【啤機(ji)】啤機(ji)是什么意思 啤機(ji)是做什么用的(de)機(ji)器

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啤機類型

注(zhu)塑機(ji)的類型(xing)有:立式(shi)、臥式(shi)、全(quan)電式(shi)，但是無(wu)論(lun)那種(zhong)注(zhu)塑機(ji)，其(qi)基(ji)本(ben)功能有兩個：

（1）加熱塑料，使其達到熔化狀態；

（2）對熔融塑(su)料施加高(gao)壓(ya)，使(shi)其射出而充滿模具(ju)型(xing)腔。

注(zhu)塑機通常由(you)注(zhu)射系(xi)統、合(he)模系(xi)統、液(ye)壓傳達動系(xi)統、電氣控(kong)制系(xi)統、潤滑系(xi)統、加熱及(ji)冷(leng)卻系(xi)統、安全監(jian)測系(xi)統等(deng)組(zu)成。

（3）注塑系統

注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射系統的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)：注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射系統是(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑機最(zui)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)組成部分(fen)之一(yi)(yi)，一(yi)(yi)般有(you)柱塞式(shi)、螺桿(gan)式(shi)、螺桿(gan)預(yu)塑柱塞注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射式(shi)3種主(zhu)要形式(shi)。目前應用(yong)最(zui)廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)螺桿(gan)式(shi)。其作用(yong)是(shi)，在(zai)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑料機的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個循(xun)環中，能在(zai)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)時間內(nei)將一(yi)(yi)定(ding)數(shu)量的(de)(de)(de)塑料加熱塑化后，在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)壓力和(he)速度下，通過螺桿(gan)將熔(rong)融塑料注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)入模具型腔中。注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射結束后，對(dui)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射到模腔中的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)料保持定(ding)型。

注射系統(tong)的組成：注射系統(tong)由塑化裝置(zhi)和動力傳(chuan)遞裝置(zhi)組成。

螺(luo)(luo)桿(gan)(gan)式注(zhu)塑(su)機塑(su)化(hua)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)主要由加(jia)料裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、料筒、螺(luo)(luo)桿(gan)(gan)、射咀部分組成。動(dong)力傳(chuan)遞(di)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)包(bao)括注(zhu)射油(you)缸、注(zhu)射座移動(dong)油(you)缸以(yi)及螺(luo)(luo)桿(gan)(gan)驅動(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)（熔膠(jiao)馬達）。

（4）合模系統

合模(mo)(mo)(mo)系統的(de)作用(yong)：合模(mo)(mo)(mo)系統的(de)作用(yong)是保證模(mo)(mo)(mo)具閉合、開(kai)啟及頂出制(zhi)品。同(tong)時，在(zai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)具閉合后，供給予模(mo)(mo)(mo)具足夠(gou)的(de)鎖模(mo)(mo)(mo)力，以抵抗熔融塑料進(jin)入模(mo)(mo)(mo)腔產生的(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)腔壓力，防止模(mo)(mo)(mo)具開(kai)縫，造(zao)成制(zhi)品的(de)不良現狀。

合模系統的(de)組(zu)成：合模系統主要由合模裝置、調模機(ji)(ji)構、頂出機(ji)(ji)構、前后固定模板、移動(dong)模板、合模油缸和(he)安(an)全保(bao)護機(ji)(ji)構組(zu)成。

（5）液壓系統

液壓傳動(dong)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)作用是(shi)實現注(zhu)(zhu)塑機(ji)按工藝過程所(suo)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)各(ge)種動(dong)作提供動(dong)力，并滿足注(zhu)(zhu)塑機(ji)各(ge)部分所(suo)需(xu)壓力、速度、溫度等的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。它主要(yao)由各(ge)自(zi)種液壓元件和(he)液壓輔(fu)助元件所(suo)組成，其中油(you)泵和(he)電機(ji)是(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)塑機(ji)的(de)動(dong)力來源。各(ge)種閥控(kong)制油(you)液壓力和(he)流量，從而(er)滿足注(zhu)(zhu)射成型工藝各(ge)項要(yao)求(qiu)。

