【啤機(ji)(ji)】啤機(ji)(ji)是什么意思(si) 啤機(ji)(ji)是做什么用的(de)機(ji)(ji)器

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啤機類型

注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)的類(lei)型有:立式、臥(wo)式、全(quan)電式，但(dan)是無(wu)論那種注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)，其基本功能有兩個：

（1）加熱塑料，使其達到熔化狀態；

（2）對熔融塑料(liao)施加高壓，使其射出而充滿模具型腔。

注塑機通常由注射系(xi)統(tong)、合模系(xi)統(tong)、液(ye)壓傳(chuan)達動系(xi)統(tong)、電氣(qi)控制系(xi)統(tong)、潤滑系(xi)統(tong)、加熱及(ji)冷(leng)卻系(xi)統(tong)、安全(quan)監測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)等組成。

（3）注塑系統

注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)系統(tong)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)：注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)系統(tong)是注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)最主要的(de)(de)組成部分之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，一(yi)(yi)般有柱(zhu)塞(sai)式(shi)、螺(luo)桿式(shi)、螺(luo)桿預塑(su)柱(zhu)塞(sai)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)式(shi)3種主要形式(shi)。目前應(ying)用(yong)(yong)最廣泛的(de)(de)是螺(luo)桿式(shi)。其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)是，在注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)機(ji)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個循環中，能(neng)在規定的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)內將(jiang)一(yi)(yi)定數量的(de)(de)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)加熱塑(su)化后，在一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)壓力和速度下，通過螺(luo)桿將(jiang)熔融塑(su)料(liao)(liao)注(zhu)(zhu)入(ru)模(mo)具型(xing)腔(qiang)中。注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)結束(shu)后，對注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)到模(mo)腔(qiang)中的(de)(de)熔料(liao)(liao)保持定型(xing)。

注射(she)系統的組成(cheng)：注射(she)系統由塑(su)化(hua)裝置和動(dong)力傳遞裝置組成(cheng)。

螺桿(gan)(gan)式注塑機塑化裝置主要由加料裝置、料筒、螺桿(gan)(gan)、射(she)咀部(bu)分組(zu)成。動(dong)力(li)傳遞裝置包(bao)括注射(she)油缸(gang)、注射(she)座移動(dong)油缸(gang)以及螺桿(gan)(gan)驅動(dong)裝置（熔膠馬(ma)達）。

（4）合模系統

合模(mo)(mo)系(xi)統的(de)(de)作(zuo)用：合模(mo)(mo)系(xi)統的(de)(de)作(zuo)用是保證模(mo)(mo)具閉合、開啟及(ji)頂出(chu)制品。同時，在模(mo)(mo)具閉合后，供給予模(mo)(mo)具足夠的(de)(de)鎖模(mo)(mo)力(li)，以(yi)抵抗熔(rong)融塑料進入模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)產生的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)壓力(li)，防止模(mo)(mo)具開縫，造成制品的(de)(de)不(bu)良現狀。

合(he)(he)模(mo)系(xi)(xi)統的組(zu)成：合(he)(he)模(mo)系(xi)(xi)統主要由合(he)(he)模(mo)裝置、調模(mo)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)、頂(ding)出機(ji)(ji)構(gou)、前后(hou)固定模(mo)板、移動模(mo)板、合(he)(he)模(mo)油缸和(he)安全(quan)保護(hu)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)組(zu)成。

（5）液壓系統

液壓傳動系(xi)統的(de)作用是(shi)實(shi)現注塑機按工藝過(guo)程(cheng)所要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)動作提供(gong)動力(li)，并(bing)滿足(zu)注塑機各部(bu)分所需(xu)壓力(li)、速度、溫(wen)度等的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。它(ta)主要(yao)由各自種(zhong)(zhong)液壓元件和(he)液壓輔(fu)助(zhu)元件所組成，其中油泵(beng)和(he)電(dian)機是(shi)注塑機的(de)動力(li)來源。各種(zhong)(zhong)閥控制油液壓力(li)和(he)流(liu)量，從(cong)而(er)滿足(zu)注射成型工藝各項要(yao)求(qiu)。

（6）電氣控制系統

電(dian)氣控(kong)制系(xi)統與液壓(ya)系(xi)統合理配合，可實現注射機的工藝過程要求(qiu)（壓(ya)力(li)、溫度、速度、時間）和各種(zhong)程序動作。主(zhu)要由電(dian)器(qi)、電(dian)子(zi)元件(jian)、儀表(biao)、加熱器(qi)、傳感(gan)器(qi)等組成。一般有四種(zhong)控(kong)制方(fang)式，手動、半自動、全自動、調整。

（7）加熱/冷卻系統

加熱(re)(re)系(xi)統是(shi)用(yong)來(lai)加熱(re)(re)料(liao)(liao)(liao)筒(tong)及注(zhu)射(she)噴嘴的(de)，注(zhu)塑機料(liao)(liao)(liao)筒(tong)一般采用(yong)電熱(re)(re)圈作為加熱(re)(re)裝(zhuang)置，安裝(zhuang)在料(liao)(liao)(liao)筒(tong)的(de)外部，并用(yong)熱(re)(re)電偶分段檢(jian)測。熱(re)(re)量通過筒(tong)壁導熱(re)(re)為物料(liao)(liao)(liao)塑化提(ti)供熱(re)(re)源；冷(leng)(leng)卻系(xi)統主要(yao)是(shi)用(yong)來(lai)冷(leng)(leng)卻油(you)(you)(you)溫(wen)，油(you)(you)(you)溫(wen)過高(gao)會引(yin)起多種故障出(chu)現所以(yi)油(you)(you)(you)溫(wen)必(bi)須加以(yi)控制。另(ling)一處(chu)需要(yao)冷(leng)(leng)卻的(de)位置在料(liao)(liao)(liao)管下(xia)料(liao)(liao)(liao)口附近，防(fang)止原料(liao)(liao)(liao)在下(xia)料(liao)(liao)(liao)口熔化，導致原料(liao)(liao)(liao)不能正常(chang)下(xia)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。

