士(shi)，亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)下萬人(ren)(ren)。曹(cao)操(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)，遠來疲(pi)憊；近追豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)，輕騎一日(ri)夜(ye)行三百(bai)里，此所(suo)謂強弩之(zhi)(zhi)末，勢不(bu)(bu)(bu)能穿魯縞者(zhe)也。且北方之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)習水戰(zhan)(zhan)。荊(jing)(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)士(shi)民附操(cao)者(zhe)，迫于勢耳，非(fei)本心也。今將軍(jun)誠能與(yu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)協力同(tong)心，破曹(cao)軍(jun)必(bi)矣(yi)。操(cao)軍(jun)破，必(bi)北還，則荊(jing)(jing)、吳之(zhi)(zhi)勢強，而鼎足之(zhi)(zhi)形成矣(yi)。成敗之(zhi)(zhi)機，在于今日(ri)。惟將軍(jun)裁之(zhi)(zhi)。”

譯文

魯(lu)肅回報孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權，孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權安(an)排第二(er)天(tian)召集文(wen)武于(yu)帳下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，請(qing)臥龍先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)來，升堂(tang)議(yi)事(shi)。第二(er)天(tian)，魯(lu)肅到(dao)驛館接孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)同(tong)往(wang)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權大(da)帳中。孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)只見張(zhang)昭(zhao)、顧(gu)雍(yong)等一(yi)(yi)(yi)班二(er)十多位文(wen)武官員，峨冠博帶，整衣端坐(zuo)。孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)見禮，之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)在(zai)客位上(shang)落坐(zuo)。張(zhang)昭(zhao)等人(ren)看到(dao)諸(zhu)葛孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)豐神飄(piao)灑，器宇軒昂(ang)，料他(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來游說的。張(zhang)昭(zhao)便率先(xian)(xian)(xian)開口(kou)試問(wen)孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“我(wo)張(zhang)昭(zhao)乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)江(jiang)東的小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)物(wu)，早就(jiu)(jiu)聽(ting)說先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高臥隆中，自比(bi)管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)，有(you)(you)這(zhe)樣的事(shi)嗎？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)回答(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“這(zhe)只不(bu)(bu)過是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亮平生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)可(ke)(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)。”張(zhang)昭(zhao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“新近聽(ting)說劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)三顧(gu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)草廬(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，幸得(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，以(yi)為‘如(ru)(ru)魚得(de)(de)(de)水’因(yin)而(er)(er)欲想(xiang)席卷荊(jing)襄(xiang)。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)荊(jing)襄(xiang)卻(que)一(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)歸屬了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操，不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)你(ni)們(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)何(he)用意啊？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)暗想(xiang)：張(zhang)昭(zhao)乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權手下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)的第一(yi)(yi)(yi)謀(mou)士，若不(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)難倒他(ta)(ta)，如(ru)(ru)何(he)說服(fu)得(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權？于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)答(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“在(zai)我(wo)看來，我(wo)主取(qu)(qu)漢上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)易如(ru)(ru)反(fan)掌。我(wo)主劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)謙(qian)卑仁(ren)義，不(bu)(bu)忍去奪(duo)同(tong)宗(zong)兄弟的基業，因(yin)此將(jiang)荊(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)推讓(rang)掉了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。劉(liu)(liu)琮(cong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)孩子(zi)，聽(ting)任佞言(yan)，私自投降，致使曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操很猖獗。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)我(wo)主屯兵(bing)(bing)江(jiang)夏，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)另有(you)(you)良圖，這(zhe)可(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等閑(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輩所(suo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)理解(jie)的。”張(zhang)昭(zhao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“如(ru)(ru)果(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣，先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)就(jiu)(jiu)自相矛盾了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自比(bi)管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)，管(guan)(guan)仲輔佐(zuo)桓公(gong)稱霸諸(zhu)侯，一(yi)(yi)(yi)統(tong)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)；樂(le)毅(yi)扶持微(wei)弱(ruo)的燕國，拿下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)齊國七十多個(ge)(ge)城(cheng)池(chi)。這(zhe)兩個(ge)(ge)人(ren)，可(ke)(ke)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)濟世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)啊！而(er)(er)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)只會(hui)在(zai)草廬(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中笑(xiao)傲(ao)風月、抱(bao)膝危(wei)坐(zuo)。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)既然(ran)事(shi)從(cong)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)，就(jiu)(jiu)該為百(bai)姓牟(mou)利(li)益(yi)，除害滅賊。然(ran)而(er)(er)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)在(zai)未得(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，尚(shang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)縱橫(heng)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，割據(ju)城(cheng)地(di)；如(ru)(ru)今(jin)得(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，人(ren)們(men)更加仰望(wang)(wang)，就(jiu)(jiu)連三歲的幼童都說劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)虎添翼，不(bu)(bu)久漢室興旺，曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操可(ke)(ke)滅了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。朝野上(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)無(wu)不(bu)(bu)拭目(mu)以(yi)待，對(dui)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)抱(bao)著(zhu)(zhu)極大(da)希望(wang)(wang)。可(ke)(ke)為何(he)自從(cong)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跟了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)，曹(cao)(cao)(cao)兵(bing)(bing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)來，你(ni)們(men)就(jiu)(jiu)丟盔卸甲，望(wang)(wang)風而(er)(er)竄，棄(qi)新野，走(zou)樊城(cheng)，敗(bai)當(dang)陽，奔夏口(kou)，無(wu)容身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)。如(ru)(ru)此辜(gu)負了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)劉(liu)(liu)表遺愿，令(ling)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)百(bai)姓大(da)失所(suo)望(wang)(wang)。那劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)自從(cong)有(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，為何(he)反(fan)倒不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)當(dang)初了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)呢？管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)難道(dao)(dao)(dao)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣的嗎？我(wo)的話(hua)愚魯(lu)直率，請(qing)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)要見怪！”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)聽(ting)罷(ba)，無(wu)聲地(di)笑(xiao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)笑(xiao)，說道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“大(da)鵬展翅飛萬里，它的志向難道(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那些(xie)小(xiao)(xiao)燕雀能(neng)(neng)(neng)認識(shi)的嗎？比(bi)如(ru)(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)人(ren)得(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)多年的痼疾，應當(dang)先(xian)(xian)(xian)給他(ta)(ta)喝點稀粥，同(tong)藥(yao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起服(fu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。等到(dao)他(ta)(ta)肺腹(fu)調(diao)和、形(xing)體慢慢養(yang)得(de)(de)(de)安(an)穩(wen)些(xie)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，再用肉食補養(yang)，加上(shang)效(xiao)力強的藥(yao)治療(liao)，這(zhe)樣病根才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)除盡，人(ren)得(de)(de)(de)以(yi)全面康復。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)不(bu)(bu)等病人(ren)氣脈緩和，就(jiu)(jiu)給他(ta)(ta)吃烈藥(yao)和味道(dao)(dao)(dao)厚重(zhong)的食物(wu)，想(xiang)要求(qiu)得(de)(de)(de)平安(an)，實(shi)在(zai)就(jiu)(jiu)難了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。我(wo)主劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)，以(yi)前兵(bing)(bing)敗(bai)于(yu)汝南，寄靠(kao)在(zai)劉(liu)(liu)表門下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)千，將(jiang)只關、張(zhang)、趙(zhao)云，正(zheng)像是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)病重(zhong)危(wei)急(ji)的時(shi)刻。新野小(xiao)(xiao)縣地(di)僻人(ren)稀糧又少，他(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)過是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)暫(zan)時(shi)借以(yi)安(an)身，怎可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)長久坐(zuo)守(shou)在(zai)那里呢？但就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)這(zhe)樣的處境條件下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，卻(que)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)火燒博望(wang)(wang)，水淹曹(cao)(cao)(cao)軍，令(ling)夏侯惇(dun)等心驚膽(dan)寒(han)。依(yi)我(wo)看來，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)用兵(bing)(bing)，也不(bu)(bu)過如(ru)(ru)此吧(ba)。至于(yu)劉(liu)(liu)琮(cong)投降曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操，豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)當(dang)時(shi)根本不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)，且又不(bu)(bu)忍心乘亂奪(duo)取(qu)(qu)同(tong)宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業；當(dang)陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗(bai)，豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)不(bu)(bu)忍丟下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)百(bai)姓，幾十萬人(ren)扶老攜幼相隨渡江(jiang)，每日與民一(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)顛簸十余里路而(er)(er)放棄(qi)去取(qu)(qu)江(jiang)陵，真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)仁(ren)大(da)義啊！寡不(bu)(bu)敵眾，勝負乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兵(bing)(bing)家(jia)常事(shi)。昔日漢高祖劉(liu)(liu)邦多次(ci)敗(bai)給項羽，然(ran)而(er)(er)垓下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)戰卻(que)取(qu)(qu)得(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)決定(ding)性勝利(li)，難道(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為韓信為他(ta)(ta)出了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)良謀(mou)嗎？可(ke)(ke)韓信扶佐(zuo)劉(liu)(liu)邦那么(me)久，也沒得(de)(de)(de)幾次(ci)勝利(li)啊。因(yin)此說，國家(jia)大(da)事(shi)，天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)安(an)危(wei)，要靠(kao)謀(mou)劃(hua)。那些(xie)夸夸其談(tan)、善于(yu)巧辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，靠(kao)虛榮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣壓人(ren)；盡管(guan)(guan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)坐(zuo)著(zhu)(zhu)議(yi)論、站(zhan)著(zhu)(zhu)高談(tan)，可(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)關鍵時(shi)刻應付各種形(xing)勢變化，卻(que)什(shen)么(me)都不(bu)(bu)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。——這(zhe)才(cai)真(zhen)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)叫天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)恥笑(xiao)的呀！”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)(yi)番話(hua)，說得(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)昭(zhao)沒有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)句可(ke)(ke)以(yi)對(dui)答(da)。

