一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
1、位置氣候(hou):靈武(wu)市深居內陸腹地,位于寧夏(xia)平(ping)原中部(bu),北緯(wei)38°,海拔1250米。是盛(sheng)產優質水果(guo)的“黃金(jin)緯(wei)度”。屬于典型的大陸性季風氣候(hou),其特點為:春遲秋早(zao),四季分明、日(ri)照充足、熱量豐(feng)富、蒸(zheng)發強烈(lie)、氣候(hou)干燥、晴天多、雨雷少,全(quan)年日(ri)照時數3080.2小時,平(ping)均(jun)無(wu)霜期157天,植物生長期持續170天,年平(ping)均(jun)氣溫8.8℃,年均(jun)降(jiang)水量206.2~255.2mm。
2、土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)水文:靈武長(chang)(chang)棗種植區(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)貌(mao)可分為(wei)(wei)西部引黃灌(guan)溉平(ping)原區(qu)(qu)和東部毛(mao)烏素(su)沙(sha)地(di)(di)丘陵區(qu)(qu),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)(wei)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)、沙(sha)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)、沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)或易耕荒地(di)(di),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)質地(di)(di)偏(pian)沙(sha),通(tong)透性(xing)和耕性(xing)較好。pH值7.5~8.5,地(di)(di)下水位1.5m以下,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)全鹽含量低于(yu)1.0‰,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有機(ji)質含量中(zhong)等。靈武市得(de)天獨厚的自然條(tiao)件與引黃河水灌(guan)溉便利(li)條(tiao)件造就了靈武長(chang)(chang)棗獨一無(wu)二(er)的地(di)(di)方特(te)有品(pin)質。
二.地域范圍
靈(ling)武(wu)長棗農產品(pin)地(di)理標志地(di)域保護范圍為:靈(ling)武(wu)市(shi)現(xian)轄行政區域,包(bao)括(kuo)臨河鎮(zhen)、東(dong)(dong)塔鎮(zhen)、郝(hao)家橋鎮(zhen)、崇興(xing)鎮(zhen)、馬(ma)家灘鎮(zhen)、梧桐樹鄉、白土崗鄉,靈(ling)武(wu)園(yuan)藝試驗場(chang)、大(da)泉林(lin)場(chang)、北沙(sha)窩(wo)林(lin)場(chang)、白芨灘林(lin)場(chang)、靈(ling)武(wu)農場(chang)。地(di)處(chu)東(dong)(dong)徑106°11′~105°52′,北緯37°35′~38°21′之(zhi)間(jian),南北長98公(gong)(gong)里,東(dong)(dong)西(xi)寬54公(gong)(gong)里,市(shi)域總(zong)面積4010平方千(qian)米,種植(zhi)面積9467公(gong)(gong)頃,年產量16000t。
三.產品品質特性特征
1、外在(zai)感(gan)官(guan)特征:靈武長棗為鮮食品(pin)種,果(guo)實呈長橢(tuo)圓形或(huo)圓柱形、略(lve)扁,梗(geng)洼深(shen)廣,果(guo)肩(jian)平(ping)整;果(guo)皮紫(zi)紅色(se)(se),完熟果(guo)面(mian)帶紫(zi)斑(ban);果(guo)皮薄,果(guo)肉綠白色(se)(se),質地質密(mi)酥脆,汁液多,酸甜適口(kou)。縱(zong)徑(jing)平(ping)均在(zai)4cm左右(you),最(zui)大達(da)6cm,橫徑(jing)(寬(kuan)面(mian))2.5cm左右(you),平(ping)均單果(guo)重12g左右(you)。
2、衛生(sheng)指標:靈武長棗果實衛生(sheng)指標應符合GB14891.5-1997《輻照(zhao)新鮮水果、蔬菜(cai)類衛生(sheng)標準(zhun)》中3.4的(de)規定。
3、檢驗規則:按(an)DB64/T419《鮮靈武長棗》執(zhi)行(xing)。
四.特定生產方式
1、產(chan)(chan)地(di)選擇(ze)與(yu)特殊內容規定:生產(chan)(chan)地(di)域內無工業和城市(shi)污染源,種植區選擇(ze)離(li)工礦區和公路(lu)鐵路(lu)干線,生態條件(jian)(jian)良好(hao)的地(di)區。土(tu)質以壤土(tu)、沙(sha)壤土(tu)、礫質壤土(tu)、沙(sha)土(tu)為主(zhu),要(yao)求土(tu)層深厚,灌(guan)、排水條件(jian)(jian)良好(hao)。
2、品種選擇與(yu)特(te)定(ding)要求:選用優質、高產、抗(kang)(kang)病、抗(kang)(kang)逆性(xing)強(qiang)、商品性(xing)好、本(ben)地長期種植的靈武長棗1號、2號優系品種。
3、栽培管理:
①苗(miao)(miao)木(mu):采(cai)用(yong)根蘗苗(miao)(miao)和嫁接苗(miao)(miao),育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)按DB64/T417《靈武長棗苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)繁(fan)育(yu)技術規(gui)程(cheng)》執(zhi)行。
②建園:選擇土(tu)層深厚、土(tu)壤(rang)肥沃,排灌(guan)、交通條件便利的地(di)塊。以(yi)地(di)下(xia)水位(wei)1.5m以(yi)下(xia)、熟土(tu)層30cm以(yi)上、PH值7.5~8.5,有機質含量較高的沙(sha)壤(rang)土(tu)或(huo)輕壤(rang)土(tu)為宜。
③栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi):南北行(xing)向種植(zhi)(zhi),株(zhu)行(xing)距3m×4m、2m×3m,栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)度每(mei)公頃(qing)825株(zhu)~1650株(zhu)。定植(zhi)(zhi)前一年(nian)大(da)穴(xue)培(pei)肥(fei)(fei),樹(shu)穴(xue)長(chang)、寬、高80cm×80cm×80cm,株(zhu)施腐熟農家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)25kg加磷酸二銨或復合肥(fei)(fei)0.5kg。定干50cm~70cm,漆封剪口,樹(shu)盤覆(fu)膜。大(da)田種植(zhi)(zhi)按(an)DB64/T418《靈武(wu)長(chang)棗栽(zai)培(pei)技(ji)(ji)術規程》執行(xing),設(she)施種植(zhi)(zhi)按(an)DB64/T530《靈武(wu)長(chang)棗日光溫(wen)室促成栽(zai)培(pei)技(ji)(ji)術規程》執行(xing)。
