文(wen)成楊梅(mei)(mei)產自浙(zhe)江省溫州市文(wen)成縣,溫州是浙(zhe)江省楊梅(mei)(mei)三(san)大(da)主(zhu)產區之一,全市的(de)(de)楊梅(mei)(mei)種(zhong)植面積有32萬(wan)畝(mu),主(zhu)要種(zhong)植的(de)(de)品種(zhong)有丁岙(ao)梅(mei)(mei)、荸薺梅(mei)(mei)(黑炭梅(mei)(mei))、東魁(kui)梅(mei)(mei)。文(wen)成楊梅(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)果(guo)形端正呈(cheng)近圓形,色澤深紅色至(zhi)紫(zi)黑色,肉(rou)柱飽滿(man),肉(rou)質柔軟,細(xi)嫩多汁(zhi),酸甜適口,風(feng)味濃郁。
文(wen)成(cheng)(cheng)楊(yang)(yang)梅以其(qi)獨特的(de)(de)優良品(pin)(pin)(pin)質,通過(guo)各類認證、評(ping)比、展示(shi)、展銷,獲得了一系列的(de)(de)榮譽稱(cheng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。2016年,“文(wen)成(cheng)(cheng)楊(yang)(yang)梅”成(cheng)(cheng)功申報國家地理標(biao)志證明商標(biao);2017年,“文(wen)成(cheng)(cheng)楊(yang)(yang)梅”獲評(ping)浙江省(sheng)“十佳楊(yang)(yang)梅”稱(cheng)號(hao)(hao)(hao);2018年,“文(wen)成(cheng)(cheng)楊(yang)(yang)梅”分別被評(ping)為浙江省(sheng)區域(yu)名牌(pai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)和(he)區域(yu)名牌(pai)農產品(pin)(pin)(pin),在溫州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)楊(yang)(yang)梅評(ping)比中有(you)5個樣品(pin)(pin)(pin)獲溫州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)“最美楊(yang)(yang)梅”稱(cheng)號(hao)(hao)(hao),1個樣品(pin)(pin)(pin)獲“最甜楊(yang)(yang)梅”稱(cheng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。
文成楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)農產品地(di)理(li)標志地(di)域(yu)保護(hu)范圍為:地(di)理(li)坐(zuo)標東經119゜34’~120゜15’,北緯(wei)27゜34’~27゜59’之間(jian)。生產地(di)域(yu)范圍為:浙(zhe)江省溫州市(shi)文成縣所屬(shu)的大峃(xue)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、珊溪鎮(zhen)(zhen)、玉壺鎮(zhen)(zhen)、南田鎮(zhen)(zhen)、黃坦鎮(zhen)(zhen)、西(xi)坑畬(yu)族鎮(zhen)(zhen)、百丈漈鎮(zhen)(zhen)、峃(xue)口鎮(zhen)(zhen)、巨嶼鎮(zhen)(zhen)、周壤鎮(zhen)(zhen)、二源鎮(zhen)(zhen)、銅(tong)鈴山鎮(zhen)(zhen)、周山畬(yu)族鄉(xiang)(xiang)、雙(shuang)桂鄉(xiang)(xiang)、平和(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、公陽鄉(xiang)(xiang)、桂山鄉(xiang)(xiang),共(gong)計17個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)243個(ge)行(xing)政(zheng)村(cun)。文成現有(you)楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)種植面積(ji)4040公頃(qing),年產量2.1萬噸,保護(hu)區面積(ji)1296平方千米。
1、外在感官(guan)特征:果形端正呈近圓(yuan)形,色(se)澤深(shen)紅色(se)至紫黑色(se),肉柱飽滿(man),肉質柔軟,細嫩多(duo)汁,酸(suan)甜適口,風味濃郁。
2、內在品質指標:可溶性固形(xing)物%≥10.5%;總酸≤10g/kg;維(wei)生素(su)C≥13.5mg/100g。
3、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安全(quan)規(gui)定:質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安全(quan)應符合國家相(xiang)關標準規(gui)定要求。
文(wen)成(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)位(wei)于浙江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)省南部山(shan)(shan)區,飛云(yun)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中上游,全(quan)境(jing)以(yi)山(shan)(shan)地(di)、丘陵(ling)為主,山(shan)(shan)地(di)占全(quan)縣(xian)總面積的82.5%,素(su)有(you)"八山(shan)(shan)一(yi)水一(yi)分田"之稱。境(jing)內海(hai)拔高(gao)差(cha)懸殊(shu),海(hai)拔千米(mi)以(yi)上山(shan)(shan)峰178座(zuo),最高(gao)為西(xi)北(bei)部的石(shi)垟林場楊(yang)頂(ding)崗(gang),海(hai)拔1362米(mi),最低為平(ping)(ping)(ping)和鄉(xiang)大垟口,海(hai)拔15米(mi)。山(shan)(shan)脈分屬(shu)兩(liang)支(zhi),江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)屬(shu)南田山(shan)(shan)脈,為洞宮山(shan)(shan)脈分支(zhi);江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南為南雁蕩(dang)山(shan)(shan)脈分支(zhi)。地(di)勢自西(xi)北(bei)向東(dong)南傾斜,山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)上多(duo)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺,南田平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺與桂山(shan)(shan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺隔江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)相(xiang)望,是(shi)文(wen)成(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)山(shan)(shan)地(di)的典型地(di)貌。飛云(yun)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)自西(xi)向東(dong)穿流(liu)而過,其主要支(zhi)流(liu)有(you)泗溪(xi)、玉(yu)泉溪(xi)、峃作口溪(xi)等,干流(liu)在文(wen)成(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)境(jing)流(liu)域(yu)面積1123.5平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)千米(mi),境(jing)內全(quan)長43.5千米(mi),自然落差(cha)115米(mi)。
