旺(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)杜(du)仲,中藥材品(pin)種,四(si)川省旺(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)縣特產,中國(guo)國(guo)家地(di)理(li)標志產品(pin)。旺(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)縣人工栽(zai)培(pei)杜(du)仲歷(li)史(shi)悠久,適宜的(de)土壤氣候條件和豐富的(de)水資(zi)源,使(shi)旺(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)杜(du)仲資(zi)源豐富、品(pin)質高,杜(du)仲皮(pi)和葉里有效成分(fen)含量居(ju)中國(guo)之(zhi)首(shou),為旺(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)贏來了“林蔭藥鄉”的(de)美譽。
生物特性
旺蒼杜仲(zhong)(zhong)屬杜仲(zhong)(zhong)科落葉(xie)喬木。又稱(cheng)絲棉(mian)木。高可(ke)達15米—20米。樹皮入(ru)藥(yao),以(yi)杜仲(zhong)(zhong)為主要原(yuan)料的中成(cheng)藥(yao)在(zai)(zai)東南亞各國和港澳(ao)地區很有(you)聲譽;葉(xie)子可(ke)制保健茶,外銷日本,也可(ke)提取杜仲(zhong)(zhong)膠。品種有(you)粗皮杜仲(zhong)(zhong)、光皮杜仲(zhong)(zhong)。四(si)川開(kai)發(fa)利(li)用歷史(shi)悠(you)久(jiu),全省120個縣(xian)(xian)(市(shi))有(you)公布,主要公布在(zai)(zai)廣(guang)元、綿陽、成(cheng)都、萬(wan)縣(xian)(xian)、巴中等市(shi)地。
杜仲(zhong)的干燥樹皮(pi),常用川(chuan)產(chan)道地中(zhong)藥材。又稱(cheng)思仙、思仲(zhong)、絲(si)棉皮(pi)、扯絲(si)皮(pi)。始(shi)載(zai)于《神農本草經》。性溫(wen),味甘、微辛,具有補(bu)肝腎、強筋骨(gu)、安胎、降血壓(ya)等功效(xiao)。主產(chan)于巴中(zhong)、達川(chuan)、綿陽(yang)、青川(chuan)、平武、溫(wen)江、彭州(zhou)、都江堰(yan)等地。栽培(pei)或野(ye)生于山地林中(zhong),春、夏兩季剝取種植(zhi)近10年的樹皮(pi)。皮(pi)厚,塊大,去凈粗皮(pi),面(mian)絲(si)多,內表面(mian)色暗紫為佳。主要藥用成分為杜仲(zhong)膠。
生產情況
旺蒼(cang)(cang)縣(xian)是(shi)川北革命老(lao)區,山(shan)地(di)面積占了全縣(xian)的99.96%,地(di)理條件(jian)決定了旺蒼(cang)(cang)是(shi)以林業為主的山(shan)區縣(xian)。旺蒼(cang)(cang)杜仲人工栽(zai)培歷史悠(you)久,為該縣(xian)傳統(tong)的重(zhong)要出(chu)口(kou)藥材(cai)。
資源分布
2008全縣(xian)有(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)3006.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),分布在三十五(wu)個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(鎮(zhen)),有(you)九個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(鎮(zhen))在百萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)上(shang),集中成(cheng)片(pian)(pian)的(de)區域有(you)英萃(cui)片(pian)(pian)區(包括英萃(cui)、正(zheng)(zheng)源(yuan)、鼓(gu)城(cheng)、檬(meng)子),有(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1259.1萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全縣(xian)41.9%,五(wu)權片(pian)(pian)區(包括五(wu)權、水磨、大河)有(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)373.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全縣(xian)12.4%,木門(men)片(pian)(pian)區(包括木門(men)、九龍、化(hua)龍、龍建)有(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)389.2萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全縣(xian)12.9%,杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最多的(de)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)有(you)英萃(cui)600萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、正(zheng)(zheng)源(yuan)397萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。全縣(xian)涉及杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大戶(hu)5114戶(hu)。其(qi)中10000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)上(shang)有(you)286戶(hu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)5.6%;5000-10000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)有(you)1013戶(hu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)19.8%,1001-5000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)有(you)3815戶(hu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)74.6%。全縣(xian)出現(xian)了檬(meng)子鄉(xiang)(xiang)張尚凱、化(hua)龍鄉(xiang)(xiang)劉枝坤(kun)等杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大戶(hu),每戶(hu)均在五(wu)萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)上(shang)。根據單株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生物量測算,全縣(xian)干(gan)皮貯量為(wei)36630噸,枝皮24930噸,葉86670噸,每年產籽10噸。成(cheng)片(pian)(pian)造林2085.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全縣(xian)總株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)的(de)69.4%,“四(si)旁”載植達921萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全縣(xian)總株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)的(de)30.6%。
經營管理
秦巴(ba)山(shan)區(qu)的旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)資(zi)(zi)源豐富、品質高,素有(you)“林(lin)蔭藥(yao)鄉(xiang)”之美(mei)稱。1984年(nian)(nian)四(si)川省(sheng)中藥(yao)材生產(chan)(chan)(chan)規劃會(hui)把旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)列(lie)為(wei)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)(di)縣(xian)。1988年(nian)(nian)四(si)川省(sheng)科委把旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)建(jian)設10萬畝杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)品生產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)(di),列(lie)為(wei)“星火計劃”項(xiang)目,1996年(nian)(nian)四(si)川省(sheng)科委把旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)列(lie)為(wei)天然藥(yao)材杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)化(hua)示(shi)范工(gong)(gong)程,2000年(nian)(nian)國家林(lin)業(ye)局把旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)縣(xian)命名為(wei)中國特優經濟林(lin)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之鄉(xiang)。1998年(nian)(nian),該縣(xian)被列(lie)為(wei)中國第二(er)批高產(chan)(chan)(chan)優質高效農業(ye)標準(zhun)化(hua)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)示(shi)范區(qu),也是中國惟一一個(ge)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)栽培的農業(ye)標準(zhun)化(hua)示(shi)范區(qu)。為(wei)此,旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)縣(xian)制定了《旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》、《旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)優質豐產(chan)(chan)(chan)技術(shu)》、《旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)剝皮再(zai)生技術(shu)》等(deng)地(di)(di)方標準(zhun),編寫印制了《杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全年(nian)(nian)管(guan)理技術(shu)工(gong)(gong)作歷》、《杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)林(lin)間(jian)管(guan)理技術(shu)》等(deng)技術(shu)資(zi)(zi)料,舉辦各種(zhong)培訓20余期,培訓人員1000余人,召開(kai)技術(shu)現(xian)場會(hui)20次,農民(min)受培訓面(mian)達85%以(yi)上。按照示(shi)范區(qu)項(xiang)目的要求,示(shi)范區(qu)全面(mian)實施了“公司+基(ji)地(di)(di)+農戶+標準(zhun)”的標準(zhun)化(hua)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理模式,建(jian)立了育苗、建(jian)園、栽植、施肥(fei)澆(jiao)水(shui)、整形修剪(jian)、采摘、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)等(deng)環節的一系列(lie)控制措(cuo)施。
2000年(nian),示范區順(shun)利通(tong)過國(guo)(guo)家驗(yan)收。同(tong)年(nian),國(guo)(guo)家林業局命名旺(wang)蒼縣為“杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)之鄉”。到2006年(nian),產(chan)值過億元;開(kai)發出杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)酒、杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)茶、杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)葉粉等多(duo)種產(chan)品,不斷銷往中國(guo)(guo)各地,杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)茶還(huan)遠銷日本等國(guo)(guo)。