④整(zheng)形(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian):采用紡錘形(xing)樹(shu)形(xing)。春(chun)季修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian):3月(yue)至(zhi)4月(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa):短(duan)(duan)(duan)截、疏枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、拉(la)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、刻芽(ya)。夏(xia)季修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian):整(zheng)個(ge)生長(chang)期(qi)。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa):抹(mo)芽(ya)、拿枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)、拉(la)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。具(ju)體方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)按DB/T418《靈武(wu)長(chang)棗(zao)(zao)栽培(pei)(pei)技術(shu)規程(cheng)》執行。定(ding)(ding)植當年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian):8月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)前,30cm以(yi)上(shang)(shang)新(xin)生棗(zao)(zao)頭(tou)全(quan)部摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)。幼樹(shu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(1-3年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)):修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)迅速擴(kuo)冠為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),強調(diao)扶壯(zhuang)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)干(gan)(gan)。選(xuan)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)強壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)桿,保證中(zhong)(zhong)桿的(de)(de)絕對優勢(shi),在其40cm以(yi)上(shang)(shang)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),采取短(duan)(duan)(duan)截二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)1~2節培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),輔之(zhi)(zhi)抹(mo)芽(ya)選(xuan)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)定(ding)(ding)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)選(xuan)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)3~4個(ge)骨干(gan)(gan)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)距(ju)15cm~20cm,螺旋排(pai)列,每(mei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)7~15個(ge)永久性二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)度根據長(chang)勢(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang),翌年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)不做(zuo)延長(chang)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。底層3個(ge)左右(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),為(wei)臨時(shi)性枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組,后期(qi)隨著枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)增加(jia),逐(zhu)(zhu)步(bu)清除(chu)(chu)底層主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)提高(gao)(gao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan)。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)短(duan)(duan)(duan)截、抹(mo)芽(ya)、摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)、開角(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。開角(jiao)(jiao):以(yi)春(chun)、秋拉(la)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),結合夏(xia)季拿枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),角(jiao)(jiao)度70°~90°;摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin):根據枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條長(chang)勢(shi)決定(ding)(ding)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)長(chang)度,旺(wang)長(chang)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)、弱(ruo)短(duan)(duan)(duan)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條木質化(hua)前結束摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin),一般留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)7~9個(ge)永久性二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)。初果(guo)期(qi)樹(shu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(4-6年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)):修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)調(diao)整(zheng)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組、增加(jia)產量(liang)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。對未達(da)到(dao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數量(liang)要求的(de)(de),繼續(xu)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);完成(cheng)整(zheng)形(xing)的(de)(de),逐(zhu)(zhu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)疏除(chu)(chu)過(guo)密(mi)或(huo)過(guo)低枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)以(yi)抹(mo)芽(ya)選(xuan)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)定(ding)(ding)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),短(duan)(duan)(duan)截二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)輔枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。