屬亞熱(re)帶海洋季(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou),四(si)季(ji)分(fen)明,雨(yu)量(liang)充(chong)沛。年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)為18.3℃,最熱(re)月份7月,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)28.3℃;最冷月份1月,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)8.2℃;極端低(di)(di)溫(wen)-5.9℃。常(chang)年(nian)無霜期285天,年(nian)降雨(yu)量(liang)1797.7毫米(mi),日照1723.3小(xiao)時,屬楊(yang)梅(mei)生長最適宜區。垂直梯(ti)度氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)差異(yi)大,部分(fen)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)從山(shan)(shan)(shan)腳到山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂跨越了多個氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)帶,具有典型的山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)立體氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)特(te)點,低(di)(di)海拔地(di)(di)區(0-400米(mi))年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)16.2-18.1℃;中山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)區(400-800米(mi))年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)14.1-16.2℃;高(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)區(800-1000米(mi))年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)13.1-13.8℃,為文成楊(yang)梅(mei)梯(ti)度開發(fa)、延長鮮果供應期提供了得天獨厚的自然生長條件(jian)。
文(wen)成(cheng)縣土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)共分紅壤(rang)、黃(huang)壤(rang)、水稻土(tu)(tu)、紫色土(tu)(tu)、潮土(tu)(tu)等5大土(tu)(tu)類(lei)。其中(zhong)紅壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)積最大,占全縣土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)總面(mian)(mian)積的39.55%,主(zhu)要分布在海(hai)拔600 m以(yi)下(xia)的中(zhong)東(dong)部(bu);其次是黃(huang)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu),占全縣土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)總面(mian)(mian)積的37.57%,主(zhu)要分布在海(hai)拔600—800 m以(yi)上(shang)的西北部(bu)與南(nan)部(bu)的低山(shan)地(di)區。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)風化強烈,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)多呈(cheng)酸性,大部(bu)分pH值(zhi)4.5-6.5之間,適宜楊梅生(sheng)長。
文成縣為國家級生(sheng)態示范縣,生(sheng)態環(huan)境良(liang)好,水(shui)質優良(liang),森林覆(fu)蓋率(lv)72.31%,空(kong)氣(qi)質量優良(liang)率(lv)達99.4%,地(di)(di)表(biao)水(shui)水(shui)質達標(biao)率(lv)100%,文瑞出境斷(duan)面水(shui)質為一(yi)類(lei)水(shui),符(fu)合農(nong)業部綠色食品產地(di)(di)環(huan)境質量標(biao)準要求。
選擇生態環境良好(hao)、遠離污(wu)染源、坡(po)度(du)小于30°、海拔700m以下的緩(huan)坡(po)地、山地建園。要求日(ri)照(zhao)充(chong)(chong)足,雨量充(chong)(chong)沛,排水良好(hao),微(wei)酸、含石礫的砂質土壤,年(nian)(nian)平均溫度(du)14℃以上,絕對(dui)最低(di)溫度(du)不低(di)于-9℃,≥10℃的年(nian)(nian)積溫4500℃以上。
東魁楊梅。
文(wen)成楊梅按照特定的(de)生產(chan)和技(ji)術(shu)要求(qiu),必須對苗木質量、栽(zai)培技(ji)術(shu)、采收分級、貯藏保鮮等環節進行全程控(kong)制(zhi)。
1、苗木質量
以一(yi)年生(sheng)嫁(jia)接苗(miao)為宜,干(gan)粗(cu)、苗(miao)木高度及規定高度內的(de)分(fen)枝數作(zuo)依據,分(fen)為一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)、二級(ji)(ji)(ji)。低于(yu)二級(ji)(ji)(ji)標準的(de)苗(miao)木不得作(zuo)為商品苗(miao)出圃。詳(xiang)見下表(biao)。表(biao)1苗(miao)木分(fen)級(ji)(ji)(ji)級(ji)(ji)(ji)別干(gan)粗(cu)(cm)苗(miao)高(cm)在規定高度內分(fen)枝數(個)根系檢(jian)疫性病(bing)蟲害一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)≥0.60≥40≥3發達無二級(ji)(ji)(ji)≥0.50≥30≥2較發達
2、栽培管理
苗木定植:分春植和(he)(he)秋植。春植于2月(yue)(yue)下(xia)旬至3月(yue)(yue)中旬,秋植為10月(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬至11月(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬,以春植為宜(yi)。選擇(ze)無風(feng)陰天栽植,定植密度(du)根(gen)據園塊立地條件和(he)(he)管理水平,株行距5m*6m或6m*6m,每畝栽植18株-22株。
