遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)飼(si)(si)養牛(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)(ju)體時間已無從考證。契(qi)丹遼(liao)(liao)(liao)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)立后,由(you)政府建(jian)立國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)牧場,設(she)官(guan)統(tong)一經(jing)營(ying)管(guan)理,到遼(liao)(liao)(liao)代中后期,契(qi)丹遼(liao)(liao)(liao)國(guo)(guo)“群(qun)牧滋繁,數(shu)至(zhi)百(bai)萬有(you)(you)(you)余”(《遼(liao)(liao)(liao)史食(shi)貨志(zhi)》),除了官(guan)營(ying)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)牧場外,契(qi)丹上至(zhi)親王(wang),下(xia)(xia)至(zhi)平(ping)民,都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)同數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)牲畜(chu)私(si)產(chan)(chan)(chan)。元明清(qing)至(zhi)建(jian)國(guo)(guo)前后,牛(niu)已成為遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要動(dong)力(li)工(gong)具(ju)(ju),飼(si)(si)養方式也由(you)散養變成散養與圈養相結合(he),家庭擁有(you)(you)(you)牛(niu)等牲畜(chu)數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)少,成為農(nong)戶(hu)財富多(duo)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要象征。20世紀70年(nian)代,隨著我國(guo)(guo)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)機械化(hua)程度(du)和人民生活水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)(gao),人們對(dui)牛(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)役用(yong)價值(zhi)需求呈(cheng)下(xia)(xia)降趨勢,對(dui)牛(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肉用(yong)需求迅速增長。在(zai)此(ci)背景下(xia)(xia),遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)畜(chu)牧人通過引進(jin)(jin)法國(guo)(guo)大(da)型肉用(yong)牛(niu)品種夏洛萊,與本地黃牛(niu)進(jin)(jin)行級進(jin)(jin)雜交,歷經(jing)40年(nian),育(yu)(yu)成遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)第(di)一個全(quan)國(guo)(guo)第(di)三個專門化(hua)肉用(yong)牛(niu)品種-遼(liao)(liao)(liao)育(yu)(yu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)牛(niu)。遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)育(yu)(yu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)牛(niu)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)生長速度(du)快、飼(si)(si)料報酬高(gao)(gao)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)肉多(duo)、耐粗飼(si)(si)、抗逆性強(qiang)、肉質好、繁殖(zhi)力(li)高(gao)(gao)等優點,已是遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)廣大(da)農(nong)牧民脫貧(pin)致(zhi)富的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要畜(chu)牧飼(si)(si)養品種。目(mu)前,遼(liao)(liao)(liao)育(yu)(yu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)牛(niu)開(kai)發(fa)已納入《遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)省(sheng)現代畜(chu)牧業(ye)(ye)(ye)推進(jin)(jin)計劃(hua)》、《遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)省(sheng)畜(chu)牧業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展十三五(wu)規劃(hua)》、“遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)省(sheng)畜(chu)牧獸(shou)醫(yi)局重點工(gong)作”,遼(liao)(liao)(liao)育(yu)(yu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)牛(niu)全(quan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈開(kai)發(fa)格局基本形成,遼(liao)(liao)(liao)育(yu)(yu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)牛(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)知名度(du)不(bu)斷提高(gao)(gao),產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)拉動(dong)作用(yong)持(chi)續增強(qiang)。
遼(liao)寧省(sheng)培(pei)育的(de)遼(liao)育白(bai)牛(niu)新品種(zhong)已通過國(guo)家畜禽遺(yi)傳(chuan)資源委員會的(de)審定,并(bing)由(you)農(nong)業部正式予以公布。遼(liao)育白(bai)牛(niu)是遼(liao)寧省(sheng)第一個(ge)自主培(pei)育的(de)專(zhuan)門化肉用牛(niu)品種(zhong),是遼(liao)寧省(sheng)肉牛(niu)產業發展進(jin)程中的(de)一件大事(shi)。
據(ju)了解,過去遼寧(ning)省(sheng)飼養(yang)的(de)主(zhu)要是(shi)靠自(zi)然選擇形成的(de)役肉兼用型(xing)的(de)本(ben)地(di)黃(huang)牛,其產(chan)肉性(xing)能低下。遼育(yu)(yu)白牛新品種(zhong)的(de)培育(yu)(yu)成功(gong),扭轉了遼寧(ning)省(sheng)肉用種(zhong)公(gong)牛過度依賴(lai)進口狀況,特別是(shi)為進一步加快全(quan)省(sheng)肉牛產(chan)業(ye)發展提供了有利(li)的(de)種(zhong)源條件。遼寧(ning)省(sheng)將大力(li)開(kai)展遼育(yu)(yu)白牛產(chan)業(ye)開(kai)發示范(fan)工作,以市場化運(yun)作為手段,通過龍頭帶動、科技支撐、體系保障和(he)政策(ce)扶持等舉措,逐步做(zuo)大做(zuo)強遼育(yu)(yu)白牛產(chan)業(ye),努力(li)把該省(sheng)建(jian)設成為全(quan)國重要的(de)優質肉牛供種(zhong)基地(di)和(he)中(zhong)、高檔牛肉生產(chan)基地(di)。
地域范圍