（8）潤滑系統

潤(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)系(xi)統是注塑機(ji)的(de)(de)動(dong)模板、調模裝(zhuang)置、連桿機(ji)鉸等處有相對(dui)運動(dong)的(de)(de)部位提供(gong)潤(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)條件的(de)(de)回(hui)路，以(yi)(yi)便減少能(neng)耗和(he)提高(gao)零件壽(shou)命(ming)，潤(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)是定期(qi)的(de)(de)手(shou)動(dong)潤(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)，也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)是自動(dong)電動(dong)潤(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)；

（9）安全保護與監測系統

注(zhu)塑機的安(an)全(quan)裝置(zhi)主(zhu)要是用來(lai)保(bao)護人、機安(an)全(quan)的裝置(zhi)。主(zhu)要由安(an)全(quan)門(men)、液(ye)壓閥、限位(wei)開關、光電檢測元件等組成，實現電氣(qi)——機械(xie)——液(ye)壓的聯鎖保(bao)護。

監測系(xi)(xi)統主(zhu)要(yao)對注塑機(ji)的油溫、料溫、系(xi)(xi)統超載(zai)，以及工藝和設備(bei)故障進行監測，發現異常(chang)情況進行指示或(huo)報警。

啤機工作原理

注塑機的(de)(de)工作原理(li)與打針用的(de)(de)注射(she)器相似(si)，它(ta)是借助螺桿（或柱塞）的(de)(de)推力(li)，將已塑化好(hao)的(de)(de)熔融(rong)狀態（即粘流態）的(de)(de)塑料注射(she)入閉合好(hao)的(de)(de)模(mo)腔內，經固化定型后取得制品的(de)(de)工藝過程。

注射(she)(she)成型是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個循(xun)環的過程，每一(yi)(yi)周期主要包括(kuo)(kuo)：定量加料(liao)—熔(rong)融(rong)塑(su)(su)(su)化—施壓(ya)注射(she)(she)—充(chong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)冷卻—啟模(mo)(mo)(mo)取(qu)件。取(qu)出塑(su)(su)(su)件后又再閉模(mo)(mo)(mo)，進行(xing)下一(yi)(yi)個循(xun)環。注射(she)(she)成型是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個循(xun)環的過程，每一(yi)(yi)周期主要包括(kuo)(kuo)：定量加料(liao)—熔(rong)融(rong)塑(su)(su)(su)化—施壓(ya)注射(she)(she)—充(chong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)冷卻—啟模(mo)(mo)(mo)取(qu)件，取(qu)出塑(su)(su)(su)件后又再閉模(mo)(mo)(mo)，進行(xing)下一(yi)(yi)個循(xun)環。

注塑機(ji)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)項目：注塑機(ji)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)項目包(bao)括控(kong)(kong)制鍵盤操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、電器控(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和(he)液壓系(xi)統操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)三個方面。分別進行注射(she)過程動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、加料動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、注射(she)壓力、注射(she)速度、頂出型式的選擇，料筒各段溫度的監(jian)控(kong)(kong)，注射(she)壓力和(he)背(bei)壓壓力的調(diao)節等。

一(yi)般(ban)螺(luo)(luo)桿式注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)工(gong)藝過程(cheng)是：首先將粒狀或粉(fen)狀塑(su)料加(jia)入(ru)(ru)機筒內(nei)，并通過螺(luo)(luo)桿的(de)旋(xuan)轉和(he)(he)(he)機筒外壁加(jia)熱使(shi)塑(su)料成(cheng)(cheng)為熔(rong)融狀態，然(ran)后(hou)機器(qi)進行(xing)合(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)和(he)(he)(he)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)座前移，使(shi)噴嘴貼緊模(mo)(mo)(mo)具的(de)澆口道，接(jie)著向注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)缸通人(ren)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)油，使(shi)螺(luo)(luo)桿向前推進，從(cong)而以(yi)很高(gao)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)較(jiao)快的(de)速度(du)將熔(rong)料注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)入(ru)(ru)溫度(du)較(jiao)低(di)的(de)閉合(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)具內(nei)，經過一(yi)定時間(jian)和(he)(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)保(bao)持（又稱保(bao)壓(ya)(ya)）、冷卻，使(shi)其(qi)固化成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)，便可開模(mo)(mo)(mo)取出制品(pin)（保(bao)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)目的(de)是防止模(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)熔(rong)料的(de)反流、向模(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)補充(chong)物料，以(yi)及保(bao)證制品(pin)具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)密度(du)和(he)(he)(he)尺寸公差）。注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)的(de)基本(ben)要(yao)求是塑(su)化、注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)和(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)。塑(su)化是實現和(he)(he)(he)保(bao)證成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)制品(pin)質(zhi)量的(de)前提，而為滿(man)足(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)的(de)要(yao)求，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)必(bi)須(xu)保(bao)證有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)速度(du)。同時，由于注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)很高(gao)，相應(ying)地在模(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)產生很高(gao)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)（模(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)的(de)平均壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)一(yi)般(ban)在20~45MPa之間(jian)），因此(ci)必(bi)須(xu)有(you)足(zu)夠大的(de)合(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)力(li)(li)。由此(ci)可見，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)合(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)是注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機的(de)關鍵部件。

對(dui)塑料制(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)評價主要(yao)有三個方(fang)面(mian)，第一是(shi)外(wai)觀質(zhi)量，包括完整性、顏色、光澤等(deng)；第二是(shi)尺寸(cun)和相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)位置間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性；第三是(shi)與用(yong)途相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理性能(neng)、化學性能(neng)、電性能(neng)等(deng)。這(zhe)些(xie)質(zhi)量要(yao)求(qiu)又根據制(zhi)品使用(yong)場(chang)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度也不(bu)同。制(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷主要(yao)在于(yu)模具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計、制(zhi)造精(jing)度和磨損程度等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)。但(dan)事實(shi)上，塑料加工廠的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術人員往往苦(ku)于(yu)面(mian)對(dui)用(yong)工藝手(shou)段來(lai)彌補模具(ju)缺(que)陷帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題而成效不(bu)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)困難局面(mian)。

