芒果视频

栽培歷史

銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)距(ju)今(jin)己有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)千六百(bai)多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史。《銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)縣(xian)(xian)志·古跡》篇記載(zai):"仙牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，長山(shan)石(shi)竇中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)白(bai)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)一(yi)株，高尺(chi)余(yu)，花(hua)二三(san)枝，素艷絕麗。"相(xiang)傳(chuan)為葛洪所(suo)(suo)種。據考證，仙牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)似(si)今(jin)銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)大面積栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥用(yong)品(pin)(pin)種"鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)"。《銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)縣(xian)(xian)志》卷(juan)十(shi)四中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)洞村(今(jin)銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)縣(xian)(xian)董店鄉)盛(sheng)嘉佑等人寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)《牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)宅懷(huai)古》詩三(san)首。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you):"籌(chou)邊持節善(shan)懷(huai)柔，西夏(xia)還(huan)轅錫予優。一(yi)種名花(hua)分(fen)御(yu)園，九重(zhong)春色(se)(se)滿贏州(zhou)。"此時(shi)應(ying)為北宋時(shi)期。如(ru)今(jin)銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)所(suo)(suo)保留栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)"御(yu)園紅"，重(zhong)瓣淺紅色(se)(se)品(pin)(pin)種，據盛(sheng)姓花(hua)農講，就是當(dang)年(nian)皇(huang)帝(di)賜(si)給他(ta)們祖先(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)以(yi)生產藥材(cai)為主(zhu)(zhu)，品(pin)(pin)種單一(yi)，集中(zhong)(zhong)種植(zhi)于鳳凰山(shan)一(yi)帶，其(qi)數量可(ke)為全國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)。有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)白(bai)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)，《巢縣(xian)(xian)志》和，《無為市(shi)志》均有(you)(you)(you)記載(zai)。至今(jin)在巢湖市(shi)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)宋時(shi)留傳(chuan)下來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)崖牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，由于花(hua)色(se)(se)雪白(bai)如(ru)玉，被稱(cheng)為"銀屏牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)"，宋代時(shi)歐(ou)陽修(xiu)在滁(chu)州(zhou)任官時(shi)就對此株牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)留下了詩句(ju)。這(zhe)株牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)特(te)奇，千百(bai)年(nian)來(lai)，經(jing)當(dang)地(di)百(bai)姓觀(guan)察(cha)，每年(nian)"谷雨(yu)，，定開無疑，但綻開朵(duo)數卻有(you)(you)(you)講究。11-13朵(duo)則預示當(dang)年(nian)大澇，6-7朵(duo)則預示當(dang)年(nian)風調雨(yu)順，5朵(duo)以(yi)下則預示干(gan)旱。此外，安徽還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)寧(ning)(ning)國(guo)(guo)、歙縣(xian)(xian)等地(di)，歷史上也曾(ceng)盛(sheng)產牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。《寧(ning)(ning)國(guo)(guo)縣(xian)(xian)志》載(zai):"寧(ning)(ning)國(guo)(guo)、蟠龍素產牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，以(yi)黃、白(bai)為貴，土人運往廣東，價重(zhong)洛陽，洪楊亂后，所(suo)(suo)產甚稀，近陳氏商藝尚保存遺種云。"總之(zhi),安徽牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是以(yi)生產藥材(cai)為主(zhu)(zhu)，其(qi)觀(guan)賞品(pin)(pin)種數量相(xiang)對較少。

產地環境

鳳凰山(shan)地區(qu)位(wei)于長(chang)江南(nan)岸，屬亞熱帶濕(shi)潤氣候，四季分明，雨量充沛(pei)，無霜期較長(chang)，光照充足，土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)為金(jin)沙土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(該土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)在分類學上(shang)命名為紅壤性麻砂土(tu)(tu))，適(shi)宜(yi)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮種植，且該地區(qu)又無工(gong)業(ye)和化肥農(nong)藥污染，植保保護(hu)較好(hao)，所以(yi)種出的(de)(de)(de)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮質(zhi)(zhi)量好(hao)，經濟(ji)價值高。鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)對土(tu)(tu)壤要求較高，只有在此種土(tu)(tu)壤上(shang)生長(chang)出的(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)優(you)良、藥性獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮才稱之為鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)，由于符合條件的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)沙土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積和獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)氣候、環境條件有限(xian)，因此，長(chang)久以(yi)來，真正的(de)(de)(de)鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)種植一(yi)直限(xian)于一(yi)個較為狹小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)范圍內，鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮產量也(ye)十分有限(xian)，更顯(xian)得出自(zi)原產地的(de)(de)(de)正宗鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)彌足珍貴(gui)。