這時座中一人(ren)忽然(ran)(ran)高聲問道(dao)(dao)：“如(ru)(ru)今曹公(gong)屯兵(bing)百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)，列將千名(ming)，虎(hu)視眈(dan)眈(dan)要(yao)踏平(ping)、吞食江夏，先生認(ren)為(wei)該怎么(me)辦呢(ni)？”孔(kong)明望去(qu)，乃是(shi)虞(yu)翻(fan)(fan)。孔(kong)明道(dao)(dao)：“曹操收并了(le)(le)袁紹蟻聚之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)，劫(jie)劉表烏合之(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)，雖然(ran)(ran)百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)軍(jun)，也沒(mei)什么(me)可怕。”虞(yu)翻(fan)(fan)一聽冷笑道(dao)(dao)：“你們軍(jun)敗于(yu)當陽，計窮于(yu)夏口，區區求(qiu)救于(yu)人(ren)，還說(shuo)‘不(bu)怕’，這可真是(shi)大言不(bu)慚啊(a)！”孔(kong)明道(dao)(dao)：“劉備(bei)(bei)不(bu)是(shi)只(zhi)靠(kao)幾千仁義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)師，就能抵抗百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)殘暴之(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)的(de)嗎？退(tui)守夏口是(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)等(deng)待更好的(de)時機。而如(ru)(ru)今，你們江東兵(bing)精糧足，且憑借(jie)有(you)長(chang)江之(zhi)(zhi)天險(xian)，有(you)的(de)人(ren)卻還想要(yao)主(zhu)公(gong)孫權屈膝(xi)投降曹賊(zei)，而竟不(bu)顧(gu)天下人(ren)的(de)恥笑。——從這一點來(lai)看，劉備(bei)(bei)難道(dao)(dao)是(shi)怕曹操的(de)嗎？”虞(yu)翻(fan)(fan)被說(shuo)得啞口無言了(le)(le)。

座中又一人發問道：“孔(kong)明(ming)先生難(nan)道想效法(fa)張(zhang)儀和(he)(he)蘇秦(qin)來游(you)說(shuo)我們東吳嗎？”孔(kong)明(ming)一看，是(shi)(shi)步(bu)騭(zhi)，回敬道：“步(bu)子(zi)山先生以為張(zhang)儀、蘇秦(qin)是(shi)(shi)辯士(shi)，卻大(da)概(gai)還不(bu)知道他二人也是(shi)(shi)豪(hao)杰吧(ba)；蘇秦(qin)佩掛六國(guo)相(xiang)印，張(zhang)儀兩次為秦(qin)國(guo)宰(zai)相(xiang)，都(dou)是(shi)(shi)匡扶(fu)國(guo)家的謀(mou)士(shi)，可不(bu)是(shi)(shi)那些畏強欺弱、怕刀怕槍(qiang)的人所能比的。君等(deng)只(zhi)聽曹操虛(xu)發的假詐之詞，就(jiu)嚇得想去(qu)投(tou)降，還竟好意(yi)思在(zai)這里笑話蘇秦(qin)和(he)(he)張(zhang)儀嗎？”步(bu)騭(zhi)也被問得說(shuo)不(bu)出(chu)話了。