生產過程中工藝的(de)(de)調(diao)節(jie)是提高制品(pin)(pin)(pin)質量和(he)產量的(de)(de)必要(yao)途(tu)徑。由于(yu)注塑(su)周(zhou)期本身很短，如果(guo)工藝條件(jian)掌握不(bu)好,廢品(pin)(pin)(pin)就會(hui)源源不(bu)絕。在(zai)調(diao)整工藝時最好一次只改(gai)變一個(ge)條件(jian)，多觀察幾回，如果(guo)壓力(li)、溫(wen)度、時間統統一起調(diao)的(de)(de)話，很易造(zao)成混亂和(he)誤解(jie)(jie)，出(chu)(chu)了問題(ti)(ti)(ti)也不(bu)知道是何道理。調(diao)整工藝的(de)(de)措施、手(shou)段是多方面的(de)(de)。例如：解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)制品(pin)(pin)(pin)注不(bu)滿的(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)(ti)就有十多個(ge)可(ke)能的(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)途(tu)徑，要(yao)選(xuan)擇出(chu)(chu)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)問題(ti)(ti)(ti)癥結的(de)(de)一、二個(ge)主要(yao)方案(an)，才(cai)能真正解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)問題(ti)(ti)(ti)。此外，還(huan)應注意解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)方案(an)中的(de)(de)辨證(zheng)關系(xi)。比如：制品(pin)(pin)(pin)出(chu)(chu)現了凹陷(xian)，有時要(yao)提高料(liao)(liao)溫(wen)，有時要(yao)降(jiang)低料(liao)(liao)溫(wen)；有時要(yao)增加(jia)料(liao)(liao)量，有時要(yao)減少料(liao)(liao)量。要(yao)承認(ren)逆向措施的(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)問題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)可(ke)行性。

啤機用途

注塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具有(you)(you)能一次成型(xing)外型(xing)復(fu)雜、尺寸精確(que)或帶(dai)有(you)(you)金屬(shu)嵌(qian)件(jian)的(de)質地密(mi)致(zhi)的(de)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料制品(pin)，被(bei)廣泛應用(yong)于國防、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電、汽車、交通運輸、建材、包裝、農業、文(wen)教衛生及人們日常生活各個領(ling)域。在塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料工(gong)業迅(xun)速發展的(de)今(jin)天，注塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不論在數量(liang)上或品(pin)種(zhong)上都占有(you)(you)重(zhong)要地位，其(qi)生產(chan)(chan)總(zong)數占整(zheng)個塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料成型(xing)設備(bei)的(de)20%--30%，從而(er)成為目前塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械中(zhong)增長(chang)最快，生產(chan)(chan)數量(liang)最多的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)種(zhong)之一。據有(you)(you)關資料統計，1996--1998年(nian)我(wo)國出口注塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)8383臺（套），進口注塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)42959臺（套），其(qi)中(zhong)1998年(nian)我(wo)國注塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)達到20000臺，其(qi)銷售額占塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)總(zong)銷售額的(de)42.9%。

啤機選擇方法

一(yi)般而言(yan)，從事注(zhu)塑(su)行業多(duo)年的(de)(de)客(ke)戶多(duo)半有能力自行判斷并選擇合(he)適的(de)(de)注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)來(lai)生(sheng)產。但是在某些狀(zhuang)況下，客(ke)戶可能需要(yao)廠商(shang)的(de)(de)協(xie)助才(cai)能決(jue)定采(cai)用(yong)哪一(yi)個規格的(de)(de)注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)，甚至客(ke)戶可能只有產品的(de)(de)樣(yang)品或構想(xiang)，然(ran)后詢問廠商(shang)的(de)(de)機(ji)器(qi)是否能生(sheng)產，或是哪一(yi)種(zhong)機(ji)型比較適合(he)。

此外(wai)，某些特(te)殊產(chan)品可能(neng)需要搭配特(te)殊裝置如(ru)蓄壓器、閉回路、射出壓縮等，才能(neng)更有效率地生產(chan)。由此可見，如(ru)何決定合(he)適(shi)的注塑(su)機來生產(chan)，是一個極為重要的問(wen)題(ti)。以(yi)下資訊提(ti)供給讀者(zhe)參(can)考。

通常(chang)影響射出機選(xuan)擇的重(zhong)要因素(su)包括模具、產品、塑料、成型(xing)要求等，因此，在進(jin)行選(xuan)擇前必須先收集(ji)或具備下列資訊：

模具尺寸(寬度、高(gao)度、厚度）、重(zhong)量、特(te)殊(shu)設計等；

使用塑(su)料的種(zhong)(zhong)類及數量（單(dan)一(yi)原料或多種(zhong)(zhong)塑(su)料）；

注塑(su)成品(pin)的外(wai)觀尺寸（長、寬、高(gao)、厚度）、重量等(deng)；

成型要求，如(ru)品質條件(jian)、生產速度等。

在(zai)獲得以(yi)上資訊后，即可按照(zhao)下列步驟來選擇合適的射出機(ji)：

1、選對型: 由產品及(ji)塑料決(jue)定機種及(ji)系列(lie)。

由于(yu)射(she)出機(ji)有非常(chang)多的(de)種(zhong)類，因此一(yi)開始要先正(zheng)確判斷此產(chan)(chan)(chan)品應由哪(na)一(yi)種(zhong)注塑機(ji)，或是哪(na)一(yi)個(ge)系列來生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)，例如(ru)是一(yi)般熱塑性塑膠或電(dian)木原料或PET原料等(deng)，是單色、雙色、多色、夾層或混色等(deng)。此外，某些產(chan)(chan)(chan)品需要高(gao)穩定（閉回路）、高(gao)精密、超高(gao)射(she)速(su)、高(gao)射(she)壓或快(kuai)速(su)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)（多回路）等(deng)條件，也必須選擇合適的(de)系列來生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)。

