【建(jian)筑模板】什么是建(jian)筑模板 建(jian)筑模板種(zhong)類有哪些
一、什么是建筑模板
建筑(zhu)(zhu)模(mo)板是一種臨(lin)時性支(zhi)護結(jie)構,按設計(ji)要(yao)求制作,使混(hun)凝土結(jie)構、構件(jian)按規定的位(wei)置、幾何尺寸成(cheng)形(xing),保持(chi)其正確位(wei)置,并承受建筑(zhu)(zhu)模(mo)板自重及作用在其上的外部荷載。進(jin)行模(mo)板工程(cheng)(cheng)的目(mu)的,是保證(zheng)混(hun)凝土工程(cheng)(cheng)質量與施工安全、加快施工進(jin)度(du)和降(jiang)低(di)工程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)本。
二、建筑模板的組成部件
現澆混凝土結(jie)(jie)構(gou)工程施工用的建筑模板(ban)結(jie)(jie)構(gou),主要(yao)由面板(ban)、支撐結(jie)(jie)構(gou)和(he)連(lian)接件三部分組成。
1、面板(ban)是直接接觸新澆混(hun)凝土的(de)承力板(ban);
2、支(zhi)撐結構則是支(zhi)承面板、混凝土和施工荷(he)載的臨時結構,保證建筑模板結構牢固地組(zu)合(he),做(zuo)到不(bu)(bu)變形、不(bu)(bu)破壞;
3、連接件(jian)是將面板與支(zhi)撐結構連接成整體的配(pei)件(jian)。
三、建筑模板的分類
(一)按材料分類
模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)按所(suo)用的材料不同,分為木模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋼木模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋼模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋼竹模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、膠合板(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、塑料模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、玻璃鋼模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋁合金(jin)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)等。
1、木(mu)(mu)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)的樹種可按各地區實際情況(kuang)選用(yong)(yong),一(yi)般多(duo)為松木(mu)(mu)和杉木(mu)(mu)。由于木(mu)(mu)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)木(mu)(mu)材(cai)消耗量大、重(zhong)復使用(yong)(yong)率低,為節約木(mu)(mu)材(cai),在現澆鋼(gang)筋混凝土(tu)結構中(zhong)應盡量少用(yong)(yong)或(huo)不用(yong)(yong)木(mu)(mu)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)。 鋼(gang)木(mu)(mu)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)是以角鋼(gang)為邊框,以木(mu)(mu)板(ban)作面板(ban)的定型模(mo)(mo)板(ban),其(qi)優(you)點是可以充分(fen)利用(yong)(yong)短(duan)木(mu)(mu)料并能多(duo)次周(zhou)轉使用(yong)(yong);
2、膠合(he)(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是以膠合(he)(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),角鋼(gang)為(wei)邊(bian)框(kuang)的(de)(de)定(ding)型(xing)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。以膠合(he)(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),克服了木材的(de)(de)不等(deng)方(fang)向(xiang)性(xing)的(de)(de)缺點,受力(li)性(xing)能好。這(zhe)種模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)具(ju)有強度高、自重小、不翹曲(qu)、不開裂及板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)幅(fu)大(da)、接縫(feng)少的(de)(de)優點。鋼(gang)竹(zhu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是以角鋼(gang)為(wei)邊(bian)框(kuang),以竹(zhu)編(bian)膠合(he)(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)定(ding)型(xing)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。這(zhe)種模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)剛度較大(da)、不易變形、重量(liang)輕、操作(zuo)方(fang)便;
3、鋼(gang)模板(ban)一般均做成定型模板(ban),用(yong)連接構(gou)件拼裝成各種形狀和尺寸,適用(yong)于多種結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形式,在現(xian)澆鋼(gang)筋混凝土結(jie)(jie)構(gou)施工(gong)中(zhong)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)。鋼(gang)模板(ban)一次投(tou)資量大(da),但周(zhou)轉率高,在使(shi)用(yong)過程中(zhong)應注意保管和維護、防止生銹以(yi)延長鋼(gang)模板(ban)的使(shi)用(yong)壽命;
4、塑料模板、玻璃鋼模板、鋁合金模板具(ju)有(you)重量輕(qing)、剛(gang)度大(da)、拼裝方便、周轉率高的特(te)點,但由于造價(jia)較高,在施工中尚未普遍使用(yong)。
(二)按結構類型分類
各種現澆鋼筋混(hun)凝土結(jie)構(gou)構(gou)件,由于(yu)其形(xing)(xing)狀、尺寸(cun)、構(gou)造不同,模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)構(gou)造及組裝方法(fa)也不同,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)各自的(de)(de)(de)特點。按結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)類型模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)分為:基礎模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、柱模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、梁模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、樓(lou)板(ban)(ban)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、樓(lou)梯模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、墻(qiang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、殼模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、煙囪(cong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)等多種。
(三)按施工方法分類
1、現場裝拆式模板
在施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場按照(zhao)設計(ji)要求的結構形(xing)狀,尺寸及(ji)空間位置(zhi)現(xian)場組裝的模板(ban)(ban),當混凝土(tu)達到(dao)拆模強(qiang)度后(hou)拆除(chu)模板(ban)(ban)。現(xian)場裝拆式(shi)模板(ban)(ban)多(duo)用(yong)定(ding)形(xing)模板(ban)(ban)和工(gong)具式(shi)支撐;
2、固定式模板
制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)預制(zhi)(zhi)構件用的模(mo)板。按照構件的形狀、尺寸在現(xian)場或預制(zhi)(zhi)廠制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)模(mo)板。各種胎(tai)模(mo)(土胎(tai)模(mo)、磚胎(tai)模(mo)、混凝土胎(tai)模(mo))即(ji)屬固定(ding)式模(mo)板;
3、移動式模板
隨著(zhu)混(hun)凝土的澆(jiao)筑,模(mo)板可沿垂直方向或水(shui)平方向移動,稱為移動式(shi)模(mo)板。如煙(yan)囪、水(shui)塔、墻(qiang)柱混(hun)凝土澆(jiao)筑時(shi)采用(yong)的滑升(sheng)模(mo)板、提升(sheng)模(mo)板和筒殼澆(jiao)筑混(hun)凝土時(shi)采用(yong)的水(shui)平移動式(shi)模(mo)板等。