寺廟介紹
開元寺,又稱“東大寺”,位于邢臺市襄都區開元(yuan)北(bei)路北(bei)88號(hao),始建(jian)于后趙(zhao)石勒年間,是(shi)禪(chan)宗(zong)二祖(zu)傳缽之(zhi)地和七祖(zu)神(shen)會大師駐錫(xi)之(zhi)地,曹洞(dong)宗(zong)的發源地之(zhi)一,也是(shi)“大開元(yuan)一宗(zong)”又稱“賈菩薩宗(zong)”的祖(zu)庭。迄今(jin)已有近(jin)1700年的歷(li)史,是(shi)至今(jin)仍(reng)保存較為完整的一座唐(tang)代名剎。
開元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)是(shi)唐代(dai)、五(wu)代(dai)、宋(song)代(dai)和(he)元(yuan)代(dai)皇(huang)家寺(si)(si)(si)院,歷(li)(li)屆住持多(duo)為(wei)得道高(gao)僧。唐開元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)間唐玄宗下(xia)(xia)詔敕建,邢州開元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)由大云寺(si)(si)(si)改(gai)建,該寺(si)(si)(si)初建時(shi),香火旺盛(sheng),為(wei)中國北方之最。五(wu)代(dai)后(hou)梁(liang)(liang)時(shi)天(tian)竺(印度)高(gao)僧空本(ben)于后(hou)梁(liang)(liang)乾化(hua)年(nian)(nian)間曾在(zai)造(zao)里翻譯(yi)佛(fo)經,對(dui)中外文(wen)化(hua)交流做出卓越貢獻。五(wu)代(dai)后(hou)周時(shi)期(qi)(qi),周世(shi)宗柴榮(邢臺人)詔命建立開元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)大圣(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta),宋(song)代(dai)末期(qi)(qi),重修邢州開元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)大圣(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta),宋(song)徽宗下(xia)(xia)詔賜名為(wei)圓(yuan)照(zhao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta),該塔(ta)(ta)(ta)高(gao)98米(mi),元(yuan)朝初期(qi)(qi)邢州順德府為(wei)忽(hu)(hu)必(bi)烈的(de)封地,世(shi)祖忽(hu)(hu)必(bi)烈曾數(shu)次(ci)駕幸開元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si),萬安(an)禪師(shi)將受到兵火損破(po)的(de)圓(yuan)照(zhao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)修復為(wei)十三層,高(gao)108米(mi),可容納千人。經劉秉忠湊請,忽(hu)(hu)必(bi)烈下(xia)(xia)詔改(gai)圓(yuan)照(zhao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)為(wei)普門塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。此塔(ta)(ta)(ta)為(wei)中國歷(li)(li)史(shi)上最高(gao)最大的(de)木佛(fo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta),故該寺(si)(si)(si)更為(wei)昌盛(sheng)。明正德年(nian)(nian)間該寺(si)(si)(si)又重加修繕。
據(ju)史(shi)料(liao)記載(zai),自唐至明(ming)初,開(kai)元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)有僧(seng)(seng)數(shu)千(qian),良(liang)田數(shu)頃,游僧(seng)(seng)、佛徒更是(shi)不(bu)可勝數(shu)。元(yuan)朝是(shi)該寺(si)(si)(si)最興(xing)盛的時(shi)期,元(yuan)世(shi)祖忽(hu)必(bi)烈曾兩次(ci)幸臨開(kai)元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)。1250年(nian),忽(hu)必(bi)烈賜名邢州開(kai)元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)為大開(kai)元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si),1276年(nian),忽(hu)必(bi)烈在邢州開(kai)元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)召開(kai)資戒(jie)大會,一(yi)次(ci)受具(ju)足戒(jie)者竟(jing)達(da)(da)十萬人,1279年(nian),忽(hu)必(bi)烈再次(ci)在邢州開(kai)元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)設資戒(jie)大會,并(bing)立(li)資戒(jie)壇碑(bei),雖然明(ming)朝以后(hou),開(kai)元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)逐漸衰落,但每當(dang)住持(chi)法(fa)師講授教義時(shi),知名高僧(seng)(seng)仍多達(da)(da)千(qian)人云集于此。據(ju)《襄都區志》記載(zai):“每當(dang)朝暾初上,暮煙繚繞(rao),僧(seng)(seng)人奉經(jing),撞鐘之聲遠聞數(shu)里。”所以,開(kai)元(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)堪(kan)稱當(dang)時(shi)中(zhong)國北(bei)方的一(yi)個佛教中(zhong)心。