2、放得下 ：由模具尺寸(cun)判定(ding)機臺(tai)的“大柱內距”、“模厚”、“模具最小尺寸(cun)”及“模盤(pan)尺寸(cun)”是(shi)否適當，以確認(ren)模具是(shi)否放得下。

模具(ju)的寬度及高度需小于(yu)或至(zhi)少有(you)一邊小于(yu)大柱(zhu)內距；

模具的寬(kuan)度及高度最好在模盤尺寸范圍內；

模(mo)具的(de)厚度(du)需介于注(zhu)塑機的(de)模(mo)厚之間；

模具的(de)寬(kuan)度及高度需符合(he)該(gai)注塑機(ji)建議的(de)最小(xiao)模具尺寸(cun)，太小(xiao)也不行；

3、拿得出 ：由模具及(ji)成品(pin)判(pan)定“開模行(xing)程”及(ji)“托模行(xing)程”是否(fou)足(zu)以(yi)讓成品(pin)取(qu)出。

◆ 開模行程(cheng)至(zhi)少(shao)需大于成(cheng)品(pin)在開關模方向的高度的兩(liang)倍(bei)以上，且(qie)需含豎澆(jiao)道（sprue）的長(chang)度；

托模行程(cheng)需(xu)足夠將成品頂(ding)出；

4、鎖(suo)得住 ：由產品及塑料決定“鎖(suo)模力(li)”噸數。

當原料以高壓注入(ru)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)穴內時會(hui)產生(sheng)一個撐模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)量，因此注塑機的(de)(de)(de)鎖模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)單元必(bi)須提供足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)“鎖模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)力(li)”使模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具不(bu)至于被撐開。鎖模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)力(li)需求的(de)(de)(de)計算如(ru)下：

由成品外(wai)觀(guan)尺寸求出成品在開關模方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)投影面積；

撐模力量=成品在開關模方向(xiang)的投影(ying)面積(cm2)×模穴數×模內(nei)壓力(kg/cm2)；

模內壓力隨(sui)原料(liao)而不同(tong), 一(yi)般原料(liao)取350～400kg/cm2；

機(ji)器(qi)鎖模(mo)(mo)力需(xu)大于撐(cheng)(cheng)模(mo)(mo)力量，且為了保險起見，機(ji)器(qi)鎖模(mo)(mo)力通常(chang)需(xu)大于撐(cheng)(cheng)模(mo)(mo)力量的1.17倍以上；

至此已初步(bu)決定(ding)夾模單元(yuan)的(de)規格，并大致確(que)(que)定(ding)機種(zhong)噸數，接著必須再進行下列步(bu)驟，以確(que)(que)認哪一個射出單元(yuan)的(de)螺(luo)桿直徑比較符合所需。

5、射得飽: 由(you)成品重量(liang)及模(mo)穴(xue)數判定所需“射出量(liang)”并選擇合適的“螺桿直徑”。

計算成品重量需考(kao)慮模(mo)穴(xue)數(shu)（一模(mo)幾穴(xue)）；

為(wei)了穩定性起見，射(she)出量需為(wei)成(cheng)品重量的1.35倍以上，亦即成(cheng)品重量需為(wei)射(she)出量的75%以內(nei)；

6、射(she)得好 ：由塑料判定“螺(luo)桿壓縮(suo)比”及(ji)“射(she)出壓力”等條(tiao)件。

有(you)(you)些工程塑料需要較高的(de)(de)射(she)出壓(ya)力及合適的(de)(de)螺桿壓(ya)縮比設計，才有(you)(you)較好的(de)(de)成型效果(guo)，因此為了(le)使成品射(she)得更好，在選(xuan)擇螺桿時亦需考慮射(she)壓(ya)的(de)(de)需求及壓(ya)縮比的(de)(de)問題(ti)。

一(yi)般而(er)言，直徑較小的(de)螺桿(gan)可提供較高(gao)的(de)射出壓(ya)力。

7、射(she)得快 ：及“射(she)出速(su)度”的確認。

有些成(cheng)(cheng)品需要(yao)高射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)率(lv)速(su)(su)射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)才(cai)能(neng)(neng)穩定成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)，如超薄類成(cheng)(cheng)品，在此情況下，可(ke)能(neng)(neng)需要(yao)確認(ren)機器的(de)射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)率(lv)及射(she)(she)速(su)(su)是否(fou)足夠(gou)，是否(fou)需搭配蓄(xu)壓(ya)器、閉回路控制(zhi)等裝置。一般而言，在相(xiang)同(tong)條件下，可(ke)提供較(jiao)(jiao)高射(she)(she)壓(ya)的(de)螺(luo)桿(gan)通常(chang)射(she)(she)速(su)(su)較(jiao)(jiao)低，相(xiang)反(fan)的(de)，可(ke)提供較(jiao)(jiao)低射(she)(she)壓(ya)的(de)螺(luo)桿(gan)通常(chang)射(she)(she)速(su)(su)較(jiao)(jiao)高。因此，選擇螺(luo)桿(gan)直徑時，射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)量(liang)、射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)壓(ya)力及射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)率(lv)（射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)速(su)(su)度），需交叉考量(liang)及取舍。

此外，也(ye)可以采用多回路設計，以同步復(fu)合動作縮短成型時間。

經(jing)過以(yi)上步驟(zou)之后，原(yuan)則上已經(jing)可(ke)以(yi)決定符合需求的注塑機，但是有一些特殊問題(ti)可(ke)能也(ye)必須再加以(yi)考慮，包括：

