【電力(li)(li)系統自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)】電力(li)(li)系統自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)結構 電力(li)(li)系統自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)概述

電力系統自動化結構

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化對電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、傳輸和(he)(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)實(shi)現自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)、自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)調度和(he)(he)(he)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化管(guan)理(li)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是一個地域分布遼闊，由發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡和(he)(he)(he)用(yong)戶組成的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一調度和(he)(he)(he)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復雜大系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)域包括(kuo)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)檢測、調節和(he)(he)(he)控(kong)制(zhi)，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)元件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)安全保(bao)(bao)護，網絡信息的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)傳輸，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)調度，以及企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化經濟管(guan)理(li)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化的(de)(de)(de)主要目標是保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量（頻率和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓），保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)安全可靠，提高經濟效(xiao)益和(he)(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)效(xiao)能(neng)。

傳輸系統

電力系(xi)統信息(xi)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳輸(shu)系(xi)統簡稱(cheng)(cheng)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統。其功能是實(shi)(shi)現(xian)調(diao)(diao)度(du)中心(xin)和發電廠(chang)變(bian)電站(zhan)間(jian)的(de)實(shi)(shi)時信息(xi)傳輸(shu)。自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳輸(shu)系(xi)統由遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)通道組(zu)成(cheng)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)通道有(you)微波(bo)、載(zai)波(bo)、高頻(pin)、聲頻(pin)和光導通信等多種形(xing)式。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)按(an)功能分為(wei)遙(yao)(yao)測(ce)、遙(yao)(yao)信、遙(yao)(yao)控(kong)三(san)類(lei)。把廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)模(mo)擬量通過(guo)變(bian)換輸(shu)送到(dao)(dao)位于調(diao)(diao)度(du)中心(xin)的(de)接(jie)收(shou)端并(bing)加(jia)以(yi)顯示(shi)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)遙(yao)(yao)測(ce)。把廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)開關量輸(shu)送到(dao)(dao)接(jie)收(shou)端并(bing)加(jia)以(yi)顯示(shi)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)遙(yao)(yao)信。把調(diao)(diao)度(du)端的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)和調(diao)(diao)節信號輸(shu)送到(dao)(dao)位于廠(chang)站(zhan)的(de)接(jie)收(shou)端實(shi)(shi)現(xian)對調(diao)(diao)節對象(xiang)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)遙(yao)(yao)控(kong)或(huo)遙(yao)(yao)調(diao)(diao)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)按(an)組(zu)成(cheng)方式可分為(wei)布線邏輯式遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和存(cun)儲(chu)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)式邏輯裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。前者(zhe)由硬件邏輯電路(lu)以(yi)固定接(jie)線方式實(shi)(shi)現(xian)其功能，后者(zhe)是一種計算機化的(de)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。

事故裝置

反事(shi)故自(zi)動裝(zhuang)置的(de)功能(neng)是防(fang)止電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)事(shi)故危及系(xi)統(tong)和電(dian)氣設(she)備的(de)運(yun)行。在電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)中裝(zhuang)設(she)的(de)反事(shi)故自(zi)動裝(zhuang)置有兩(liang)種基本類(lei)型。

（1）繼電保護裝置：其功能是防止系統故障對電氣設備的損壞，常用來保護線路、母線、發電機、變壓器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機等電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備。按照產生保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)作用的(de)原理，繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝置分為(wei)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)流保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、方向保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、差(cha)動(dong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、距離保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)和高頻(pin)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)等類型。

（2）系(xi)統(tong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：用以保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)運行，防(fang)止(zhi)出現(xian)系(xi)統(tong)振蕩(dang)、失步(bu)解列(lie)、全(quan)(quan)(quan)網性(xing)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)崩潰和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)崩潰等災害性(xing)事故。系(xi)統(tong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)按功(gong)(gong)能分為(wei)4種形式(shi)：一是(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)備(bei)用設備(bei)的(de)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)投入，如備(bei)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)源自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)投入，輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的(de)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)重合(he)閘等；二是(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)控制受電(dian)(dian)(dian)端功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)缺額(e)，如低周波自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)減負(fu)荷(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、低電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)減負(fu)荷(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、機組低頻(pin)自起動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等；三是(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)控制送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)端功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)過剩，如快(kuai)速(su)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)切機裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、快(kuai)關汽門裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等；四是(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)控制系(xi)統(tong)振蕩(dang)失步(bu)，如系(xi)統(tong)振蕩(dang)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)解列(lie)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)并列(lie)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。