忽然，又有(you)(you)(you)人問(wen)道(dao)：“孔明認為(wei)(wei)曹(cao)操(cao)是個什么(me)人呢(ni)(ni)？”孔明看那人，乃是薛綜(zong)，答道(dao)：“曹(cao)操(cao)乃是漢(han)(han)(han)賊(zei)，這(zhe)還(huan)用問(wen)嗎？”薛綜(zong)道(dao)：“先生(sheng)(sheng)說得(de)不(bu)對。漢(han)(han)(han)朝歷代至今，天(tian)(tian)數(shu)眼看就要完(wan)了。如今曹(cao)公擁有(you)(you)(you)三分之二天(tian)(tian)下，人都歸心(xin)與他。劉備不(bu)識(shi)天(tian)(tian)時，強要與之分爭，正(zheng)是好比以卵擊石，怎能(neng)不(bu)敗呢(ni)(ni)？”孔明這(zhe)時厲聲說道(dao)：“薛敬文怎么(me)能(neng)出此沒有(you)(you)(you)君臣(chen)父(fu)子、沒有(you)(you)(you)高低(di)倫理之言(yan)呢(ni)(ni)？人生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)天(tian)(tian)地之間，應以忠孝作為(wei)(wei)立身之本。薛公既然是漢(han)(han)(han)臣(chen)，卻(que)有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)臣(chen)之心(xin)，應當打消這(zhe)些思想(xiang)，才是為(wei)(wei)臣(chen)的(de)(de)正(zheng)道(dao)。曹(cao)操(cao)的(de)(de)祖宗食漢(han)(han)(han)祿，卻(que)不(bu)思報(bao)孝漢(han)(han)(han)室(shi)，反懷(huai)有(you)(you)(you)篡權叛逆之心(xin)，讓天(tian)(tian)下人憎忿，薛公卻(que)說天(tian)(tian)數(shu)歸之曹(cao)操(cao)，真是無(wu)父(fu)無(wu)君、沒有(you)(you)(you)綱常的(de)(de)人呀！我(wo)沒有(you)(you)(you)必(bi)要同(tong)你講(jiang)話(hua)，請(qing)不(bu)必(bi)多言(yan)了！”薛綜(zong)滿面羞慚，無(wu)話(hua)對答。

座上(shang)又有(you)一(yi)人應聲問道：“曹(cao)操(cao)雖然挾天子以(yi)令諸侯，可(ke)畢竟也是(shi)(shi)(shi)相國曹(cao)參的后代(dai)。劉(liu)備雖自說是(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)謂中山靖王的苗裔，卻(que)沒(mei)有(you)考證，人們親眼所(suo)見(jian)的，他只(zhi)不過是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個編草席賣(mai)草鞋(xie)的俗夫(fu)罷了，有(you)什(shen)(shen)么資(zi)格來和曹(cao)操(cao)抗(kang)衡呢(ni)！”孔(kong)明(ming)看去(qu)，原來是(shi)(shi)(shi)陸(lu)績(ji)。孔(kong)明(ming)笑起(qi)來，道：“曹(cao)操(cao)既然是(shi)(shi)(shi)曹(cao)相國的后代(dai)，就更證明(ming)他世代(dai)都為漢(han)臣，而(er)如今他卻(que)手握王權，肆意橫行，欺君(jun)(jun)妄上(shang)，不僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)目(mu)無君(jun)(jun)主，而(er)且(qie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)蔑視(shi)祖宗，不僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)室(shi)之(zhi)亂臣，而(er)且(qie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)曹(cao)氏之(zhi)賊子。劉(liu)備是(shi)(shi)(shi)堂(tang)(tang)堂(tang)(tang)正(zheng)正(zheng)的漢(han)室(shi)之(zhi)胄(zhou)，當(dang)今皇帝依據世宗祖譜賜(si)與他官爵，你(ni)憑什(shen)(shen)么說‘無可(ke)查考’呢(ni)？況(kuang)且(qie)高(gao)祖就是(shi)(shi)(shi)從區區亭(ting)長開(kai)始建業起(qi)身的，織席賣(mai)鞋(xie)又有(you)什(shen)(shen)么可(ke)以(yi)為恥辱(ru)的呢(ni)？我看你(ni)真是(shi)(shi)(shi)小兒之(zhi)見(jian)，怎(zen)能和高(gao)士一(yi)起(qi)理論(lun)！”陸(lu)績(ji)不禁閉口(kou)塞舌。

席(xi)中又一人(ren)(ren)說(shuo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“孔(kong)明(ming)所(suo)言，都(dou)是強詞奪(duo)理，全不(bu)是正經(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)談，不(bu)必(bi)再說(shuo)了。只請(qing)問孔(kong)明(ming)著有(you)(you)什么經(jing)典之(zhi)(zhi)論嗎(ma)？”孔(kong)明(ming)看他，是嚴峻，說(shuo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“尋章摘句，是世上那些(xie)迂腐儒士(shi)的所(suo)為，哪能夠(gou)依此興國立(li)事(shi)。古時(shi)候躬耕(geng)的莘(xin)伊尹(yin)，垂釣于渭水的姜(jiang)子(zi)牙，還有(you)(you)張良、鄧禹等名士(shi)高(gao)人(ren)(ren)都(dou)沒(mei)見他們有(you)(you)什么經(jing)典論著。——難(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)說(shuo)你整天(tian)就光只是效仿那些(xie)酸腐的書(shu)生，區區于筆硯之(zhi)(zhi)間，數黑論黃、舞文弄墨而已嗎(ma)？”嚴峻垂頭喪氣地無以作答。

忽然(ran)(ran)一個人(ren)(ren)大聲說道：“諸葛公好(hao)說大話，未必有(you)真才實(shi)學，恐(kong)怕(pa)到時恰恰要被文人(ren)(ren)學者(zhe)所笑呢(ni)。”孔(kong)明看那(nei)人(ren)(ren)，乃是程(cheng)德樞(shu)，便(bian)回答道：“文人(ren)(ren)學者(zhe)有(you)君子與小人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)分。作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)君子的(de)(de)文人(ren)(ren)，忠君愛(ai)國，堅守正(zheng)義，憎惡邪(xie)佞，盡力為(wei)時代做出自己的(de)(de)貢(gong)獻，美名(ming)傳于(yu)后世。而(er)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)小人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)學者(zhe)，只鉆營雕蟲小技，用心(xin)于(yu)文墨(mo)，年輕時作(zuo)(zuo)賦，人(ren)(ren)老了把(ba)經都念完。筆下即便(bian)有(you)千言，胸中卻沒有(you)一點實(shi)實(shi)在(zai)在(zai)的(de)(de)計策。就(jiu)像(xiang)楊雄(xiong)那(nei)樣，雖然(ran)(ran)以文章著稱(cheng)于(yu)世，卻屈身于(yu)草莽強盜(dao)之(zhi)手，走投無路最后跳樓而(er)死。這就(jiu)是所謂的(de)(de)小人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)儒。即使他每天吟詩作(zuo)(zuo)賦上萬言，可又有(you)什(shen)么用呢(ni)！”程(cheng)德樞(shu)也(ye)不能應對了。

眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)見孔(kong)明(ming)對(dui)答(da)如流，全都(dou)已驚慌(huang)失色。此時座中還有(you)人(ren)想(xiang)要(yao)問難(nan)孔(kong)明(ming)，忽(hu)然有(you)個人(ren)從(cong)外面走進來，厲聲說道：“孔(kong)明(ming)乃是(shi)(shi)當(dang)世奇才，諸位以唇(chun)舌相難(nan)，可不是(shi)(shi)敬客(ke)之(zhi)禮。曹操大(da)軍壓境，你們不商討退兵之(zhi)策，光在這里斗(dou)嘴！”眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)一(yi)看(kan)，是(shi)(shi)督糧官黃蓋黃公覆。黃蓋對(dui)孔(kong)明(ming)道：“先生何(he)不將金石之(zhi)論對(dui)我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)說去？”孔(kong)明(ming)道：“諸君不識時務(wu)，互相問難(nan)，容不得我(wo)(wo)不答(da)。”

于是黃蓋和魯肅帶孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)進入中門，正巧遇到(dao)諸(zhu)(zhu)葛瑾，孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)給他兄長施禮。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛瑾說(shuo)：“賢弟既(ji)然已來(lai)到(dao)江(jiang)東，為(wei)何不來(lai)見我(wo)呢？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)說(shuo)：“弟已輔佐劉備，理當先公后私。公事沒辦完，不敢旁及私事。請哥(ge)哥(ge)見諒(liang)。”諸(zhu)(zhu)葛瑾道(dao)：“賢弟拜見過吳侯，就到(dao)我(wo)那里敘話(hua)。”說(shuo)完便走了。

魯肅(su)(su)對孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)囑(zhu)咐(fu)道(dao)：“今天(tian)見(jian)到(dao)我(wo)家主(zhu)(zhu)公，千(qian)萬(wan)別說曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)兵(bing)多(duo)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)笑(xiao)說：“亮自會隨機應變。”他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)來(lai)到(dao)大(da)(da)(da)堂(tang)之上，孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)下(xia)(xia)階而迎，厚禮(li)相侍，請(qing)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)坐(zuo)，眾(zhong)文武分列兩旁，魯肅(su)(su)站在(zai)(zai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)邊上。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)見(jian)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)碧眼(yan)紫發，儀表堂(tang)堂(tang)，暗想(xiang)，此人相貌不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)般，只(zhi)能用(yong)(yong)話激他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能光講(jiang)道(dao)理。于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，等孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)問(wen)起曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)現有(you)(you)多(duo)少兵(bing)馬時(shi)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)說有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)百多(duo)萬(wan)。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)道(dao)：“怕不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)詐我(wo)們(men)吧？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)便(bian)將(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)原有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)力(li)(li)，加上從(cong)袁紹、中原和荊(jing)州那(nei)里(li)新(xin)增的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)力(li)(li)算(suan)(suan)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)百五十多(duo)萬(wan)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)方(fang)才說一(yi)(yi)百萬(wan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)怕嚇著江(jiang)東之士；且曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)手下(xia)(xia)戰(zhan)將(jiang)(jiang)謀(mou)士都(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)二(er)千(qian)。魯肅(su)(su)在(zai)(zai)旁一(yi)(yi)聽(ting)，驚慌失(shi)色(se)，連忙向(xiang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)使眼(yan)色(se)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)讓(rang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)再說了(le)(le)(le)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)卻(que)只(zhi)裝(zhuang)作沒(mei)有(you)(you)看見(jian)。這(zhe)時(shi)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)又問(wen)：“曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)平(ping)了(le)(le)(le)荊(jing)楚之地，還有(you)(you)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)圖(tu)謀(mou)嗎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)如(ru)今已沿江(jiang)邊安營扎(zha)寨(zhai)，準備(bei)(bei)戰(zhan)船，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)圖(tu)你們(men)江(jiang)東，又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)想(xiang)取(qu)哪(na)里(li)呢？”孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)道(dao)：“若(ruo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)真有(you)(you)吞并之意，請(qing)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)替我(wo)想(xiang)想(xiang)該怎(zen)么(me)(me)辦。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“亮有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)句話，只(zhi)怕將(jiang)(jiang)軍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯聽(ting)從(cong)。如(ru)今曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)勢力(li)(li)極大(da)(da)(da)，威震海(hai)內，即便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英雄，也(ye)無(wu)用(yong)(yong)武之地，奈他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可。將(jiang)(jiang)軍要(yao)(yao)量力(li)(li)而行，若(ruo)有(you)(you)能力(li)(li)與曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)抗(kang)衡，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)趁(chen)早(zao)消滅他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)；若(ruo)沒(mei)有(you)(you)能力(li)(li)對抗(kang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)聽(ting)從(cong)眾(zhong)謀(mou)士的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議(yi)，投降曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)算(suan)(suan)了(le)(le)(le)。如(ru)今，將(jiang)(jiang)軍嘴上說要(yao)(yao)降曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)，心里(li)又不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)想(xiang)降曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)，形勢危急，卻(que)總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)拿不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定主(zhu)(zhu)意，大(da)(da)(da)禍可就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)臨頭了(le)(le)(le)！”孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)道(dao)：“若(ruo)像(xiang)(xiang)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)說的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)，劉備(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)什么(me)(me)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)投降曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)呢？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“過去(qu)(qu)，像(xiang)(xiang)齊(qi)國的(de)(de)(de)田橫那(nei)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)壯士都(dou)能堅守大(da)(da)(da)義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)容屈辱，何(he)況劉備(bei)(bei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢室宗親——事之不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)意，怎(zen)么(me)(me)能自己就(jiu)先(xian)屈服于他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)人之下(xia)(xia)呢！”孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)聽(ting)了(le)(le)(le)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)這(zhe)番(fan)話，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)覺臉(lian)色(se)頓變，站起身來(lai)拂袖而去(qu)(qu)，眾(zhong)人一(yi)(yi)見(jian)，也(ye)都(dou)一(yi)(yi)笑(xiao)而散了(le)(le)(le)。魯肅(su)(su)責怪孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)(wei)何(he)說出這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)話來(lai)？幸虧我(wo)們(men)主(zhu)(zhu)公寬(kuan)洪(hong)大(da)(da)(da)度，沒(mei)有(you)(you)當面責怪你，你的(de)(de)(de)話過于藐視他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)了(le)(le)(le)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)仰面笑(xiao)道(dao)：“何(he)必這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能容人呢！我(wo)自有(you)(you)破曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)之計，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)問(wen)我(wo)，我(wo)怎(zen)敢說呢？”魯肅(su)(su)忙道(dao)：“原來(lai)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)良策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)，我(wo)這(zhe)就(jiu)去(qu)(qu)請(qing)主(zhu)(zhu)公來(lai)向(xiang)你求教。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)說：“我(wo)看曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)的(de)(de)(de)百萬(wan)大(da)(da)(da)軍，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)群小螞蟻罷(ba)了(le)(le)(le)，只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)我(wo)一(yi)(yi)抬(tai)手，它們(men)就(jiu)都(dou)成了(le)(le)(le)粉末。”魯肅(su)(su)經這(zhe)么(me)(me)一(yi)(yi)說，便(bian)立即到(dao)后堂(tang)去(qu)(qu)見(jian)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)一(yi)(yi)聽(ting)，轉怒為(wei)(wei)喜(xi)，道(dao)：“原來(lai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)話在(zai)(zai)激我(wo)。”于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又出來(lai)與孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)互致歉意，討教良策(ce)。