土肥管理:幼齡樹(shu)(shu)以“促(cu)(cu)”為(wei)(wei)主,每(mei)年(nian)追肥(fei)(fei)4-5次(ci),薄(bo)肥(fei)(fei)勤施(shi)(shi),施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量隨(sui)著(zhu)樹(shu)(shu)冠擴大逐年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)多,初期為(wei)(wei)氮肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主,樹(shu)(shu)齡增(zeng)(zeng)大后配肥(fei)(fei)磷(lin)鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei);成年(nian)樹(shu)(shu)促(cu)(cu)控(kong)結合(he),看樹(shu)(shu)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei),以培(pei)養(yang)中庸樹(shu)(shu)勢,促(cu)(cu)進(jin)結果(guo)、提高品質,一(yi)般年(nian)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)2-3次(ci),實行(xing)適氮控(kong)磷(lin)增(zeng)(zeng)鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei),氮:磷(lin):鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)的配比(bi)以1:0.3:4為(wei)(wei)宜。1)壯果(guo)肥(fei)(fei):4月下旬-5月初,株施(shi)(shi)硫酸(suan)鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)1kg左右,同(tong)時注意噴(pen)施(shi)(shi)硼、鋅、鉬(mu)等微(wei)量元素;2)采后肥(fei)(fei):6月底-7月上旬,株施(shi)(shi)硫酸(suan)鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)復合(he)肥(fei)(fei)0.5-1kg,加(jia)生物(wu)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)10公(gong)斤(jin),樹(shu)(shu)勢強結果(guo)少(shao)的可少(shao)施(shi)(shi)或不施(shi)(shi);3)基(ji)肥(fei)(fei):10月底-11月,株施(shi)(shi)生物(wu)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)10-15公(gong)斤(jin)。采用自然生草(cao)法,每(mei)年(nian)在(zai)采收前(qian)及伏(fu)旱(han)前(qian)刈割2次(ci)進(jin)行(xing)樹(shu)(shu)盤覆蓋(gai)。每(mei)3-4年(nian)于秋冬季(ji)進(jin)行(xing)深(shen)翻一(yi)次(ci),以改良土(tu)壤理化性狀。
整形修剪:①幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)整形:采(cai)(cai)用自然(ran)開(kai)心(xin)形。定(ding)干高度(du)20-30cm,主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3-5個,主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)主(zhu)干的(de)(de)角度(du)45o以上。主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上配備不同(tong)方(fang)(fang)位的(de)(de)副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3-4個,副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上培養結(jie)(jie)果枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組。采(cai)(cai)用抹(mo)芽、摘心(xin)、拉(la)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、短截、疏(shu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等方(fang)(fang)法,使枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)疏(shu)密適中(zhong),分(fen)布有序,形成(cheng)良好的(de)(de)豐(feng)產穩產樹(shu)(shu)體結(jie)(jie)構。②結(jie)(jie)果樹(shu)(shu)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian):適當(dang)疏(shu)刪(shan)過(guo)密枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、直(zhi)立枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、交(jiao)叉(cha)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、病蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),逐年(nian)(nian)鋸除(chu)中(zhong)心(xin)直(zhi)立大枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)開(kai)張(zhang),枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)生長健(jian)壯,通風(feng)透光良好,防止樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)內和株間(jian)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)交(jiao)叉(cha),通過(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)控制保持樹(shu)(shu)體生長與(yu)結(jie)(jie)果相對(dui)平(ping)衡(heng)。樹(shu)(shu)體高度(du)控制在(zai)3 m以下,鋸口(kou)和剪(jian)(jian)口(kou)宜(yi)平(ping)整,鋸口(kou)應涂保護劑。③衰老期(qi)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian):逐年(nian)(nian)對(dui)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)適當(dang)回縮,更新結(jie)(jie)果枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組,恢復樹(shu)(shu)勢,延長結(jie)(jie)果年(nian)(nian)限。④修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)時間(jian):休眠期(qi)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)時間(jian)主(zhu)要在(zai)11月(yue)-翌(yi)年(nian)(nian)2月(yue),冷(leng)空氣來臨前(qian)后不宜(yi)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian);生長期(qi)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)時間(jian)4-7月(yue),采(cai)(cai)后大枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)要求在(zai)7月(yue)中(zhong)、下旬前(qian)完成(cheng)。