1982年被(bei)河北(bei)省政府列為省重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文物保護單位,90年代末期由(you)邢(xing)臺市人民政府重(zhong)(zhong)修,2006年,被(bei)列為全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文物保護單位,隨即(ji)邢(xing)臺市政府決定(ding)再次修復開元寺(si),并(bing)建成占地(di)200余畝(mu)的(de)公園,助力邢(xing)臺申(shen)報國(guo)家級歷史文化名城(cheng)。
開元古寺
殿閣
開元寺現存主要殿閣四座,天王殿、毗盧殿、觀音殿和大雄寶殿(又稱三世佛殿),氣宇軒昂,巍峨壯觀,具有很高的歷史和學術價值。其中天王殿,除了眾所周知的佛像外,四壁皆為歷代名人所題詩(shi)(shi)(shi)詞。相(xiang)傳“八(ba)仙”之一的鐘(zhong)(zhong)離(li)權,當年拜訪該寺(si)住持、有道(dao)高(gao)僧萬(wan)安長老時(shi),就(jiu)曾留下草(cao)書(shu)題壁詩(shi)(shi)(shi)。其(qi)(qi)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)云:“得道(dao)高(gao)僧不(bu)易逢,幾時(shi)歸去愿相(xiang)從(cong)(cong),自言住處連滄海,別是(shi)(shi)(shi)蓬萊第一峰。莫厭追歡(huan)笑語頻,尋思離(li)亂好傷(shang)神,閑來屈指從(cong)(cong)頭(tou)數,見得清平有幾人(ren)。“八(ba)仙過海”是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國古代的神話傳說,“八(ba)仙”之一的鐘(zhong)(zhong)離(li)權是(shi)(shi)(shi)否到過邢臺,已(yi)無(wu)從(cong)(cong)考證,但上(shang)(shang)述題壁詩(shi)(shi)(shi)確(que)曾題在(zai)開(kai)元寺(si)的墻(qiang)壁上(shang)(shang),宋朝(chao)時(shi)還有人(ren)將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)刻在(zai)石碑上(shang)(shang),使開(kai)元寺(si)聲名大噪(zao)。究其(qi)(qi)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)意(yi),憂傷(shang)離(li)亂,想必是(shi)(shi)(shi)后人(ren)托鐘(zhong)(zhong)離(li)權之名而作。
釋迦(jia)牟尼殿(三(san)殿)為(wei)整個開元(yuan)寺建筑(zhu)精華所(suo)在。此殿為(wei)硬山式建筑(zhu),面闊五間,進深二(er)間,巍峨(e)壯觀(guan),結構(gou)精巧(qiao)(qiao),風格獨具。明朝正德十(shi)三(san)年(公元(yuan)1518年),在觀(guan)音殿前(qian)增加了四根(gen)雕(diao)花滾龍(long)(long)石柱(zhu),除山東曲阜孔(kong)廟中的雕(diao)龍(long)(long)石柱(zhu)外,幾乎無與匹敵。這四根(gen)石柱(zhu)各高4.5米(mi),柱(zhu)圍(wei)2.5米(mi),雕(diao)藝精湛,線(xian)條流暢。柱(zhu)上游龍(long)(long)或(huo)盤旋而上,或(huo)蜿(wan)蜒而下,或(huo)回首凝視,且龍(long)(long)首龍(long)(long)體皆(jie)突出柱(zhu)外20—35厘米(mi),力(li)度感(gan)強烈(lie),儼(yan)然真龍(long)(long)游躍騰舞,造型生動,風格粗(cu)獷,堪稱(cheng)中華民族文化藝術(shu)之(zhi)瑰寶。龍(long)(long)柱(zhu)兩(liang)側的石板雕(diao)花,工藝精巧(qiao)(qiao),手法細(xi)膩,同樣令人嘆(tan)為(wei)觀(guan)止。
第四殿大(da)雄寶殿面闊(kuo)五間,進深三間,單檐歇山布瓦頂。規模(mo)宏大(da),別具風格(ge)。現存殿宇多為明清時期建筑。
金代大定鐘
寺(si)內還遺留金(jin)代巨(ju)型(xing)鐵(tie)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)個。該(gai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)2.70米,下沿圍長(chang)7.2米,鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)厚半尺(chi),重達3萬多(duo)斤。該(gai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄成(cheng)于金(jin)“大定甲辰歲”即(ji)金(jin)大定二十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(公元1184年(nian)),鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)壁(bi)有(you)(you)(you)日、月、人(ren)(ren)、獸、牛(niu)、魚等十(shi)(shi)二種(zhong)圖案,與黃道(dao)十(shi)(shi)二宮相對應。是研究中國古天文學發展淵源不(bu)可(ke)多(duo)得的(de)(de)實物資(zi)料。另有(you)(you)(you)乾(qian)、坤、震、巽、坎、離(li)、艮、兌等八(ba)卦圖像,含乾(qian)坤渾圓之說(shuo)(shuo)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)壁(bi)還鑄有(you)(you)(you)文字數百,清晰可(ke)辨,多(duo)記載鑄造、監制、資(zi)助(zhu)人(ren)(ren)姓(xing)名或身(shen)份、籍貫(guan)等。