大小配的問題：

在(zai)某些(xie)特殊(shu)狀況下，客(ke)戶的(de)模(mo)具或產品(pin)可能(neng)模(mo)具體積小(xiao)但所需射(she)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)，或模(mo)具體積大(da)(da)但所需射(she)量(liang)(liang)小(xiao)，在(zai)這種(zhong)況下，廠(chang)家所預先(xian)(xian)設定的(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)格(ge)可能(neng)無法符合客(ke)戶需求，而必須進行所謂“大(da)(da)小(xiao)配”，亦即(ji)(ji)“大(da)(da)壁小(xiao)射(she)”或“小(xiao)壁大(da)(da)射(she)”。所謂“大(da)(da)壁小(xiao)射(she)”指以原(yuan)先(xian)(xian)標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)夾(jia)(jia)模(mo)單元(yuan)搭配較小(xiao)的(de)射(she)出螺桿，反之，“小(xiao)壁大(da)(da)射(she)”即(ji)(ji)是(shi)以原(yuan)先(xian)(xian)標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)夾(jia)(jia)模(mo)單元(yuan)搭配較大(da)(da)的(de)射(she)出螺桿。當然，在(zai)搭配上也可能(neng)夾(jia)(jia)模(mo)與射(she)出相差好(hao)幾級。

快速機或高速機的觀念：

在(zai)實際運用中，越來越多的(de)客戶(hu)會要求(qiu)購(gou)買所謂“高(gao)速機”或(huo)“快速機”。一般(ban)而(er)(er)言，其目(mu)的(de)除了產品本身的(de)需求(qiu)外(wai)，其他大(da)多是要縮(suo)短(duan)成型周期、提高(gao)單位時間(jian)的(de)產量，進而(er)(er)降低生(sheng)產成本，提高(gao)競爭力。通(tong)常，要達到(dao)上述目(mu)的(de)，有幾種做法：

射出速度加快：將電機馬達及泵浦加大，或加蓄壓(ya)器（最好(hao)加閉(bi)回路控(kong)制(zhi)）；

加料(liao)速度(du)加快：將電機馬達及泵浦加大(da)，或加料(liao)油壓馬達改小，使螺(luo)桿轉速加快；

多回(hui)路系統：采用雙回(hui)路或(huo)三回(hui)路設計(ji)，以同步進行(xing)復合動(dong)作，縮短成型時間；

增加模具(ju)水路(lu)，提(ti)升模具(ju)的冷(leng)卻效率；

然而，“天(tian)下(xia)沒有白吃(chi)的午餐”，機(ji)器性能的提升及改造固然可以增加生(sheng)產(chan)效(xiao)率(lv)，但往(wang)往(wang)也增加投資成本(ben)及運轉成本(ben)，因此(ci)，投資前的效(xiao)益(yi)評估需仔細衡(heng)量，才能以最合適的機(ji)型(xing)產(chan)生(sheng)最高的效(xiao)益(yi)。

相關術語

電流電荷的定向移動叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)電流，電流常用I表示。電流分直流和交流兩種。電流的大小和方向不隨時(shi)間變(bian)化的叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)直流。電流的大小和方向隨時(shi)間變(bian)化的叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)交流。電流的單位(wei)是安(an)（A），也常用毫安(an)（mA)或者微安(an)(uA)做(zuo)(zuo)單位(wei)。1A=1000mA,1mA=1000uA。

電(dian)流(liu)(liu)可以用電(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)測量。測量的時(shi)候，把電(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)串聯在電(dian)路(lu)中，要選(xuan)擇電(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針接(jie)近(jin)滿偏轉的量程。這樣可以防止電(dian)流(liu)(liu)過大而損壞電(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)。

電壓

河水之所以能(neng)夠流動(dong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為有(you)水位(wei)差；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷之所以能(neng)夠流動(dong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)(shi)(shi)形成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓常用(yong)U表示。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)單位(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)伏（V），也常用(yong)毫伏（mV）或者微伏（uV）做(zuo)單位(wei)。1V=1000mV，1mV=1000uV。

電(dian)(dian)壓可以用電(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)(biao)測(ce)量(liang)。測(ce)量(liang)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，把(ba)電(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)(biao)并聯(lian)在電(dian)(dian)路上，要選擇電(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)(biao)指針接近滿偏轉的(de)(de)量(liang)程(cheng)。如果電(dian)(dian)路上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓大小估計不出來，要先用大的(de)(de)量(liang)程(cheng)，粗略測(ce)量(liang)后再用合適的(de)(de)量(liang)程(cheng)。這樣可以防止由于電(dian)(dian)壓過大而損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)(biao)。

電阻

電(dian)路(lu)中對電(dian)流通(tong)過有阻(zu)礙作用(yong)并且(qie)造成(cheng)能量消耗的(de)部分叫做(zuo)電(dian)阻(zu)。電(dian)阻(zu)常(chang)用(yong)R表示。電(dian)阻(zu)的(de)單位是歐（Ω），也常(chang)用(yong)千歐（kΩ）或者(zhe)兆歐（MΩ）做(zuo)單位。1kΩ=1000Ω,1MΩ=1000000Ω。導(dao)體的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)由導(dao)體的(de)材料、橫截面積和長度決定(ding)。

電(dian)阻可以用(yong)萬用(yong)表(biao)歐姆檔測量(liang)(liang)。測量(liang)(liang)的時候(hou)，要(yao)選擇電(dian)表(biao)指(zhi)針接(jie)近(jin)偏(pian)轉一(yi)半的歐姆檔。如果電(dian)阻在電(dian)路中，要(yao)把(ba)電(dian)阻的一(yi)頭燙開(kai)后再測量(liang)(liang)。

歐(ou)姆定律導(dao)體中的電(dian)流I和(he)導(dao)體兩端的電(dian)壓U成正(zheng)比，和(he)導(dao)體的電(dian)阻(zu)R成反比，即I=U/R

這個規律叫做歐姆(mu)定(ding)律。如(ru)果知(zhi)道電壓、電流(liu)、電阻三個量中的兩個，就可以根(gen)據歐姆(mu)定(ding)律求出第三個量，即