花果管理:春季萌芽前(qian)對(dui)多花樹(shu)進(jin)行(xing)適度修剪,疏(shu)除(chu)過密、過弱的花枝,以促發(fa)抽生春梢(shao),確保適量掛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo);少花樹(shu)則(ze)在(zai)(zai)開(kai)花前(qian)后噴硼、磷、鉀混合液保花保果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),并疏(shu)除(chu)樹(shu)冠中上部(bu)部(bu)分春梢(shao)保果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實生理落(luo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)結束后至果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實迅(xun)速膨大期前(qian)進(jin)行(xing),一(yi)般(ban)分2-3次。疏(shu)除(chu)病蟲果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、畸形果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、小(xiao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),長結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝留(liu)3-4果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),中果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝留(liu)2-3果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),短果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝留(liu)1果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。
病蟲害綜合防控:按照“預防為(wei)主(zhu),綜(zong)合防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的總(zong)方(fang)針,以農(nong)業(ye)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)基礎,根(gen)據病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)規律,因時、因地制(zhi)宜,綜(zong)合運用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)業(ye)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、生(sheng)(sheng)物防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、物理(li)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),盡(jin)量減少(shao)化(hua)學防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),安(an)全、經濟、有效地控(kong)制(zhi)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害。①農(nong)業(ye)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):加(jia)強栽培(pei)(pei)管理(li),培(pei)(pei)養健壯樹勢;清潔果園,及時清除(chu)枯枝、落(luo)葉(xie)、病(bing)果,減少(shao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)源;合理(li)修剪,改善樹體通風透光條件,創造良(liang)好的楊梅生(sheng)(sheng)長環境。②物理(li)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):采用(yong)(yong)(yong)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)燈、色板、性誘劑等(deng)誘殺害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong);人工(gong)捕(bu)殺尺(chi)蠖、蓑蛾類幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、卵塊和蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)繭;采用(yong)(yong)(yong)避雨栽培(pei)(pei)加(jia)防蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)網防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)楊梅腐爛(lan)落(luo)果和果蠅。③生(sheng)(sheng)物防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):保(bao)護利用(yong)(yong)(yong)天敵,發(fa)揮生(sheng)(sheng)物防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),用(yong)(yong)(yong)有益生(sheng)(sheng)物消滅有害生(sheng)(sheng)物,擴大以蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),以菌治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的應用(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍,以維持自然界(jie)生(sheng)(sheng)態平衡。④科學用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao):在11月(yue)中旬-翌年(nian)2月(yue),用(yong)(yong)(yong)3波美度石硫(liu)合劑進行(xing)冬季清園,減少(shao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)基數。根(gen)據主(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害的發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)情況,適期防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),選用(yong)(yong)(yong)《浙江省楊梅主(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)建議》的推薦農(nong)藥(yao),嚴格執行(xing)農(nong)藥(yao)安(an)全間隔(ge)期。
1、采(cai)(cai)收(shou):分(fen)批采(cai)(cai)收(shou)成(cheng)熟果(guo),具有該品種(zhong)充分(fen)成(cheng)熟時(shi)所特有色澤,不采(cai)(cai)未熟果(guo)。采(cai)(cai)摘時(shi)間(jian)以(yi)(yi)清(qing)晨或傍(bang)晚為主(zhu),采(cai)(cai)收(shou)人員剪平(ping)指甲,以(yi)(yi)免(mian)刺傷果(guo)實(shi),輕采(cai)(cai)輕放,避(bi)免(mian)果(guo)實(shi)壓(ya)傷。
2、分(fen)(fen)級(ji)(ji):果實采收(shou)后應(ying)及時運回分(fen)(fen)級(ji)(ji)場地,過程(cheng)中盡量減少震動,由專人進行篩選分(fen)(fen)級(ji)(ji)和包裝,分(fen)(fen)級(ji)(ji)人員應(ying)配戴一次(ci)性(xing)手套。果實具有該品種成(cheng)熟時色澤和形狀,肉柱豐滿,著(zhu)色良(liang)好,果面應(ying)清潔,無(wu)外物(wu)污染,無(wu)異味,無(wu)腐爛。