該(gai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄成(cheng)至(zhi)今,已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)800多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)歷史,雖歷經(jing)風(feng)雨剝蝕,因鑄造技術高(gao)超(chao)(chao)絕倫,鐵(tie)質火候純精,不(bu)但(dan)不(bu)顯氧(yang)化痕跡,并且(qie)綜(zong)紅色的(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)四周(zhou)仍(reng)然熒熒發亮(liang),“十(shi)(shi)年(nian)動亂”中曾遭搗砸(za),但(dan)只聞(wen)嗡嗡聲(sheng),不(bu)見鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)破損,可(ke)見中國古代鑄鐵(tie)工藝(yi)的(de)(de)高(gao)超(chao)(chao)。當(dang)年(nian)該(gai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)懸在(zai)開元寺(si)三殿前東側的(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓內,用以作課報時,每當(dang)以巨(ju)木擊(ji)撞時,鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)粗獷沉鳴(ming),聲(sheng)聞(wen)數里(li)。信徒僧(seng)眾聞(wen)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng),雙手合十(shi)(shi),異地同拜(bai),成(cheng)為(wei)邢臺一(yi)大景(jing)(jing)觀,俗稱(cheng)“野寺(si)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)”,為(wei)邢臺八(ba)景(jing)(jing)之一(yi)。傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo),大鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄成(cheng)后第一(yi)次敲響前,老(lao)僧(seng)告(gao)訴眾僧(seng)說(shuo)(shuo)“等我走離(li)寺(si)院十(shi)(shi)里(li)之外,你們再(zai)敲鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”。但(dan)眾僧(seng)不(bu)明其(qi)意(yi),試鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)切(qie),老(lao)僧(seng)才走出(chu)三里(li)就敲了鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),結(jie)果(guo)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)便只能(neng)傳(chuan)出(chu)三里(li)。
唐代經幢
寺內(nei)西側有(you)(you)經幢(chuang)二座,一(yi)(yi)(yi)為唐(tang)代(dai)建造的(de)“道德經幢(chuang)”,石質,通高七米,呈(cheng)六面形,分(fen)為三截,共十八面,上(shang)刻有(you)(you)老子《道德經》。據《襄都(dou)區(qu)志》載,經幢(chuang)文字系唐(tang)代(dai)大書法家褚遂良(liang)所書,為國內(nei)僅存(cun)的(de)三座同(tong)類經幢(chuang)之一(yi)(yi)(yi),極具歷史價值,另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座建于后(hou)梁乾(qian)化年間(911一(yi)(yi)(yi)915年)的(de)唐(tang)代(dai)尊勝陀羅尼經幢(chuang),刻《陀羅尼經》一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu),并題有(you)(you)“印度副使(shi)李逢(feng)書”等(deng)字樣(yang),雕刻精細(xi)。今(jin)為不多見的(de)浮雕珍品。寺后(hou)原有(you)(you)寶(bao)塔(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座,名曰“園照塔(ta)”,現(xian)已(yi)不存(cun)。
影壁
原寺(si)(si)門前有(you)大(da)型影壁(bi)一座,影壁(bi)上有(you)滾龍團花、系彩色(se)硫璃瓦拼砌(qi)而成,飛龍姿態雄健、造型優美,且(qie)暴出影壁(bi)數(shu)寸,活(huo)靈活(huo)現,頗有(you)欲躍欲飛的(de)神態。雕塑之(zhi)細膩逼真,砌(qi)工(gong)之(zhi)高超卓絕,均為(wei)北方(fang)所罕見。據(ju)史志描寫(xie)的(de)盛況,每(mei)當住持(chi)法師摶(tuan)授教(jiao)義,前來聽講者“僧(seng)眾數(shu)千”,“暮煙繚(liao)繞,僧(seng)人唪經(jing)、撞(zhuang)鐘之(zhi)聲遠聞十(shi)里之(zhi)外”。開元寺(si)(si)雖歷(li)(li)經(jing)滄(cang)桑,但雄姿猶存(cun),開元寺(si)(si)占地45畝(mu),坐(zuo)北朝南,氣(qi)勢(shi)宏偉。該(gai)寺(si)(si)歷(li)(li)代屢有(you)修葺(qi),現存(cun)殿閣,主要為(wei)明代建筑風格(ge)。這些建筑雖歷(li)(li)經(jing)千年滄(cang)桑,保(bao)存(cun)仍基本完好,不(bu)少遺物(wu)具有(you)很(hen)高的(de)歷(li)(li)史和藝術價值。