孔(kong)明(ming)說(shuo)：“劉備雖新(xin)敗，但關云長仍帶有精兵(bing)萬人(ren)(ren)；劉琦在(zai)江夏也有萬人(ren)(ren)。曹兵(bing)雖多，卻是(shi)遠(yuan)道而來，征戰疲(pi)憊(bei)，正所(suo)謂(wei)‘強(qiang)弩之(zhi)末(mo)，勢不(bu)能穿(chuan)魯(lu)縞’。并且北(bei)方人(ren)(ren)不(bu)習慣于水戰。荊州(zhou)之(zhi)民依附于曹操，是(shi)迫于當時的(de)(de)形勢，而并不(bu)是(shi)出(chu)于本心所(suo)愿。將軍如果現(xian)在(zai)能誠心誠意地(di)和劉備結成聯盟，破曹之(zhi)事必(bi)成。曹軍敗了(le)，自然退回北(bei)方，那么荊州(zhou)和東吳的(de)(de)勢力也就加強(qiang)了(le)，三足鼎(ding)立的(de)(de)局面(mian)也得以成形。成敗的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)即在(zai)眼(yan)下(xia)，就看將軍怎樣(yang)決斷了(le)。”

作者介紹

羅貫(guan)中，1330—1400之間，名本，號(hao)湖(hu)海散人，元(yuan)(yuan)末明初通(tong)俗(su)小說(shuo)家。他的(de)籍貫(guan)一說(shuo)是太原今山(shan)西，一說(shuo)是錢塘今浙江杭州，不(bu)可確考。據傳說(shuo)，羅貫(guan)中曾(ceng)充任過元(yuan)(yuan)末農(nong)民起義軍張士誠的(de)幕客。

元末明(ming)初(chu)著名小說(shuo)家(jia)、戲(xi)曲(qu)家(jia)，是中國章回小說(shuo)的鼻祖。生于元末明(ming)初(chu)的封建王(wang)朝時代。作(zuo)為(wei)與“倡優(you)”、“妓藝”為(wei)伍的戲(xi)曲(qu)平話作(zuo)家(jia)，當時被視為(wei)勾欄瓦舍的下(xia)九(jiu)流，正(zheng)史不(bu)可能(neng)為(wei)他寫(xie)經作(zuo)傳(chuan)。唯一(yi)可看到的是一(yi)位明(ming)代無名氏編著的不(bu)可靠的一(yi)本小冊子(zi)《錄鬼簿續編》，上寫(xie)：“羅貫中，太原人，號湖海散人。與人寡合，樂府隱語(yu)，極為(wei)清新(xin)。與余(yu)為(wei)忘年(nian)(nian)交(jiao)，遭時多故，天各一(yi)方。至正(zheng)甲(jia)辰復(fu)會，別來又(you)六十(shi)余(yu)年(nian)(nian)，竟不(bu)知其所終。”

羅(luo)貫中一(yi)生著(zhu)作(zuo)頗(po)豐，主要作(zuo)品有：劇(ju)本(ben)《趙太(tai)祖龍虎風云會(hui)》、《忠正孝(xiao)子(zi)連環(huan)諫》、《三(san)(san)平章死哭蜚虎子(zi)》；小(xiao)說《隋唐兩朝志傳》、《殘(can)唐五代史演(yan)義》、《三(san)(san)遂平妖傳》、《粉(fen)妝樓》、和施耐(nai)庵合著(zhu)的《水(shui)滸傳》，代表作(zuo)有《三(san)(san)國演(yan)義》（全名(ming)《三(san)(san)國志通俗演(yan)義》）等(deng)。

鑒賞評價

論辯藝術

先守后攻

面(mian)對(dui)諸儒的詰難(nan)，諸葛亮神態自(zi)若，一(yi)一(yi)作(zuo)答(da)，是為守(shou)，然而他又(you)不甘(gan)于(yu)只是作(zuo)答(da)，每于(yu)答(da)后發起攻(gong)勢。