（6）電氣控制系統

電氣(qi)控(kong)制系統(tong)與液壓系統(tong)合理配合，可實現注(zhu)射機的工(gong)藝過程要(yao)求（壓力、溫度、速度、時(shi)間(jian)）和各種(zhong)程序動(dong)作。主要(yao)由電器(qi)、電子(zi)元件、儀(yi)表、加熱器(qi)、傳感器(qi)等組成。一(yi)般(ban)有四(si)種(zhong)控(kong)制方式(shi)，手動(dong)、半自動(dong)、全自動(dong)、調整。

（7）加熱/冷卻系統

加(jia)熱(re)(re)系統是用(yong)來(lai)加(jia)熱(re)(re)料(liao)(liao)筒(tong)及(ji)注射噴嘴的(de)，注塑(su)機料(liao)(liao)筒(tong)一(yi)般采用(yong)電熱(re)(re)圈作(zuo)為(wei)加(jia)熱(re)(re)裝(zhuang)置，安裝(zhuang)在(zai)料(liao)(liao)筒(tong)的(de)外部(bu)，并用(yong)熱(re)(re)電偶分(fen)段(duan)檢測。熱(re)(re)量通過筒(tong)壁導(dao)(dao)熱(re)(re)為(wei)物料(liao)(liao)塑(su)化(hua)提供熱(re)(re)源；冷(leng)卻系統主要(yao)是用(yong)來(lai)冷(leng)卻油溫，油溫過高會引起多種故障(zhang)出現所以(yi)油溫必須加(jia)以(yi)控制。另一(yi)處(chu)需要(yao)冷(leng)卻的(de)位置在(zai)料(liao)(liao)管下(xia)料(liao)(liao)口(kou)附(fu)近，防止原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)在(zai)下(xia)料(liao)(liao)口(kou)熔(rong)化(hua)，導(dao)(dao)致原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)不能正常下(xia)料(liao)(liao)。

（8）潤滑系統

潤滑系統(tong)是注(zhu)塑機(ji)的(de)動(dong)(dong)模(mo)板、調模(mo)裝置、連桿機(ji)鉸(jiao)等(deng)處有相(xiang)對運動(dong)(dong)的(de)部(bu)位提(ti)供(gong)潤滑條件(jian)的(de)回路，以便減少能(neng)耗(hao)和提(ti)高零件(jian)壽命，潤滑可(ke)以是定(ding)期的(de)手動(dong)(dong)潤滑，也可(ke)以是自動(dong)(dong)電動(dong)(dong)潤滑；

（9）安全保護與監測系統

注塑機的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)裝置主要(yao)是用來保護人、機安(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)裝置。主要(yao)由安(an)(an)全(quan)門、液壓閥、限位開關、光電檢(jian)測元件等組成，實現(xian)電氣(qi)——機械(xie)——液壓的(de)聯(lian)鎖保護。

監(jian)測系(xi)統主要對(dui)注塑機(ji)的油溫、料(liao)溫、系(xi)統超載，以及(ji)工藝(yi)和設備故障進(jin)行監(jian)測，發現異(yi)常情況進(jin)行指示或報(bao)警。

啤機工作原理

注塑(su)(su)機的(de)工(gong)作原理與打針用(yong)的(de)注射器相似，它(ta)是借助螺桿(gan)（或柱塞）的(de)推(tui)力，將已塑(su)(su)化好的(de)熔融狀態(tai)（即粘流態(tai)）的(de)塑(su)(su)料注射入閉(bi)合好的(de)模腔內(nei)，經固化定型后取得制品(pin)的(de)工(gong)藝(yi)過程。