I=U/R，R=U/I，U=I×R

在(zai)交流電(dian)路中(zhong)，歐姆定律(lv)同樣(yang)成立，但電(dian)阻R應該改成阻抗Z，即(ji)I=U/Z

電源

把(ba)(ba)其他(ta)形(xing)式的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)源。發(fa)電(dian)機能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)機械能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，干(gan)電(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)化學能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。發(fa)電(dian)機、干(gan)電(dian)池(chi)等叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)源。通過變壓器和(he)整流(liu)(liu)器，把(ba)(ba)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)變成(cheng)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源。能(neng)(neng)(neng)提供(gong)信號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)子設備叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)信號(hao)(hao)源。晶(jing)體(ti)三(san)極管(guan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)前面(mian)送來的(de)(de)信號(hao)(hao)加以(yi)放大，又把(ba)(ba)放大了的(de)(de)信號(hao)(hao)傳送到后面(mian)的(de)(de)電(dian)路中去。晶(jing)體(ti)三(san)極管(guan)對(dui)后面(mian)的(de)(de)電(dian)路來說，也可(ke)以(yi)看做(zuo)是信號(hao)(hao)源。整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源、信號(hao)(hao)源有時(shi)也叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)源。

負載

把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)其他形式的(de)能(neng)的(de)裝置叫(jiao)(jiao)做負(fu)載。電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)能(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)械能(neng)，電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)能(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)熱(re)能(neng)，電(dian)(dian)燈泡能(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)熱(re)能(neng)和光(guang)能(neng)，揚聲(sheng)器(qi)能(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)聲(sheng)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)(dian)燈泡、揚聲(sheng)器(qi)等都(dou)叫(jiao)(jiao)做負(fu)載。晶體三極管對于前面的(de)信號源(yuan)來說(shuo)，也可以(yi)看作是負(fu)載。

電路

最(zui)簡單(dan)的電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)由電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)、負載和導線、開(kai)關等元件(jian)組成。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)處處連通(tong)叫(jiao)做(zuo)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)。只(zhi)有通(tong)路(lu)(lu)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)才有電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)某一處斷開(kai)叫(jiao)做(zuo)斷路(lu)(lu)或者開(kai)路(lu)(lu)。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)某一部(bu)分(fen)的兩端直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)通(tong)，使(shi)這部(bu)分(fen)的電(dian)(dian)壓變成零，叫(jiao)做(zuo)短路(lu)(lu)。

電動勢

電動(dong)(dong)勢是(shi)反(fan)映(ying)電源(yuan)(yuan)把其他形式(shi)的能轉換成(cheng)電能的本領的物理量。電動(dong)(dong)勢使(shi)電源(yuan)(yuan)兩端產生電壓。在(zai)電路(lu)中，電動(dong)(dong)勢常(chang)用(yong)δ表示。電動(dong)(dong)勢的單(dan)位(wei)和(he)電壓的單(dan)位(wei)相同(tong)，也是(shi)伏(fu)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)可以(yi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)量。測(ce)量的(de)(de)時候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不要接到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中去(qu)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，所得的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值就可以(yi)看作(zuo)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)得的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就會小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)。這是因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。在(zai)閉合的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)r有(you)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降，通過外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)R有(you)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)δ等(deng)于(yu)(yu)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)Ur和(he)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)UR之和(he)，即δ=Ur+UR 。嚴(yan)格來說，即使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)成(cheng)了(le)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，測(ce)得的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)。但是，由于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)很大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)很小(xiao)(xiao)，內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可以(yi)忽略。因(yin)此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)得的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是可以(yi)看作(zuo)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)。

干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)用(yong)舊了，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)用(yong)測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，有(you)時候依(yi)然比較(jiao)(jiao)高，但是(shi)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)路后卻不(bu)能使負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)（收音機(ji)、錄音機(ji)等(deng)）正常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)。這種情況是(shi)因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)變(bian)大了，甚至(zhi)比負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)還大，但是(shi)依(yi)然比電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)小。用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)時候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)分(fen)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)還不(bu)大，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表測得(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)依(yi)然比較(jiao)(jiao)高。但是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)路后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)分(fen)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)增(zeng)大，負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)分(fen)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就減小，因(yin)此不(bu)能使負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)正常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)。為了判斷舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能不(bu)能用(yong)，應(ying)該在(zai)有(you)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)時候測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。有(you)些性(xing)能較(jiao)(jiao)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)穩壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，有(you)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)和沒有(you)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)(liang)種情況下(xia)測得(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相差(cha)較(jiao)(jiao)大，也(ye)是(shi)因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)較(jiao)(jiao)大造成的(de)(de)(de)。

周 期交流電完(wan)成一次完(wan)整(zheng)的變化(hua)所(suo)需(xu)要的時間叫做(zuo)周期，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)T表示。周期的單位(wei)是秒(miao)（s）,也常(chang)(chang)用(yong)毫(hao)秒(miao)（ms）或微秒(miao)（us）做(zuo)單位(wei)。1s=1000ms，1s=1000000us。

頻 率交(jiao)流電在(zai)1s內完(wan)成周期性(xing)變化的(de)(de)次數(shu)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)頻率，常用f表示(shi)。頻率的(de)(de)單位是赫(he)（Hz），也常用千赫(he)（kHz）或兆赫(he)（MHz）做(zuo)(zuo)單位。1kHz=1000Hz，1MHz=1000000Hz。交(jiao)流電頻率f是周期T的(de)(de)倒數(shu)，即f =1/T

電容

電(dian)容(rong)(rong)是衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)導體儲(chu)存(cun)電(dian)荷(he)(he)能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理量(liang)(liang)(liang)。在(zai)兩個(ge)(ge)相(xiang)互絕緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導體上(shang)(shang)，加上(shang)(shang)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓，它(ta)們就(jiu)會儲(chu)存(cun)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。其(qi)中一個(ge)(ge)導體儲(chu)存(cun)著(zhu)正(zheng)(zheng)電(dian)荷(he)(he)，另(ling)一個(ge)(ge)導體儲(chu)存(cun)著(zhu)大小相(xiang)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)負電(dian)荷(he)(he)。加上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓越(yue)(yue)大，儲(chu)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)多。儲(chu)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和加上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓是成正(zheng)(zheng)比的(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)比值叫做電(dian)容(rong)(rong)。如果電(dian)壓用U表示(shi)，電(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)用Q表示(shi)，電(dian)容(rong)(rong)用C表示(shi)，那么C=Q/U