東(dong)吳第一(yi)謀士張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)詰問諸葛亮(liang)自(zi)(zi)比(bi)管仲樂(le)毅，而(er)(er)最(zui)終卻使劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)“棄新野，走樊城(cheng)，敗當陽，奔夏(xia)口(kou)，無(wu)(wu)容身之(zhi)地”，“是(shi)(shi)(shi)豫州即得(de)先(xian)生之(zhi)后，反不(bu)(bu)(bu)如其(qi)初也(ye)。”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)此(ci)(ci)問著實(shi)(shi)厲害，李贄評此(ci)(ci)句曰：“下得(de)好毒手(shou)”。諸葛亮(liang)笑著回(hui)答(da)：“鵬飛(fei)萬里，其(qi)志(zhi)(zhi)豈群(qun)鳥能識哉？”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大鵬自(zi)(zi)況，志(zhi)(zhi)在萬里；將群(qun)儒比(bi)作群(qun)鳥，胸無(wu)(wu)大志(zhi)(zhi)。接(jie)下去運用(yong)(yong)比(bi)喻論(lun)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)方法，人(ren)染沉疴，當用(yong)(yong)和藥糜(mi)粥。而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)猛(meng)藥厚(hou)味，說(shuo)明劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)取(qu)勝(sheng)尚需(xu)時(shi)日(ri).又進一(yi)步(bu)用(yong)(yong)事實(shi)(shi)論(lun)證(zheng)(zheng)說(shuo)明自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)觀點；“夫以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)甲兵不(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)，城(cheng)郭不(bu)(bu)(bu)固，軍(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)經練(lian)，糧不(bu)(bu)(bu)繼日(ri)，然而(er)(er)博望燒屯(tun)，白河用(yong)(yong)水，使夏(xia)侯惇、曹仁輩心驚膽裂(lie)：竊謂管仲、樂(le)毅用(yong)(yong)兵，未(wei)必過此(ci)(ci)。”此(ci)(ci)段諸葛亮(liang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)充分的(de)(de)事實(shi)(shi)為論(lun)據(ju)，對(dui)“自(zi)(zi)比(bi)管仲樂(le)毅”之(zhi)說(shuo)予以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)論(lun)證(zheng)(zheng)，在鑿(zao)鑿(zao)事實(shi)(shi)面前(qian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)的(de)(de)非難(nan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)攻(gong)(gong)自(zi)(zi)破。諸葛亮(liang)將劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)的(de)(de)暫(zan)時(shi)之(zhi)敗歸于三個原因：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)仁義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)忍奪(duo)同宗(zong)基業(ye)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)忍舍棄赴(fu)義之(zhi)民，甘與同敗；二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)琮(cong)孱弱，聽信妄言，暗自(zi)(zi)投(tou)降(jiang)；三是(shi)(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)向日(ri)兵不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿千(qian)，將止(zhi)關、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)、趙云，“寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)敵(di)眾，勝(sheng)負乃(nai)(nai)其(qi)常事”，之(zhi)后引用(yong)(yong)漢高祖(zu)數敗于項羽(yu)而(er)(er)垓下一(yi)戰成功作類(lei)比(bi)論(lun)證(zheng)(zheng)說(shuo)明劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)失利(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)暫(zan)時(shi)的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)取(qu)得(de)最(zui)后的(de)(de)勝(sheng)利(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)必然的(de)(de)。進而(er)(er)歸納出漢高祖(zu)的(de)(de)最(zui)終勝(sheng)利(li)靠(kao)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)韓信之(zhi)良謀，突出自(zi)(zi)己(ji)在劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)興復(fu)漢室(shi)大業(ye)中(zhong)的(de)(de)重要作用(yong)(yong)。此(ci)(ci)段答(da)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)得(de)先(xian)生反不(bu)(bu)(bu)如初之(zhi)問，水來(lai)(lai)土掩，滴水不(bu)(bu)(bu)漏(lou)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上皆為防(fang)(fang)守(shou)之(zhi)舉。接(jie)著話(hua)鋒一(yi)轉，將矛頭直指東(dong)吳群(qun)儒：“非比(bi)夸(kua)辯之(zhi)徒，虛譽欺(qi)人(ren)；坐議立談(tan)，無(wu)(wu)人(ren)可(ke)及；臨機(ji)應(ying)變，百(bai)無(wu)(wu)一(yi)能。——誠為天(tian)(tian)下笑耳！”李贄評諸葛亮(liang)的(de)(de)反駁之(zhi)論(lun)為“說(shuo)盡今日(ri)秀才病痛(tong)”。諸葛亮(liang)此(ci)(ci)舉攻(gong)(gong)勢(shi)凌厲，使對(dui)方“并(bing)無(wu)(wu)一(yi)言回(hui)答(da)”。此(ci)(ci)乃(nai)(nai)先(xian)守(shou)后攻(gong)(gong)、攻(gong)(gong)守(shou)有度之(zhi)辯論(lun)策略。對(dui)虞翻的(de)(de)“劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)大敗猶(you)言不(bu)(bu)(bu)懼(ju)曹實(shi)(shi)為大言欺(qi)人(ren)”之(zhi)語(yu)(yu)，諸葛亮(liang)只以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)敵(di)眾，退守(shou)夏(xia)口(kou)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)待天(tian)(tian)時(shi)相應(ying)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)為防(fang)(fang)守(shou)，隨即便有“江東(dong)兵精糧足，且有長江之(zhi)險，猶(you)欲使其(qi)主屈(qu)膝(xi)降(jiang)賊，不(bu)(bu)(bu)顧天(tian)(tian)下恥笑”之(zhi)語(yu)(yu)來(lai)(lai)反攻(gong)(gong)，使虞翻不(bu)(bu)(bu)能對(dui)。后對(dui)步(bu)騭、薛綜等人(ren)的(de)(de)發(fa)難(nan)，孔明莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)此(ci)(ci)先(xian)守(shou)后攻(gong)(gong)之(zhi)法對(dui)之(zhi)，使東(dong)吳的(de)(de)儒者(zhe)一(yi)個個敗下陣來(lai)(lai)。

此法妙(miao)極。因(yin)有群(qun)儒詰問在先，不(bu)容(rong)不(bu)答(da)，故宜先守，且守得從容(rong)，既(ji)曲盡事(shi)理，又(you)詳陳(chen)事(shi)實，將對手的(de)詰問一(yi)一(yi)化解(jie)；又(you)因(yin)群(qun)儒來者不(bu)善，多有惡意，便于守住陣地(di)后發起反攻(gong)，使(shi)論辯進退有致，引人入(ru)勝。設若只守不(bu)攻(gong)，則必陷被動(dong)境地(di)；若只攻(gong)不(bu)守，失去了據理陳(chen)詞的(de)部分，使(shi)論辯僅僅停留(liu)在口(kou)舌(she)之爭，則缺乏以理服人的(de)成(cheng)分。

語帶雙機

諸(zhu)葛亮以其高超的語(yu)(yu)言技巧(qiao)使整個論辯過程精彩(cai)紛(fen)呈，于有限的語(yu)(yu)句中(zhong)蘊含極深的意(yi)味，嚼之余(yu)香滿口。在談到劉備新敗之因時，諸(zhu)葛亮說劉琮(cong)“暗自(zi)投(tou)降(jiang)”，意(yi)在嘲諷東吳主(zhu)降(jiang)之士，“非等(deng)閑(xian)可(ke)知也”，示(shi)張(zhang)昭等(deng)皆等(deng)閑(xian)無能之輩；又(you)云“社稷(ji)安危，是有主(zhu)謀”，寓昭等(deng)無定國安邦之策，反以妖言惑主(zhu)，實禍國殃民(min)之人。

步騭指出諸葛亮欲效張(zhang)儀、蘇(su)秦的游(you)(you)說之(zhi)(zhi)舉，諸葛亮卻(que)淡化張(zhang)儀蘇(su)秦二(er)人(ren)的辯(bian)士(shi)身(shen)份，而(er)(er)突出其豪杰的本色，強(qiang)調二(er)人(ren)“皆有(you)匡扶人(ren)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)謀”，點(dian)出儒者們無(wu)勇無(wu)謀，只(zhi)知(zhi)巧言論辯(bian)，實則貪生(sheng)怕死(si)的本質(zhi)。諸葛亮避開某些辯(bian)士(shi)為一(yi)(yi)已之(zhi)(zhi)利益(yi)而(er)(er)游(you)(you)說的特(te)點(dian)，在突出其“匡扶人(ren)國(guo)(guo)(guo)”大志的同時，也為自己張(zhang)目，我為匡扶人(ren)國(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)(er)來，你們卻(que)為葬送人(ren)國(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)(er)辯(bian)，孰高孰低，一(yi)(yi)目了然。

陸(lu)績以曹操(cao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)國曹參之后，劉備(bei)出身無可稽考相(xiang)詰(jie)，“眼見只是(shi)(shi)(shi)織席販屨(ju)之夫耳，何足(zu)與(yu)曹操(cao)抗衡哉！”諸葛(ge)亮(liang)先不(bu)直接回答問題，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)輕蔑地一笑，“公非袁(yuan)術座(zuo)間懷桔(jie)之陸(lu)郎乎？”諸葛(ge)亮(liang)此(ci)處提(ti)及此(ci)事(shi)，表(biao)面看來(lai)似屬閑(xian)筆，實則(ze)頗有深(shen)意(yi)。懷桔(jie)之事(shi)本為(wei)盡(jin)心(xin)事(shi)孝之典范，然而(er)畢竟是(shi)(shi)(shi)小兒所為(wei)，懷桔(jie)小兒之論必是(shi)(shi)(shi)小兒之見，自然“不(bu)足(zu)與(yu)高(gao)士共語”。