注射(she)成(cheng)型(xing)是一個(ge)(ge)循環(huan)的(de)(de)過(guo)程，每一周(zhou)期(qi)主(zhu)要包括：定量加(jia)料—熔(rong)融塑(su)化—施壓注射(she)—充(chong)模冷卻—啟(qi)模取(qu)件(jian)。取(qu)出塑(su)件(jian)后(hou)又(you)再(zai)閉模，進(jin)行(xing)下一個(ge)(ge)循環(huan)。注射(she)成(cheng)型(xing)是一個(ge)(ge)循環(huan)的(de)(de)過(guo)程，每一周(zhou)期(qi)主(zhu)要包括：定量加(jia)料—熔(rong)融塑(su)化—施壓注射(she)—充(chong)模冷卻—啟(qi)模取(qu)件(jian)，取(qu)出塑(su)件(jian)后(hou)又(you)再(zai)閉模，進(jin)行(xing)下一個(ge)(ge)循環(huan)。

注塑機操作(zuo)項目：注塑機操作(zuo)項目包括控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)鍵盤操作(zuo)、電(dian)器控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統操作(zuo)和(he)(he)液(ye)壓系統操作(zuo)三(san)個方面(mian)。分別進行注射(she)過(guo)程動(dong)作(zuo)、加料(liao)動(dong)作(zuo)、注射(she)壓力、注射(she)速(su)度、頂出型式的選擇，料(liao)筒各(ge)段溫度的監控(kong)，注射(she)壓力和(he)(he)背壓壓力的調節等。

一(yi)(yi)般螺桿(gan)式注塑機(ji)的(de)成(cheng)型(xing)工藝過程是(shi)(shi)：首先(xian)將粒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或粉狀(zhuang)(zhuang)塑料(liao)加入(ru)機(ji)筒(tong)內，并通(tong)過螺桿(gan)的(de)旋轉和(he)(he)機(ji)筒(tong)外壁加熱使塑料(liao)成(cheng)為熔融(rong)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)，然后機(ji)器進(jin)行合(he)模(mo)和(he)(he)注射(she)(she)座前移(yi)，使噴(pen)嘴(zui)貼緊模(mo)具的(de)澆口道，接著向(xiang)注射(she)(she)缸通(tong)人壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力油(you)，使螺桿(gan)向(xiang)前推進(jin)，從(cong)而以很高(gao)(gao)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力和(he)(he)較快的(de)速度(du)將熔料(liao)注入(ru)溫度(du)較低的(de)閉合(he)模(mo)具內，經過一(yi)(yi)定(ding)時間和(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力保持(chi)（又(you)稱保壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)）、冷卻，使其固化成(cheng)型(xing)，便可開模(mo)取出制品(pin)（保壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)目的(de)是(shi)(shi)防止模(mo)腔(qiang)中熔料(liao)的(de)反流、向(xiang)模(mo)腔(qiang)內補充物料(liao)，以及保證制品(pin)具有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)密(mi)度(du)和(he)(he)尺寸公(gong)差(cha)）。注射(she)(she)成(cheng)型(xing)的(de)基本要(yao)求是(shi)(shi)塑化、注射(she)(she)和(he)(he)成(cheng)型(xing)。塑化是(shi)(shi)實現(xian)和(he)(he)保證成(cheng)型(xing)制品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)前提，而為滿足成(cheng)型(xing)的(de)要(yao)求，注射(she)(she)必須保證有足夠的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力和(he)(he)速度(du)。同(tong)時，由(you)于注射(she)(she)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力很高(gao)(gao)，相應地在模(mo)腔(qiang)中產生很高(gao)(gao)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力（模(mo)腔(qiang)內的(de)平(ping)均壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力一(yi)(yi)般在20~45MPa之間），因此必須有足夠大的(de)合(he)模(mo)力。由(you)此可見，注射(she)(she)裝(zhuang)置和(he)(he)合(he)模(mo)裝(zhuang)置是(shi)(shi)注塑機(ji)的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)部(bu)件。