產量情況

銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)種(zhong)植(zhi)歷史(shi)悠久，據史(shi)考，在崇禎年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1628-1644年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)地區(qu)的(de)(de)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)發(fa)展(zhan)到(dao)(dao)相當規模，到(dao)(dao)清(qing)代(dai)，鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)三條沖(chong)東山(shan)(shan)、西山(shan)(shan)地區(qu)已發(fa)展(zhan)成(cheng)為全國著名(ming)的(de)(de)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地區(qu)，鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)也成(cheng)為名(ming)貴(gui)出口(kou)特產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)，據清(qing)代(dai)撰修的(de)(de)《銅(tong)陵(ling)縣志》把生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)列為本縣主要物(wu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)之一(yi)，"邑產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、姜(jiang)、蒜、苧麻、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)之類，近(jin)亦(yi)間有(you)服賈者(zhe)，但遠人(ren)市(shi)販者(zhe)居(ju)多"的(de)(de)記(ji)載，同治年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1862~1872年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))銅(tong)陵(ling)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)一(yi)度緊銷(xiao)(xiao)，鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)市(shi)價昂貴(gui)近(jin)達"萬(wan)斤稻(dao)谷(gu)易(yi)其擔"，清(qing)末民初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間，是(shi)銅(tong)陵(ling)歷史(shi)上丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)鼎(ding)盛時期，1924~1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)曾達700噸，以后(hou)由于時局動蕩，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)運銷(xiao)(xiao)困難，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)下降，1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)僅產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)21噸，解放后(hou)，人(ren)民政(zheng)府十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)重視丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)，從1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)開始，牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)列為國家統一(yi)購(gou)銷(xiao)(xiao)物(wu)資，價格穩定，國內外需求量(liang)大，1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)256.2公頃，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達113.9噸，1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)591噸，1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)937噸，2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)1140噸，解放后(hou)至八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)是(shi)由國家藥(yao)材公司統一(yi)收購(gou)、經銷(xiao)(xiao);進(jin)入九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)則有(you)不少個(ge)體藥(yao)材經銷(xiao)(xiao)商參與經銷(xiao)(xiao)。1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)國家農業部授予(yu)新橋鎮鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)地區(qu)中(zhong)國南(nan)方(fang)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)商品(pin)基地，使(shi)我市(shi)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)種(zhong)植(zhi)及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)得到(dao)(dao)長(chang)足(zu)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。目(mu)前(qian)已有(you)一(yi)萬(wan)畝(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)園，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)1000噸，其中(zhong)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)700噸，二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)世紀(ji)九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)末，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)受主要出口(kou)地區(qu)東南(nan)亞金融(rong)危機的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，價格大跌。

成品丹皮

銅陵人栽培鳳丹(dan)主要目(mu)的不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)欣賞，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)獲取牡(mu)丹(dan)的根皮，也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)舉世(shi)聞名(ming)的珍貴中藥材--丹(dan)皮。

丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)，具(ju)有(you)舒(shu)筋活血(xue)(xue)、清淤、清熱(re)、涼血(xue)(xue)、抗菌消炎、鎮(zhen)靜鎮(zhen)痛、降血(xue)(xue)壓、抗痙攣、清熱(re)化瘀等功效，還具(ju)有(you)防(fang)腐功能，是名(ming)貴的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材。銅陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)的(de)(de)質量最好、功效最佳，根(gen)(gen)條(tiao)粗(cu)直(zhi)、皮(pi)(pi)厚(hou)、粉性足，香氣濃(nong)、斷面(mian)呈白色。銅陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)早已(yi)馳名(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)外，為(wei)很多中(zhong)(zhong)成藥(yao)必備(bei)藥(yao)材，在(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)際市(shi)場上也一(yi)直(zhi)享(xiang)有(you)很高的(de)(de)聲譽，鳳(feng)丹(dan)要經過四至五年的(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)期才能收獲，收獲一(yi)般均在(zai)(zai)(zai)每年的(de)(de)秋(qiu)末(mo)初(chu)冬時(shi)進行，因為(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這個(ge)時(shi)候，鳳(feng)丹(dan)的(de)(de)地(di)面(mian)上部分(fen)已(yi)經枯萎(wei)、養(yang)份都已(yi)集中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)根(gen)(gen)部，藥(yao)農們(men)將鳳(feng)丹(dan)小心地(di)挖出來，先掐去(qu)(qu)根(gen)(gen)須，除(chu)去(qu)(qu)泥土(tu)，曬(shai)干，然(ran)后(hou)再(zai)用(yong)手(shou)從較細的(de)(de)側根(gen)(gen)開(kai)始(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)粗(cu)端(duan)扭擰，使根(gen)(gen)皮(pi)(pi)破裂(lie)，順勢抽出除(chu)去(qu)(qu)泥土(tu)，曬(shai)干，然(ran)后(hou)再(zai)用(yong)手(shou)從較細的(de)(de)側根(gen)(gen)開(kai)始(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)粗(cu)端(duan)扭擰，使根(gen)(gen)皮(pi)(pi)破裂(lie)，順勢抽出木芯(xin)。抽出木芯(xin)的(de)(de)丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)經過刮皮(pi)(pi)、分(fen)檢、包裝等道工序后(hou)，就成為(wei)成品(pin)丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)了。

藥用價值

鳳丹(dan)(dan)所含的(de)化學(xue)成份(fen)有(you)芍(shao)藥(yao)甙(dai)、丹(dan)(dan)皮酚(fen)、丹(dan)(dan)皮甙(dai)、丹(dan)(dan)皮多(duo)糖(tang)、苯甲酸、甾醇、揮發油等(deng)多(duo)種物;其中丹(dan)(dan)皮酚(fen)含量的(de)高(gao)低(di)是檢驗丹(dan)(dan)皮品(pin)質優(you)劣的(de)主要(yao)指標，主要(yao)加工產品(pin)為(wei)(wei)丹(dan)(dan)皮酚(fen)，用來(lai)做抗(kang)心(xin)血管系統疾病的(de)藥(yao)物，還可作為(wei)(wei)牙膏、香皂、花露(lu)水等(deng)日化產品(pin)添加劑，如食品(pin)防腐、衛生保健等(deng)方(fang)面大(da)有(you)市場潛(qian)力(li)。

目(mu)前，應用丹(dan)皮(pi)已開(kai)發出了(le)幾(ji)十個處方(fang)，同(tong)時，牡(mu)丹(dan)皮(pi)的(de)藥用研(yan)究在化學成分、藥理作用等方(fang)面，也取得了(le)一定進展，其(qi)抗脈粥樣硬化、降(jiang)(jiang)血(xue)(xue)壓(ya)、降(jiang)(jiang)血(xue)(xue)糖、抗驚厥(jue)、保(bao)肝、利尿、抗菌消炎、心肌(ji)細胞保(bao)護，對血(xue)(xue)液流變性，對腦組織保(bao)護等作用已被實(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)究所證實(shi)，為牡(mu)丹(dan)皮(pi)的(de)進一步開(kai)發提供(gong)了(le)實(shi)驗(yan)依據。

牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)含有豐富(fu)的營(ying)養物質，有很高的藥用(yong)價值和食(shi)用(yong)價值。目前(qian)，食(shi)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)現象(xiang)隨(sui)處(chu)可見已(yi)日漸成為一種時尚，并形成了許多(duo)配方，牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)做成牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)飲料、牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)茶(cha)、牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)酒、牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)醬及牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)鮮花(hua)糕點，食(shi)用(yong)不(bu)僅有保(bao)健功(gong)能，而(er)且可食(shi)用(yong)花(hua)香濃郁的花(hua)瓣(ban)。經過多(duo)年摸(mo)索，已(yi)制(zhi)定出完善的配方和完備的工藝(yi)流程。目前(qian)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)鮮花(hua)月餅及牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)醬已(yi)批(pi)量生產。

保護范圍

為(wei)安徽省(sheng)銅(tong)陵縣(xian)順安鎮、鐘鳴鎮和蕪湖(hu)市南陵縣(xian)何(he)灣鎮等3個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮現轄行政區域(yu)。