諸葛亮答程(cheng)德樞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語可分為(wei)兩(liang)層內容(rong)。一是論君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)的風采，“忠君愛國，守正惡邪，務使澤(ze)及當(dang)時，名(ming)(ming)(ming)留(liu)后(hou)世，”表面上為(wei)君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)正名(ming)(ming)(ming)，實為(wei)夫子(zi)自道也；二是畫小人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)的嘴臉，“筆(bi)下雖(sui)有千言，胸中實無(wu)一策(ce)，”對大敵當(dang)前而群儒(ru)(ru)一籌莫展予以辛辣的諷刺，且以揚(yang)雄(xiong)屈(qu)身事莽下場可悲昭示東吳小人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)不顧氣節屈(qu)膝(xi)投降必(bi)將留(liu)下千古罵名(ming)(ming)(ming)。

語帶(dai)雙機之辯術充分顯(xian)(xian)示了諸葛亮的(de)論辯技巧，一石二鳥(niao)，弦外有音，以(yi)極精(jing)煉(lian)的(de)語句表達極豐富(fu)的(de)內容(rong)，頗具(ju)戰斗力。似(si)不經意中顯(xian)(xian)出智慧(hui)，信(xin)手拈來時(shi)愈見功力。給人(ren)留下充分的(de)想象余(yu)地。

各個擊破

對(dui)不(bu)同的人(ren)采取不(bu)同的方法擊敗對(dui)方，是諸葛(ge)亮(liang)舌戰群儒的又一大(da)特色。

對(dui)張昭，由于他(ta)是東吳重臣，第一(yi)謀士，諸(zhu)葛亮采取擒(qin)賊先擒(qin)王的策略，娓(wei)娓(wei)道來，嚴密防守之后(hou)大舉進攻(gong)，使張昭無一(yi)言(yan)可對(dui)。對(dui)張昭的反駁洋洋灑灑，周密細致，絲(si)絲(si)入扣，而(er)對(dui)以下諸(zhu)儒則(ze)多以簡潔明快(kuai)的對(dui)答迅速結束戰斗，不(bu)與多做糾纏。

在整個過程中(zhong)，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)的(de)(de)論(lun)(lun)辨藝術發揮(hui)得(de)酣暢(chang)淋(lin)漓，他(ta)面(mian)對群儒潮水般涌(yong)來的(de)(de)詰難，沉著應(ying)戰，或(huo)引經據(ju)典(dian)，或(huo)轉換論(lun)(lun)題，或(huo)厲聲責(ze)問，或(huo)反(fan)(fan)唇相譏(ji)，可謂得(de)心應(ying)手，游(you)刃(ren)有余(yu)。如(ru)以韓(han)信之(zhi)謀，揚雄(xiong)之(zhi)死來作(zuo)為(wei)論(lun)(lun)據(ju)幫助申明觀點(dian)；對步騭的(de)(de)“孔明欲(yu)效儀、秦之(zhi)舌(she)，游(you)說東吳耶？”之(zhi)論(lun)(lun)棄之(zhi)不(bu)理(li)，而(er)從蘇(su)、張(zhang)二人豪杰本(ben)色入手，轉守為(wei)攻；對薛綜(zong)則厲聲責(ze)問：“薛敬文安得(de)出(chu)(chu)此(ci)無(wu)父無(wu)君(jun)之(zhi)言乎(hu)！”諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)抓住(zhu)儒者鼓吹忠(zhong)孝(xiao)為(wei)本(ben)的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)，以“君(jun)父”兩個正大堂(tang)皇的(de)(de)字眼(yan)喝倒薛綜(zong)，實在是擊到了對手的(de)(de)致(zhi)命之(zhi)處(chu)，薛綜(zong)自然“滿面(mian)羞慚”；對陸績，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)以不(bu)溫不(bu)火的(de)(de)語(yu)調反(fan)(fan)唇相譏(ji)，指出(chu)(chu)其以出(chu)(chu)身論(lun)(lun)英雄(xiong)的(de)(de)荒誕不(bu)經，使(shi)陸績語(yu)塞。而(er)對嚴峻的(de)(de)“治何經典(dian)”之(zhi)法，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)只(zhi)以三(san)句話回應(ying)，首先(xian)認為(wei)“尋章(zhang)摘(zhai)句”者為(wei)“世之(zhi)腐儒”，并(bing)不(bu)能“興邦立事”；既而(er)舉例，伊尹、姜子牙、張(zhang)良、陳平、鄧(deng)、“皆有匡扶(fu)宇宙之(zhi)才”，而(er)并(bing)未(wei)死鉆書(shu)(shu)本(ben)；最后總括為(wei)“舞文弄墨”只(zhi)是書(shu)(shu)生(sheng)所為(wei)。短短數語(yu)，有理(li)有據(ju)，在一(yi)連(lian)串的(de)(de)古(gu)圣今賢(xian)的(de)(de)列舉中(zhong)反(fan)(fan)襯出(chu)(chu)書(shu)(shu)生(sheng)的(de)(de)無(wu)用，從而(er)使(shi)以治經典(dian)為(wei)榮的(de)(de)嚴畯低頭喪氣(qi)。

詳略(lve)的不同、論辯方法的不同顯(xian)示出(chu)諸葛亮的機動(dong)靈活，詳答老(lao)辣者，略(lve)對淺薄者，揮(hui)揮(hui)灑(sa)(sa)灑(sa)(sa)，左右(you)逢源，嘻(xi)笑怒(nu)罵(ma)，皆(jie)成文章，著(zhu)實令人嘆服(fu)。