對塑料制品的(de)(de)評價主要(yao)有三(san)個(ge)方面(mian)，第一是外觀質量，包括完整性(xing)(xing)(xing)、顏色、光澤等(deng)；第二是尺(chi)寸和相(xiang)對位置間的(de)(de)準確(que)性(xing)(xing)(xing)；第三(san)是與用(yong)途相(xiang)應的(de)(de)物理(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、化學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)。這些質量要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)又根據制品使用(yong)場(chang)合(he)的(de)(de)不同(tong)，要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)尺(chi)度(du)也(ye)不同(tong)。制品的(de)(de)缺(que)陷主要(yao)在于(yu)模(mo)具的(de)(de)設計(ji)、制造精度(du)和磨損程度(du)等(deng)方面(mian)。但事實上，塑料加工(gong)廠的(de)(de)技術(shu)人員(yuan)往往苦(ku)于(yu)面(mian)對用(yong)工(gong)藝手段來彌補模(mo)具缺(que)陷帶來的(de)(de)問(wen)題而成效(xiao)不大(da)的(de)(de)困(kun)難(nan)局面(mian)。

生(sheng)產過程中(zhong)工藝(yi)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)是提高(gao)制(zhi)品質量和產量的(de)(de)必要(yao)途徑(jing)。由于注塑周期本身很短，如(ru)果工藝(yi)條(tiao)件(jian)掌(zhang)握不好,廢品就會(hui)源源不絕(jue)。在(zai)調(diao)(diao)(diao)整工藝(yi)時最好一(yi)次(ci)只改變(bian)一(yi)個條(tiao)件(jian)，多(duo)(duo)觀察幾回(hui)，如(ru)果壓力、溫(wen)度、時間統(tong)(tong)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)起(qi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)話(hua)，很易造(zao)成混亂和誤解(jie)(jie)，出(chu)了問(wen)題(ti)(ti)也不知(zhi)道(dao)是何道(dao)理(li)。調(diao)(diao)(diao)整工藝(yi)的(de)(de)措施(shi)、手段(duan)是多(duo)(duo)方面的(de)(de)。例如(ru)：解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)制(zhi)品注不滿的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)就有十(shi)多(duo)(duo)個可(ke)(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)途徑(jing)，要(yao)選擇(ze)出(chu)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)癥結的(de)(de)一(yi)、二個主要(yao)方案，才能(neng)真正解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。此外，還應注意解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)方案中(zhong)的(de)(de)辨證關系(xi)。比如(ru)：制(zhi)品出(chu)現了凹陷(xian)，有時要(yao)提高(gao)料(liao)溫(wen)，有時要(yao)降低料(liao)溫(wen)；有時要(yao)增加料(liao)量，有時要(yao)減少料(liao)量。要(yao)承認逆向措施(shi)的(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)性(xing)。

啤機用途

注塑(su)機(ji)(ji)具有能一次成型(xing)外型(xing)復(fu)雜、尺寸(cun)精確或(huo)帶(dai)有金(jin)屬(shu)嵌件的(de)(de)質地密致的(de)(de)塑(su)料(liao)制品，被廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)用于國(guo)防、機(ji)(ji)電、汽車、交通運輸、建材、包裝(zhuang)、農業(ye)、文教衛(wei)生及人們(men)日常生活各個領域。在(zai)塑(su)料(liao)工業(ye)迅速發展的(de)(de)今(jin)天，注塑(su)機(ji)(ji)不論在(zai)數量上(shang)或(huo)品種(zhong)上(shang)都占有重(zhong)要地位，其生產(chan)總(zong)數占整(zheng)個塑(su)料(liao)成型(xing)設備的(de)(de)20%--30%，從而成為目前塑(su)料(liao)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)中(zhong)增長最快，生產(chan)數量最多(duo)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)種(zhong)之(zhi)一。據有關資料(liao)統計，1996--1998年我國(guo)出口注塑(su)機(ji)(ji)8383臺（套(tao)），進(jin)口注塑(su)機(ji)(ji)42959臺（套(tao)），其中(zhong)1998年我國(guo)注塑(su)機(ji)(ji)產(chan)量達到20000臺，其銷售額占塑(su)機(ji)(ji)總(zong)銷售額的(de)(de)42.9%。