下部主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)度在1.2m~1.9m,上(shang)(shang)部主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)9個(ge)~15個(ge)永久性二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin),一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)功(gong),5年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)左右(you)完成(cheng)整(zheng)形(xing)。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)抹(mo)芽(ya)、開角(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。盛果(guo)期(qi)樹(shu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(7年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)):修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)更新(xin)老化(hua)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),優化(hua)結果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組。徹底清除(chu)(chu)底層主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),將主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan)調(diao)整(zheng)到(dao)80cm以(yi)上(shang)(shang),3年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)左右(you)完成(cheng)老枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更新(xin),之(zhi)(zhi)后每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)更新(xin)2個(ge)左右(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)距(ju)調(diao)整(zheng)到(dao)20cm以(yi)上(shang)(shang),也可(ke)(ke)分層排(pai)布,層間(jian)(jian)距(ju)50cm左右(you),樹(shu)高(gao)(gao)2.5m~3m。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更新(xin)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)及(ji)要點:主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更新(xin)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa),一是(shi)對枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齡(ling)5年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)生以(yi)上(shang)(shang)質量(liang)較(jiao)差的(de)(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組,如(ru)位置偏高(gao)(gao)長(chang)勢(shi)過(guo)旺(wang)、角(jiao)(jiao)度小而不宜開張(zhang)、二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粗壯(zhuang)多(duo)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)芽(ya)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)樁等主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),采取一次(ci)(ci)(ci)性疏除(chu)(chu)或(huo)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)10cm短(duan)(duan)(duan)樁更新(xin);二(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)對5年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)生以(yi)上(shang)(shang)質量(liang)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),可(ke)(ke)采取基部留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)預備枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式進行逐(zhu)(zhu)步(bu)更新(xin);三是(shi)利(li)用棗(zao)(zao)樹(shu)春(chun)季前期(qi)抹(mo)芽(ya),選(xuan)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan)上(shang)(shang)新(xin)生棗(zao)(zao)頭(tou),培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)新(xin)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
⑤肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)管理:均衡(heng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),前(qian)(qian)促后(hou)控。基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):秋季(ji)果實(shi)采收(shou)后(hou)至(zhi)灌(guan)冬(dong)水(shui)(shui)前(qian)(qian),以農家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)為主(zhu)(zhu),混(hun)加少量的氮素化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量每(mei)666.7平方(fang)米施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)3000kg~5000kg。溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為主(zhu)(zhu),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)部位在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)冠(guan)投影外20cm左右處。溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)挖條(tiao)溝(gou)或(huo)環狀溝(gou),幼(you)(you)齡樹(shu)環狀溝(gou),成齡樹(shu)條(tiao)溝(gou)為主(zhu)(zhu),溝(gou)深40cm~50cm,寬40cm,長(chang)隨樹(shu)冠(guan)冠(guan)幅。將腐熟的農家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或(huo)商品有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)與陽(yang)土拌(ban)勻施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入溝(gou)內,填平。