【電(dian)力系統自(zi)動化】電(dian)力系統自(zi)動化結構 電(dian)力系統自(zi)動化概述

電力系統自動化結構

電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)對(dui)電(dian)能生產、傳(chuan)輸(shu)和管(guan)理(li)(li)實現(xian)自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)、自動(dong)(dong)調(diao)(diao)度(du)和自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)管(guan)理(li)(li)。電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)是一個地(di)域(yu)分布遼闊，由發電(dian)廠、變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)、輸(shu)配電(dian)網(wang)絡和用戶(hu)組成的(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一調(diao)(diao)度(du)和運(yun)行的(de)復(fu)雜大系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)的(de)領域(yu)包括(kuo)生產過程的(de)自動(dong)(dong)檢測、調(diao)(diao)節和控制(zhi)，系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和元(yuan)件的(de)自動(dong)(dong)安(an)全保(bao)護，網(wang)絡信息的(de)自動(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)輸(shu)，系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)生產的(de)自動(dong)(dong)調(diao)(diao)度(du)，以及企業的(de)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)經濟管(guan)理(li)(li)等。電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)的(de)主要目標是保(bao)證(zheng)供電(dian)的(de)電(dian)能質(zhi)量(liang)（頻率和電(dian)壓），保(bao)證(zheng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)行的(de)安(an)全可靠，提高經濟效益和管(guan)理(li)(li)效能。

傳輸系統

電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)信息(xi)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)輸(shu)系(xi)統(tong)簡稱(cheng)(cheng)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)。其(qi)功(gong)能是(shi)實現調度中心和發電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)變電(dian)站(zhan)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)實時(shi)信息(xi)傳(chuan)輸(shu)。自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)輸(shu)系(xi)統(tong)由(you)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)和遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)通(tong)道組(zu)成(cheng)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)通(tong)道有微波(bo)(bo)、載波(bo)(bo)、高(gao)頻、聲頻和光(guang)導通(tong)信等多種形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)按功(gong)能分為(wei)遙測(ce)、遙信、遙控三類(lei)。把廠(chang)(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)擬量(liang)通(tong)過變換輸(shu)送到(dao)位于調度中心的(de)(de)(de)(de)接收端(duan)并加以(yi)顯示的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)遙測(ce)。把廠(chang)(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開關(guan)量(liang)輸(shu)送到(dao)接收端(duan)并加以(yi)顯示的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)遙信。把調度端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)和調節(jie)(jie)信號輸(shu)送到(dao)位于廠(chang)(chang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接收端(duan)實現對調節(jie)(jie)對象的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)遙控或遙調。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)按組(zu)成(cheng)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可分為(wei)布線邏(luo)輯式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)和存儲程序式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)邏(luo)輯裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。前者由(you)硬(ying)件邏(luo)輯電(dian)路以(yi)固定(ding)接線方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實現其(qi)功(gong)能，后者是(shi)一(yi)種計算機化的(de)(de)(de)(de)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。

事故裝置

反事(shi)(shi)故(gu)自動(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)的功能是防止電力系統的事(shi)(shi)故(gu)危及系統和(he)電氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)的運行。在電力系統中(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)設(she)的反事(shi)(shi)故(gu)自動(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)有兩種基本類型。

（1）繼電保護裝置：其功能是防止系統故障對電氣設備的損壞，常用來保護線路、母線、發電機、變壓器、電(dian)動機(ji)等電(dian)氣設備。按照產生保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)作用(yong)的(de)原理，繼電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝置分為過電(dian)流保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、方向(xiang)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、差(cha)動保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、距離保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)和高頻保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)等類型。

（2）系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安(an)全保護(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)：用以(yi)保證電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的安(an)全運行(xing)，防止出(chu)現系(xi)(xi)統(tong)振(zhen)蕩、失(shi)步解(jie)列(lie)(lie)、全網性頻率崩潰和(he)電(dian)壓崩潰等(deng)災害性事故。系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安(an)全保護(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)按功能分(fen)為4種形式(shi)：一是屬于備(bei)用設(she)備(bei)的自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)投(tou)入，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)備(bei)用電(dian)源自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)投(tou)入，輸電(dian)線(xian)路的自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)重合閘等(deng)；二(er)是屬于控(kong)(kong)制受電(dian)端功率缺額，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)低(di)(di)周波(bo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)減負荷裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、低(di)(di)電(dian)壓自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)減負荷裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、機組低(di)(di)頻自(zi)(zi)(zi)起動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)等(deng)；三是屬于控(kong)(kong)制送電(dian)端功率過(guo)剩，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)快速自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)切機裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、快關(guan)汽門裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、電(dian)氣制動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)等(deng)；四是屬于控(kong)(kong)制系(xi)(xi)統(tong)振(zhen)蕩失(shi)步，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)振(zhen)蕩自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)解(jie)列(lie)(lie)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)并(bing)列(lie)(lie)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)等(deng)。