遼(liao)(liao)寧(ning)遼(liao)(liao)育白(bai)牛產于遼(liao)(liao)寧(ning)地(di)區(qu),地(di)理坐標為東(dong)(dong)經118°53′-125°46′,北(bei)緯38°43′-43°26′,遼(liao)(liao)寧(ning)省(sheng)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)與(yu)(yu)吉(ji)林省(sheng)接壤,西北(bei)與(yu)(yu)內蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)為鄰(lin),西南(nan)與(yu)(yu)河(he)北(bei)省(sheng)毗連,與(yu)(yu)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)隔(ge)海(hai)相望。以鴨綠江為界河(he),與(yu)(yu)朝鮮民主(zhu)主(zhu)義(yi)人民共和國隔(ge)江相望,南(nan)瀕浩瀚(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)渤海(hai)和黃海(hai)。主(zhu)產區(qu)包括鐵嶺市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開原(yuan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、調兵山(shan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、昌圖(tu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、西豐縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、鐵嶺縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);沈陽(yang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遼(liao)(liao)中(zhong)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、新民市(shi)(shi)(shi)、法庫(ku)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、康(kang)平(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);阜新市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彰武縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、阜新蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);錦州市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)凌(ling)海(hai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、義(yi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、黑山(shan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、北(bei)鎮(zhen)滿(man)(man)(man)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);盤錦市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)盤山(shan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);丹東(dong)(dong)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鳳城(cheng)(cheng)滿(man)(man)(man)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、寬甸滿(man)(man)(man)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);鞍山(shan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、臺安縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、岫巖滿(man)(man)(man)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);撫順(shun)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)撫順(shun)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、新賓滿(man)(man)(man)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、清(qing)原(yuan)滿(man)(man)(man)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);本溪(xi)(xi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)本溪(xi)(xi)滿(man)(man)(man)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、桓仁滿(man)(man)(man)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。計(ji)9個市(shi)(shi)(shi)26個縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(市(shi)(shi)(shi)、區(qu))469個鄉(鎮(zhen)、街(jie)道)。
產(chan)品品質(zhi)特性(xing)特征(zheng)
(1)外(wai)在感官特(te)征 遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)遼(liao)育白(bai)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)全身(shen)被毛(mao)呈(cheng)白(bai)色(se)(se)或草白(bai)色(se)(se),鼻鏡肉(rou)色(se)(se),蹄角(jiao)多(duo)為臘色(se)(se);體(ti)(ti)(ti)型大(da)(da),體(ti)(ti)(ti)質結實,肌(ji)肉(rou)豐滿,體(ti)(ti)(ti)軀呈(cheng)長(chang)方(fang)(fang)形;頭(tou)(tou)(tou)寬(kuan)且稍(shao)短(duan),額闊唇寬(kuan),耳中等(deng)(deng)偏大(da)(da),大(da)(da)多(duo)有角(jiao),少數無角(jiao),公(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)方(fang)(fang)正,額寬(kuan)平(ping)直,頭(tou)(tou)(tou)頂部(bu)有長(chang)毛(mao),角(jiao)呈(cheng)錐狀,向(xiang)外(wai)側延(yan)伸;母(mu)(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)清秀,角(jiao)細圓(yuan),向(xiang)兩側并向(xiang)前(qian)伸展(zhan);頸粗(cu)短(duan),母(mu)(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)平(ping)直,公(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)頸部(bu)隆(long)起(qi),無肩峰,母(mu)(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)頸部(bu)和胸(xiong)(xiong)部(bu)多(duo)有垂(chui)皮(pi),公(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)垂(chui)皮(pi)發(fa)達;胸(xiong)(xiong)深(shen)寬(kuan),肋(lei)圓(yuan),背腰寬(kuan)厚、平(ping)直,尻部(bu)寬(kuan)長(chang),臀端寬(kuan)齊,后腿部(bu)肌(ji)肉(rou)豐滿;四肢粗(cu)壯,長(chang)短(duan)適中,蹄質結實;尾中等(deng)(deng)長(chang)度(du);母(mu)(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)乳房發(fa)育良(liang)好。 遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)遼(liao)育白(bai)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)毛(mao)色(se)(se)一致,體(ti)(ti)(ti)質健壯,性(xing)情溫(wen)順(shun);耐粗(cu)飼(si),抗逆性(xing)強,適應性(xing)廣,易飼(si)養,增(zeng)重(zhong)快,宜肥(fei)育;早熟性(xing)和繁殖力良(liang)好;群體(ti)(ti)(ti)遺(yi)傳穩(wen)定,耐寒性(xing)強,能(neng)夠(gou)適應廣大(da)(da)北方(fang)(fang)地區溫(wen)帶大(da)(da)陸(lu)性(xing)季風氣候(hou)。 遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)遼(liao)育白(bai)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)成年公(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)910.5Kg、體(ti)(ti)(ti)高146.2cm、體(ti)(ti)(ti)斜(xie)長(chang)186.8cm、胸(xiong)(xiong)圍(wei)229.3cm;母(mu)(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)451.2Kg、體(ti)(ti)(ti)高126.8cm、體(ti)(ti)(ti)斜(xie)長(chang)164.4cm、胸(xiong)(xiong)圍(wei)179.2cm;初生重(zhong)公(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)41.6Kg,母(mu)(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)38.3Kg;6月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)(ling)體(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)公(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu) 221.4Kg,母(mu)(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)190.5Kg;12月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)(ling)體(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)公(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)366.8Kg,母(mu)(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)280.6Kg;24月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)(ling)體(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)公(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)624.5Kg,母(mu)(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)386.3Kg。
(2)內(nei)在品質(zhi)指標 遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)遼(liao)育白(bai)(bai)(bai)牛牛肉色澤呈(cheng)鮮櫻桃(tao)紅,實際(ji)檢驗(yan)值3.39,被認為是最佳肉色;各種氨基酸含(han)量(liang)達84,粗蛋白(bai)(bai)(bai)含(han)量(liang)在80-85之間,牛肉中膽固(gu)醇含(han)量(liang)220.2( mg/100g),脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)實際(ji)檢驗(yan)值10.61,脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)色澤呈(cheng)白(bai)(bai)(bai)色,質(zhi)地(di)較硬;沉積于肌纖維之間的脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)(大(da)(da)理石花紋(wen))比(bi)較豐富,大(da)(da)理石花紋(wen)實際(ji)檢驗(yan)值為3.91,多(duo)汁性為4.73,胴(dong)體的肌肉剪切力3.45Kg/平方(fang)厘(li)米(mi),系(xi)水率為72.1,失水率為23.1。可(ke)見,遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)遼(liao)育白(bai)(bai)(bai)牛具(ju)有高蛋白(bai)(bai)(bai)、低脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)、低膽固(gu)醇等優點;遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)遼(liao)育白(bai)(bai)(bai)牛牛肉口感(gan)和嫩度較好,柔軟多(duo)汁,風味較好。
(3)安全(quan)要(yao)(yao)求:遼(liao)(liao)寧遼(liao)(liao)育白(bai)牛(niu)所采食的(de)飼(si)料(liao)(liao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)(fu)合(he)《綠色食品(pin)飼(si)料(liao)(liao)及(ji)飼(si)料(liao)(liao)添加(jia)劑使用(yong)(yong)準則》、《飼(si)料(liao)(liao)衛生(sheng)標準》。獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)(fu)合(he)《中(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)和國獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)》、《中(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)和國獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》、NY5126-2002《無(wu)公害(hai)食品(pin)肉牛(niu)飼(si)養(yang)獸(shou)(shou)醫防(fang)疫準則》并(bing)在(zai)獸(shou)(shou)醫指導下(xia)進行(xing)。對隔離治(zhi)療的(de)牛(niu),待其完全(quan)健康(kang)后方可(ke)轉入健康(kang)群體。需要(yao)(yao)處理(li)(li)的(de)病(bing)(bing)牛(niu),應(ying)(ying)(ying)參照GBl6548-1996《畜禽病(bing)(bing)害(hai)肉尸(shi)及(ji)其產品(pin)無(wu)害(hai)化(hua)處理(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)(gui)程》牛(niu)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求進行(xing)處理(li)(li)。飼(si)養(yang)場(chang)內(nei)應(ying)(ying)(ying)設(she)牛(niu)糞尿(niao)、褥草和污物(wu)等(deng)處理(li)(li)設(she)施,廢棄物(wu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)遵循減量化(hua)、無(wu)害(hai)化(hua)和資源(yuan)化(hua)的(de)原(yuan)則。糞便經堆積發(fa)酵后可(ke)做農(nong)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)肥, 污水應(ying)(ying)(ying)經發(fa)酵、沉淀(dian)后才(cai)能作為液體肥料(liao)(liao)使用(yong)(yong)。預防(fang)傳(chuan)染病(bing)(bing)的(de)疫苗應(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)(fu)合(he)農(nong)業(ye)部的(de)《獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)物(wu)制品(pin)管(guan)理(li)(li)辦法》的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定。 疫苗的(de)接種應(ying)(ying)(ying)按照《中(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)和國動物(wu)防(fang)疫法》、《遼(liao)(liao)寧遼(liao)(liao)育白(bai)牛(niu)防(fang)疫技術規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》的(de)要(yao)(yao)求,結(jie)合(he)當地疫病(bing)(bing)的(de)流行(xing)情況(kuang),有針對性地選用(yong)(yong)疫苗, 并(bing)按疫苗使用(yong)(yong)要(yao)(yao)求進行(xing)接種。寄生(sheng)蟲(chong)預防(fang)要(yao)(yao)選擇高效、安全(quan)的(de)抗(kang)寄生(sheng)蟲(chong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。