追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):每(mei)年2次(ci)(ci),第一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)萌芽至(zhi)開(kai)花(hua)前(qian)(qian),以氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu);第二次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)果實(shi)膨大期,以磷(lin)(lin)(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量以當地的土壤條(tiao)件(jian)和施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)特點確定。株施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)0.25kg~0.75kg/次(ci)(ci)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)方(fang)法是(shi)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)冠(guan)投影外圍挖穴(xue)或(huo)開(kai)溝(gou),幼(you)(you)樹(shu)挖穴(xue),3~4個,結果樹(shu)開(kai)溝(gou),溝(gou)深10cm~20cm,寬20cm,長(chang)度隨樹(shu)冠(guan)冠(guan)幅。肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)均勻撒入溝(gou)(穴(xue))埋(mai)土,灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)。葉面(mian)噴肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):全年4~5次(ci)(ci),在(zai)(zai)生長(chang)前(qian)(qian)期2次(ci)(ci),以氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu);后(hou)期2~3次(ci)(ci),以磷(lin)(lin)(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu)。常用肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)及濃度:尿素0.3%~0.5%,磷(lin)(lin)(lin)酸二氫(qing)鉀(jia)0.2%~0.3%,硼砂0.1%~0.3%,沼液等(deng)。最(zui)后(hou)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)頁面(mian)噴肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)在(zai)(zai)距果實(shi)采收(shou)期20天以上。灌(guan)水(shui)(shui):一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)萌芽前(qian)(qian)、花(hua)前(qian)(qian)、幼(you)(you)果膨大期、封(feng)凍前(qian)(qian)各灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci),其它,根據墑情確定灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)次(ci)(ci)數(shu)。提(ti)倡采用滴(di)灌(guan)、小管出流等(deng)節水(shui)(shui)灌(guan)溉措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。
⑥花果管理:按(an)DB64/T418《靈武長棗栽培技術(shu)規(gui)程》執行。盛花期(qi)噴布(bu)赤霉素控制在2次以內。
⑦病蟲(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):實施(shi)(shi)無公害(hai)、綠色病蟲(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)控技術,堅持(chi)“預防(fang)(fang)為(wei)主,綜合防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)”的原(yuan)則,綜合運(yun)用各種防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)(shi),優先采用農(nong)業措施(shi)(shi)、生物(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)方法(fa),配合施(shi)(shi)用高效、低(di)毒、低(di)殘留的化(hua)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)藥(yao),在(zai)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)上抓棗樹(shu)休眠(mian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)、蟲(chong)害(hai)發生初期(qi)(qi)(qi)、蟲(chong)體(ti)裸露期(qi)(qi)(qi)、轉移為(wei)害(hai)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)大(da)發生前3~5d提前防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)一天中盡量選擇(ze)上午10h前和(he)下(xia)午4h后噴藥(yao)。具體(ti)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)按DB64/T531《靈武長棗主要有害(hai)生物(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)控技術規(gui)程》執(zhi)行。
4、產品收(shou)獲及產后處理的(de)規定:在(zai)農(nong)藥安全間(jian)隔期(qi)后適(shi)時,采收(shou),采收(shou)所用(yong)工具要清潔、衛生、無(wu)污染。①果(guo)(guo)實(shi)采收(shou):靈武(wu)長(chang)棗在(zai)脆(cui)熟(shu)期(qi)中后期(qi)采收(shou)。采收(shou)時間(jian)9月(yue)(yue)下旬至10月(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬。鮮果(guo)(guo)貯藏1月(yue)(yue)以(yi)上(shang),果(guo)(guo)面(mian)著色70﹪~90﹪采收(shou),鮮食棗果(guo)(guo)全紅果(guo)(guo)采收(shou)。采收(shou)時要戴柔質手套,采果(guo)(guo)的(de)盛具表面(mian)要柔軟。采摘(zhai)時輕(qing)摘(zhai)輕(qing)放,防止一切人(ren)為(wei)或機械傷(shang)害,保(bao)證果(guo)(guo)實(shi)完整無(wu)損傷(shang)。用(yong)于較長(chang)時間(jian)貯藏棗果(guo)(guo),帶果(guo)(guo)柄采摘(zhai)。
五.包裝標識相關規定
1、包(bao)裝(zhuang):內包(bao)裝(zhuang)用(yong)符(fu)合(he)食(shi)品衛(wei)生要求的材料(liao),與靈武長棗接觸不易產生摩擦傷(shang)。外包(bao)裝(zhuang)用(yong)紙(zhi)箱裝(zhuang),包(bao)裝(zhuang)定(ding)量誤差應(ying)符(fu)合(he)國家(jia)質(zhi)量技(ji)術監(jian)督(du)檢驗總局(ju)令(2005)第75號。
2、運(yun)輸:長途運(yun)輸應采用冷藏車或冷藏集裝箱運(yun)輸,不得(de)與有(you)毒有(you)害及有(you)異味(wei)的物品一起運(yun)輸。搬運(yun)時(shi)應輕拿輕放(fang),不得(de)拋摔。
3、貯存(cun):貯存(cun)時應(ying)采(cai)用(yong)冷藏或氣(qi)調貯藏。不得(de)與有(you)毒有(you)害及有(you)異味的物品共同(tong)存(cun)放。產品堆放應(ying)離地面20cm以(yi)上(shang),離墻10cm以(yi)上(shang)。具體(ti)按DB64/T419—2005《鮮靈武長棗》執行。