語勢磅礴

整個(ge)論辯(bian)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮語勢磅礴，使(shi)對(dui)(dui)方懾服于(yu)(yu)他(ta)的(de)(de)語言威力(li)，只有招架(jia)之(zhi)功(gong)，而無反(fan)(fan)擊之(zhi)力(li)。這(zhe)一點突(tu)出體(ti)現在(zai)他(ta)的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)問語氣的(de)(de)運(yun)用上(shang)(shang)。如(ru)反(fan)(fan)詰張(zhang)昭：“鵬(peng)飛萬(wan)里，其(qi)志豈群鳥(niao)能識哉？”“豫州(zhou)不(bu)過暫借以(yi)容身，豈真將坐守于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)耶？”“昔高(gao)皇數敗于(yu)(yu)項羽，而垓下一戰(zhan)成功(gong)，此(ci)(ci)非韓信之(zhi)良謀乎(hu)(hu)？”反(fan)(fan)擊步騭：“君等聞曹操虛發詐偽之(zhi)詞，便畏懼請降，敢(gan)笑蘇秦、張(zhang)儀乎(hu)(hu)？”對(dui)(dui)陸績(ji)：“且(qie)高(gao)祖起(qi)身亭長，而終有天(tian)下；織席(xi)販(fan)屨(ju)，又何足(zu)為(wei)辱乎(hu)(hu)？”對(dui)(dui)嚴：“豈亦效書生，區區于(yu)(yu)筆(bi)硯之(zhi)間，數黑(hei)論黃，舞文(wen)弄墨(mo)而已乎(hu)(hu)？”……一連串(chuan)的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)問句，語勢強(qiang)烈，咄(duo)咄(duo)逼人，我們可(ke)以(yi)說，諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮舌戰(zhan)群儒只所以(yi)耐人尋味(wei)百讀不(bu)厭，在(zai)很大程(cheng)(cheng)度上(shang)(shang)得(de)益于(yu)(yu)其(qi)論辯(bian)過程(cheng)(cheng)語勢的(de)(de)力(li)量。在(zai)以(yi)理服人的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)，諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮更以(yi)其(qi)語言的(de)(de)氣勢壓倒了對(dui)(dui)手。

就語句(ju)而言(yan)，也(ye)突出顯(xian)示了諸葛亮(liang)語言(yan)的(de)(de)氣勢(shi)(shi)(shi)。善(shan)用短句(ju)、排比(bi)(bi)對偶句(ju)該(gai)是其突出的(de)(de)特點。短句(ju)的(de)(de)使用簡潔明(ming)快，適于論辯(bian)；排比(bi)(bi)句(ju)對偶句(ju)更有“壯氣勢(shi)(shi)(shi)廣文義”的(de)(de)修辭特征，如“甲兵不完，城(cheng)郭不固(gu)，軍不經練，糧不繼日(ri)”極言(yan)劉備當時所處的(de)(de)劣勢(shi)(shi)(shi)地位；諷(feng)小人(ren)之儒，則(ze)有“惟務雕蟲，專工(gong)翰墨，青(qing)春作(zuo)賦，皓(hao)首窮經，”可謂(wei)數(shu)盡(jin)小人(ren)儒者之弊。非語言(yan)大(da)家(jia)無此上乘之作(zuo)。

語勢磅礴源于理直氣(qi)壯，“理直”是(shi)因，“氣(qi)壯”是(shi)果。在(zai)諸葛亮(liang)的(de)意識中(zhong)，此番東吳之行乃為(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)義而來，故(gu)而正(zheng)(zheng)氣(qi)浩然，處變不驚。瀟灑的(de)風度、廣(guang)博的(de)學識，使對(dui)手在(zai)氣(qi)勢上先輸了三分，加之諸葛亮(liang)一陣窮(qiong)追猛打，遂有破竹之勢。

綜觀舌(she)戰群儒的(de)整個過程，諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮在東吳(wu)諸(zhu)儒的(de)詰問中從容做對，侃(kan)侃(kan)而談，縱橫捭闔，游(you)刃有余，終(zhong)使“張昭并無一言回答”，“虞翻不(bu)能對”，“步騭默然無語”，“薛綜滿面羞慚，不(bu)能對答”，“陸績語塞”，“嚴畯低頭(tou)喪(sang)氣不(bu)能對”，“程德(de)樞不(bu)能對”，以至眾(zhong)人“盡皆失(shi)色(se)”。真可謂三寸之(zhi)舌(she)能抵(di)百萬(wan)之(zhi)兵。

總之，諸葛(ge)亮舌(she)戰群儒風頭(tou)出盡，其嫻熟的(de)論辯技巧令人折(zhe)服，堪稱經典，值得當今習(xi)此道者深(shen)味。

辨析概括

東漢末期，曹(cao)操(cao)挾(xie)天子(zi)以令諸侯，較有實(shi)力的(de)軍閥大都被他消滅了，惟獨劉(liu)備和孫權還有發(fa)展壯(zhuang)大的(de)可能，曹(cao)操(cao)自(zi)知(zhi)一下(xia)子(zi)吞并這兩股勢力還比較難。于是，曹(cao)操(cao)就(jiu)派人(ren)拿著他的(de)書信(xin)去東吳，想和孫權聯手消滅劉(liu)備。

孫權(quan)手下的謀士大(da)都主(zhu)張(zhang)降曹自保(bao)，只有魯(lu)肅主(zhu)張(zhang)聯劉(liu)抗曹。但(dan)魯(lu)肅自知難以說服孫權(quan)和東吳的文臣(chen)，特意請諸葛亮(liang)來當說客。

魯肅引諸葛亮見(jian)了(le)東吳(wu)的一群謀士(shi)，這些人并非泛泛之輩，個個。都是有學問的人。東吳(wu)第一大謀士(shi)張昭(zhao)首(shou)先發難，說(shuo)：聽說(shuo)劉(liu)備到(dao)你(ni)家(jia)里三趟(tang)，才把(ba)你(ni)請出山(shan)，以為(wei)有了(le)你(ni)就如同魚得了(le)水，想奪取荊(jing)襄(xiang)九郡做根據地。但荊(jing)襄(xiang)已被曹操得到(dao)，你(ni)還有什么主意呢？

諸葛(ge)亮(liang)心里想，如果不(bu)先難倒張昭(zhao)，就沒辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)說服孫(sun)權聯劉抗曹了。諸葛(ge)亮(liang)說：劉備(bei)取荊(jing)襄(xiang)這(zhe)塊地盤，易如反掌，只是不(bu)忍心奪取同宗的基業，才被(bei)曹操撿了便宜。現在(zai)屯兵江夏，另有宏圖(tu)大計，等(deng)閑之輩哪懂得這(zhe)個。國家(jia)大事，社(she)稷安危，都(dou)要有真才實(shi)學的人拿(na)出好主意(yi)。而口舌之徒，坐(zuo)而論道(dao)，碰上事兒，卻拿(na)不(bu)出一個辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)來，只能為(wei)天下人恥(chi)笑。一番話，說得張昭(zhao)啞(ya)口無言(yan)。

之后，一個謀士問：曹操屯兵(bing)百萬，將列千員，你說不怕，吹牛(niu)吧你。諸葛亮(liang)答：劉備退守(shou)夏口，是等待時機(ji)，而東(dong)吳兵(bing)精糧足(zu)，還(huan)有長江天險可守(shou)，卻都勸(quan)孫權降曹，丟人吧你。

東吳的謀(mou)士一(yi)個(ge)接一(yi)個(ge)地向(xiang)諸葛亮發難，先后有(you)七人(ren)之多，都被諸葛亮反駁得有(you)口難辯。