電力系統自動化分類

按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的生產和分配過程，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調度(du)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)、火力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)、水力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站綜合自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)信息(xi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)傳輸系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)反事故(gu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置、供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)管理系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)等7個方面，并形成(cheng)(cheng)一個分層分級的自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(見圖）。區域(yu)調度(du)中心(xin)、區域(yu)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站和區域(yu)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)最低(di)層次；中間(jian)層次由省（市）調度(du)中心(xin)、樞紐變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站和直屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，由總調度(du)中心(xin)構成(cheng)(cheng)最高層次。而(er)在每(mei)個層次中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡等又構成(cheng)(cheng)多級控(kong)制。

電網調度

現(xian)代的(de)電(dian)網自動(dong)化(hua)調度(du)系統是以計算(suan)機(ji)為核心的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統，包括實時信(xin)息(xi)收集和(he)(he)顯示(shi)(shi)系統，以及供實時計算(suan)、分(fen)析、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)的(de)軟件系統。信(xin)息(xi)收集和(he)(he)顯示(shi)(shi)系統具有數據采集、屏幕顯示(shi)(shi)、安全(quan)檢測(ce)、運行工(gong)況計算(suan)分(fen)析和(he)(he)實時控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)功(gong)能。在發電(dian)廠和(he)(he)變電(dian)站的(de)收集信(xin)息(xi)部分(fen)稱為遠動(dong)端(duan)，位于調度(du)中心的(de)部分(fen)稱為調度(du)端(duan)。軟件系統由靜態狀態估(gu)計、自動(dong)發電(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、最優潮流、自動(dong)電(dian)壓與(yu)無(wu)功(gong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、負荷(he)預測(ce)、最優機(ji)組開(kai)停計劃(hua)、安全(quan)監視與(yu)安全(quan)分(fen)析、緊急控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)電(dian)路恢復等程(cheng)序組成。

火力發電

火力(li)發電廠的自動化項目(mu)包括：

（1）廠(chang)內機、爐(lu)、電運行設備的(de)安(an)全檢測，包括數據采集、狀態監視、屏幕顯(xian)示、越限報警、故障檢出等(deng)。

（2）計算機實(shi)時控制(zhi)，實(shi)現由點火至(zhi)并網的全部自動起動過程。

（3）有(you)功負荷的經濟分配和自動增(zeng)減。

（4）母線(xian)電壓控(kong)制和無功功率(lv)的自(zi)動(dong)增減。

（5）穩定監視和控(kong)(kong)(kong)制。采用(yong)(yong)的控(kong)(kong)(kong)制方式有兩種形式：一(yi)種是計算機(ji)輸出通過外圍設備(bei)去(qu)調(diao)整常規(gui)模擬式調(diao)節器的設定值(zhi)而實現(xian)(xian)監督控(kong)(kong)(kong)制；另一(yi)種是用(yong)(yong)計算機(ji)輸出外圍設備(bei)直接控(kong)(kong)(kong)制生產過程(cheng)而實現(xian)(xian)直接數字控(kong)(kong)(kong)制。

水力發電

需要實施(shi)自動化(hua)的項目包括大壩監護、水庫調度和電站運行三(san)個方面。

（1）大壩計(ji)算機自動監控系統：包括數據采集、計(ji)算分析、越限報警和提供維護方案等(deng)。

（2）水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)水(shui)(shui)文信(xin)息(xi)的(de)自動(dong)監控(kong)系統：包括(kuo)雨量和水(shui)(shui)文信(xin)息(xi)的(de)自動(dong)收集、水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)調度(du)計劃的(de)制訂，以及攔洪和蓄洪控(kong)制方案的(de)選(xuan)擇等(deng)。

（3）廠(chang)內(nei)計算機自(zi)動監控(kong)系(xi)統：包括全廠(chang)機電運(yun)行(xing)設備的(de)安全監測、發(fa)電機組(zu)的(de)自(zi)動控(kong)制(zhi)、優(you)化(hua)運(yun)行(xing)和經濟(ji)負荷分配、穩定(ding)監視和控(kong)制(zhi)等。