電容的單(dan)位(wei)是法（F），也常(chang)用微法（uF）或者微微法（pF）做單(dan)位(wei)。1F=10uF，1F=10pF。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)(ce)試儀(yi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，也可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐(ou)姆(mu)(mu)檔(dang)粗(cu)略估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)。歐(ou)姆(mu)(mu)表(biao)紅、黑兩(liang)表(biao)筆(bi)分(fen)別(bie)碰接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)兩(liang)腳，歐(ou)姆(mu)(mu)表(biao)內的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，指(zhi)針(zhen)偏(pian)轉，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完了(le)，指(zhi)針(zhen)回(hui)零。調換紅、黑兩(liang)表(biao)筆(bi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后又會反(fan)向充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)越大(da)，指(zhi)針(zhen)偏(pian)轉也越大(da)。對比被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和已(yi)知電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)偏(pian)轉情況，就可以(yi)(yi)粗(cu)略估(gu)(gu)計被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)。在一(yi)般的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，除了(le)調諧(xie)回(hui)路(lu)等需要容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)較(jiao)準確(que)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)以(yi)(yi)外，用(yong)得最多的(de)隔(ge)直、旁路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等，都不需要容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)準確(que)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。因此(ci)，用(yong)歐(ou)姆(mu)(mu)檔(dang)粗(cu)略估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)是有(you)實際意(yi)義(yi)的(de)。但是，普通萬(wan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐(ou)姆(mu)(mu)檔(dang)只(zhi)能估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，量(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)小的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就要用(yong)中(zhong)值(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很大(da)的(de)晶體管(guan)萬(wan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐(ou)姆(mu)(mu)檔(dang)來(lai)估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)，小于(yu)幾(ji)十個微(wei)微(wei)法(fa)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就只(zhi)好用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)(ce)試儀(yi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)了(le)。

容 抗交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)是能夠通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)，但(dan)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)容對交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)仍然有阻礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容對交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)阻礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)叫做容抗。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量大(da)，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)容易(yi)通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容，說(shuo)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)阻礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)小；交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)頻率(lv)高，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)也容易(yi)通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容，說(shuo)明頻率(lv)高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)阻礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)也小。實驗證明，容抗和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容成反(fan)比，和頻率(lv)也成反(fan)比。如果容抗用(yong)(yong)(yong)XC表(biao)(biao)示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容用(yong)(yong)(yong)C表(biao)(biao)示(shi)，頻率(lv)用(yong)(yong)(yong)f表(biao)(biao)示(shi)，那么XC=1/(2πfC)

容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)的(de)單位(wei)是歐(ou)。知道了(le)交流(liu)電的(de)頻率(lv)f和電容(rong)(rong)(rong)C，就可以用上式把容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)計算(suan)出來。

電 感(gan)電感(gan)是(shi)衡量(liang)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)產(chan)生電磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)感(gan)應能力(li)的(de)物理(li)量(liang)。給(gei)一個線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)入(ru)電流，線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)周圍就(jiu)會產(chan)生磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場，線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)就(jiu)有磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過。通(tong)(tong)(tong)入(ru)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)電源越大(da)(da)，磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場就(jiu)越強，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)就(jiu)越大(da)(da)。實驗證明，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)和通(tong)(tong)(tong)入(ru)的(de)電流是(shi)成(cheng)正比的(de)，它們(men)的(de)比值叫(jiao)(jiao)做自(zi)感(gan)系數，也(ye)叫(jiao)(jiao)做電感(gan)。如果通(tong)(tong)(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)用φ表示，電流用I表示，電感(gan)用L表示，那么(me)L= φ/I電感(gan)的(de)單位是(shi)亨(heng)（H），也(ye)常用毫(hao)亨(heng)（mH）或(huo)微亨(heng)（uH）做單位。1H=1000mH，1H=1000000uH。

抗(kang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)也可(ke)以通過線圈，但是(shi)線圈的(de)電(dian)感(gan)對(dui)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)有阻(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)(zuo)用，這個阻(zu)礙(ai)叫(jiao)做感(gan)抗(kang)。電(dian)感(gan)量(liang)(liang)大，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)難以通過線圈，說明(ming)電(dian)感(gan)量(liang)(liang)大，電(dian)感(gan)的(de)阻(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)(zuo)用大；交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)的(de)頻(pin)率高，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)也難以通過線圈，說明(ming)頻(pin)率高，電(dian)感(gan)的(de)阻(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)(zuo)用也大。實驗證明(ming)，感(gan)抗(kang)和(he)電(dian)感(gan)成正比，和(he)頻(pin)率也成正比。如果(guo)感(gan)抗(kang)用XL表(biao)示，電(dian)感(gan)用L表(biao)示，頻(pin)率用f表(biao)示，那么XL= 2πfL感(gan)抗(kang)的(de)單位是(shi)歐。知道了交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)的(de)頻(pin)率f和(he)線圈的(de)電(dian)感(gan)L，就可(ke)以用上(shang)式(shi)把感(gan)抗(kang)計算出來。

阻(zu)(zu) 抗(kang)具有電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、電(dian)(dian)感(gan)和(he)電(dian)(dian)容的電(dian)(dian)路里，對交流電(dian)(dian)所起的阻(zu)(zu)礙作用叫做阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)。阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)常(chang)用Z表示。阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)由(you)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、感(gan)抗(kang)和(he)容抗(kang)三者組成，但不(bu)是三者簡單相加。如果(guo)三者是串(chuan)聯(lian)的，又知道交流電(dian)(dian)的頻(pin)率f、電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)R、電(dian)(dian)感(gan)L和(he)電(dian)(dian)容C，那(nei)么串(chuan)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)路的阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)的單位是歐。

對于一個具體(ti)電(dian)路，阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)(kang)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)變(bian)的(de)，而是(shi)(shi)隨(sui)著頻率變(bian)化而變(bian)化。在(zai)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、電(dian)感和(he)電(dian)容串(chuan)聯(lian)電(dian)路中，電(dian)路的(de)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)(kang)一般來說比(bi)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)大。也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)(kang)減小到最(zui)小值。在(zai)電(dian)感和(he)電(dian)容并聯(lian)電(dian)路中，諧振的(de)時候(hou)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)(kang)增加到最(zui)大值，這和(he)串(chuan)聯(lian)電(dian)路相反。