電力系統自動化分類

按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的生(sheng)產和分配(pei)(pei)過程，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、火力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、水力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)綜合自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)信息自(zi)動(dong)傳輸(shu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)反事故自(zi)動(dong)裝置(zhi)、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)管理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)等7個方(fang)面，并形成一個分層分級的自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(見圖）。區(qu)域(yu)調(diao)度中心、區(qu)域(yu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和區(qu)域(yu)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠組(zu)(zu)成最低(di)層次；中間層次由省（市）調(diao)度中心、樞(shu)紐變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和直屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠組(zu)(zu)成，由總(zong)調(diao)度中心構(gou)成最高層次。而在每(mei)個層次中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡等又構(gou)成多(duo)級控(kong)制。

電網調度

現代的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)網自(zi)動化調(diao)(diao)度系(xi)(xi)統是以(yi)計(ji)(ji)算機(ji)為核(he)心的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制系(xi)(xi)統，包括實時信(xin)息收集(ji)和(he)(he)顯示(shi)系(xi)(xi)統，以(yi)及供實時計(ji)(ji)算、分(fen)析(xi)、控(kong)制用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)件系(xi)(xi)統。信(xin)息收集(ji)和(he)(he)顯示(shi)系(xi)(xi)統具有數據采(cai)集(ji)、屏幕顯示(shi)、安全(quan)檢測、運行工況(kuang)計(ji)(ji)算分(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)實時控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)功能。在發電(dian)廠和(he)(he)變電(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)收集(ji)信(xin)息部分(fen)稱為遠動端，位于調(diao)(diao)度中心的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)稱為調(diao)(diao)度端。軟(ruan)件系(xi)(xi)統由靜態(tai)狀(zhuang)態(tai)估計(ji)(ji)、自(zi)動發電(dian)控(kong)制、最優潮流、自(zi)動電(dian)壓(ya)與(yu)無功控(kong)制、負荷(he)預測、最優機(ji)組開停計(ji)(ji)劃、安全(quan)監(jian)視與(yu)安全(quan)分(fen)析(xi)、緊急控(kong)制和(he)(he)電(dian)路恢復等程序組成。

火力發電

火(huo)力發(fa)電廠的(de)自動化項目包括：

（1）廠內機、爐、電(dian)運(yun)行設備的安全檢(jian)測，包(bao)括數據采集(ji)、狀態(tai)監視(shi)、屏幕顯示、越限報警、故障檢(jian)出等(deng)。

（2）計算機實(shi)時控制，實(shi)現(xian)由(you)點火(huo)至并網的全部(bu)自動(dong)起動(dong)過程(cheng)。

（3）有(you)功負荷的經濟分配和自(zi)動(dong)增減。

（4）母線電壓控制和無功(gong)功(gong)率的(de)自動增減(jian)。

（5）穩定監視和控制。采用的控制方式(shi)(shi)有兩種(zhong)形式(shi)(shi)：一種(zhong)是計算機(ji)輸出通過外圍(wei)設(she)備去調整常規模(mo)擬式(shi)(shi)調節器的設(she)定值(zhi)而實現(xian)監督(du)控制；另一種(zhong)是用計算機(ji)輸出外圍(wei)設(she)備直(zhi)接控制生產過程(cheng)而實現(xian)直(zhi)接數字(zi)控制。

水力發電

需要實施(shi)自動化的項(xiang)目包括大壩監護(hu)、水庫調(diao)度和電站(zhan)運行三個方面。

（1）大壩計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機自動監控系(xi)統：包括數據采集、計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)分析(xi)、越限報(bao)警和(he)提供維護方案等。

（2）水(shui)庫水(shui)文信息的(de)自動(dong)監控(kong)(kong)系統(tong)：包括雨量和水(shui)文信息的(de)自動(dong)收集、水(shui)庫調(diao)度計劃的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)訂，以及攔洪和蓄洪控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方案的(de)選擇等。

（3）廠內(nei)計算機自(zi)動監控系統：包(bao)括(kuo)全廠機電(dian)運行(xing)(xing)設備的安全監測、發電(dian)機組的自(zi)動控制(zhi)、優化(hua)運行(xing)(xing)和經濟負(fu)荷分配、穩定(ding)監視和控制(zhi)等。