相(xiang) 位相(xiang)位是(shi)反映交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)任何時刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理量。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小和方向是(shi)隨時間(jian)變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)。比(bi)如正弦交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公式是(shi)i=Isin2πft。i是(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬(shun)時值(zhi)，I是(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)值(zhi)，f是(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率，t是(shi)時間(jian)。隨著(zhu)時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推移，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)可以從零變(bian)到最大(da)(da)值(zhi)，從最大(da)(da)值(zhi)變(bian)到零，又從零變(bian)到負的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)值(zhi)，從負的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)值(zhi)變(bian)到零，，如圖(tu)3甲所示。在(zai)(zai)三角函數中2πft相(xiang)當于角度(du)，它(ta)反映了交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)任何時刻所處的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)，是(shi)在(zai)(zai)增(zeng)大(da)(da)還(huan)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)減(jian)小，是(shi)正的(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)是(shi)負的(de)(de)(de)(de)等等。因此把2πft叫做相(xiang)位，或者叫做相(xiang)。

如果t等于(yu)零的時候，i并(bing)不等于(yu)零，公式(shi)應該改成i=Isin(2πft+ψ),如圖(tu)3乙所示。那么2πft+ψ叫做(zuo)(zuo)相位(wei)，ψ叫做(zuo)(zuo)初(chu)相位(wei)，或者叫做(zuo)(zuo)初(chu)相。

相位(wei)(wei)差兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個頻率相同的交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)相位(wei)(wei)的差叫(jiao)做(zuo)相位(wei)(wei)差，或者叫(jiao)做(zuo)相差。這兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個頻率相同的交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以是兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，可(ke)以是兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，可(ke)以是兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動勢，也可(ke)以是這三種量中的任何兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個。

例如研究加在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路上的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)通過這(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)相位差。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路是純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，那么交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)相位差等于(yu)(yu)零(ling)。也就(jiu)(jiu)是說(shuo)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等于(yu)(yu)零(ling)的(de)時候，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)也等于(yu)(yu)零(ling)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)到最大(da)值的(de)時候，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)也變(bian)到最大(da)值。這(zhe)種情況叫做同相位，或者叫做同相。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路含有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)相位差一般是不(bu)等于(yu)(yu)零(ling)的(de)，也就(jiu)(jiu)是說(shuo)一般是不(bu)同相的(de)，或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超(chao)前于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)超(chao)前于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

加在晶體(ti)管放(fang)大器基極上(shang)的(de)(de)交流電壓和從集電極輸出(chu)的(de)(de)交流電壓，這兩(liang)者的(de)(de)相位差正(zheng)好(hao)等于180°。這種情況叫做(zuo)反相位，或者叫做(zuo)反相

注塑機的(de)分類及特點　注塑機按照(zhao)注射裝(zhuang)置和鎖(suo)模裝(zhuang)置的(de)排列方式，可分為(wei)立式、臥(wo)式和立臥(wo)復合(he)式。其(qi)各自的(de)特點如下(xia)。

立式注塑機的特點：

1、注射裝(zhuang)置和(he)鎖模裝(zhuang)置処于同一垂直(zhi)中心線(xian)上(shang)，且模具是沿(yan)上(shang)下方向開閉。其(qi)占(zhan)地面積(ji)只有(you)臥式機的約一半，因此，換算成占(zhan)地面積(ji)生產性約有(you)二倍左右(you)。

2、容易實現嵌(qian)件(jian)成型。因為模具表面朝上(shang)，嵌(qian)件(jian)放入定(ding)位容易。采用下(xia)模板固定(ding)、上(shang)模板可動的(de)機種，拉帶輸送裝(zhuang)置與機械手相(xiang)組(zu)合(he)的(de)話，可容易地實現全(quan)自動嵌(qian)件(jian)成型。

3、模具(ju)的(de)重量由(you)(you)水平模板(ban)支承作上下開(kai)閉動(dong)作，不會發生類(lei)似臥式機的(de)由(you)(you)于模具(ju)重力(li)引(yin)起的(de)前倒(dao)，使得模板(ban)無(wu)法開(kai)閉的(de)現象。有利于持久性保持機械和模具(ju)的(de)精度。

4、通過簡單的機械手(shou)可取出各(ge)個塑件型腔，有利于精密成型。

5、一般鎖(suo)模裝置(zhi)周圍(wei)為開(kai)開(kai)放(fang)式，容(rong)易配置(zhi)各類自動化裝置(zhi)，適(shi)應于復雜、精巧(qiao)產品的自動成型。

6、拉帶輸輸送裝(zhuang)置(zhi)容易實(shi)現串過(guo)模具中間安(an)裝(zhuang)，便(bian)于(yu)實(shi)現成型自動生產。

7、容易保證模(mo)具(ju)內(nei)樹脂流動性及模(mo)具(ju)溫度(du)分布的一致性。

8、配(pei)備有旋轉臺面、移動臺面及傾斜臺面等形(xing)式，容(rong)易實現(xian)嵌件成型、模內(nei)組合成型。

9、小批量試生(sheng)產時，模(mo)具構造簡單成(cheng)本(ben)低，且便(bian)于卸裝。

10、經受了多次地震(zhen)的考驗，立(li)式機(ji)由于重(zhong)心低，相(xiang)對臥式機(ji)抗震(zhen)性更好。

臥式注塑機的特點：

1、即是大型(xing)機由于機身低，對于安置的廠房(fang)無高(gao)度限(xian)制。

2、產(chan)品可自動(dong)落下的場合，不需使用機械手也可實現自動(dong)成型。

3、由于(yu)機身低，供料(liao)方(fang)便(bian)，檢修容易。

4、模具需(xu)通過(guo)吊車(che)安裝。

5、多(duo)臺并列排列下，成型品容易由輸送帶收集(ji)包裝。