啤機選擇方法

一(yi)般而(er)言，從事注塑行業多年(nian)的客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)多半有(you)能力自(zi)行判斷(duan)并選擇合適(shi)的注塑機(ji)(ji)來(lai)生產。但(dan)是(shi)在某些(xie)狀況下，客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)可(ke)能需要廠(chang)商(shang)的協助才(cai)能決(jue)定采用哪(na)一(yi)個(ge)規格的注塑機(ji)(ji)，甚至(zhi)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)可(ke)能只有(you)產品的樣(yang)品或構想，然后詢問廠(chang)商(shang)的機(ji)(ji)器是(shi)否能生產，或是(shi)哪(na)一(yi)種機(ji)(ji)型比較適(shi)合。

此外，某些特(te)殊產品可(ke)能(neng)需要搭配特(te)殊裝置如(ru)蓄壓器(qi)、閉回路、射出壓縮等，才能(neng)更有(you)效(xiao)率地生(sheng)產。由此可(ke)見，如(ru)何決定(ding)合(he)適的注塑(su)機來生(sheng)產，是一個極為重要的問(wen)題(ti)。以(yi)下資訊提供給讀者參考(kao)。

通常影響射(she)出(chu)機選擇(ze)的重要(yao)因素包(bao)括模具(ju)、產品(pin)、塑料(liao)、成型要(yao)求等，因此，在進行(xing)選擇(ze)前必(bi)須(xu)先(xian)收(shou)集或具(ju)備下列資訊：

模(mo)具尺(chi)寸(寬度、高度、厚度）、重量、特殊設計等；

使用塑料的種(zhong)類及數(shu)量（單一原料或(huo)多種(zhong)塑料）；

注塑成品的外觀(guan)尺寸（長、寬、高、厚度）、重(zhong)量等(deng)；

成型(xing)要求，如品(pin)質條件、生(sheng)產速度(du)等。

在獲得以上資訊后，即可按照下列步驟來(lai)選擇合適的射出機：

1、選對型: 由產(chan)品及(ji)塑料決定機種及(ji)系列。

由于射出(chu)機有非常(chang)多(duo)(duo)的(de)種(zhong)類，因此一(yi)開始要(yao)先正(zheng)確(que)判斷此產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)應由哪(na)一(yi)種(zhong)注塑(su)機，或(huo)(huo)是哪(na)一(yi)個(ge)系列(lie)來生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，例如是一(yi)般熱塑(su)性塑(su)膠或(huo)(huo)電木(mu)原(yuan)料(liao)或(huo)(huo)PET原(yuan)料(liao)等(deng)，是單色(se)、雙色(se)、多(duo)(duo)色(se)、夾層或(huo)(huo)混色(se)等(deng)。此外，某些產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)需要(yao)高穩定（閉回路(lu)(lu)）、高精密、超高射速、高射壓(ya)或(huo)(huo)快速生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)（多(duo)(duo)回路(lu)(lu)）等(deng)條件，也必須選擇合(he)適(shi)的(de)系列(lie)來生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。

2、放(fang)得下 ：由模(mo)具(ju)尺(chi)寸判定機臺的“大柱內(nei)距”、“模(mo)厚”、“模(mo)具(ju)最(zui)小尺(chi)寸”及“模(mo)盤尺(chi)寸”是(shi)否(fou)適當，以確認模(mo)具(ju)是(shi)否(fou)放(fang)得下。

模具(ju)的寬度(du)及高度(du)需小(xiao)于或至(zhi)少有一邊小(xiao)于大(da)柱內距；

模具的寬度(du)(du)及高度(du)(du)最好在(zai)模盤尺寸范圍內；

模(mo)具的(de)厚(hou)(hou)度需(xu)介于注塑機的(de)模(mo)厚(hou)(hou)之間(jian)；

模(mo)具的寬度及高度需符(fu)合(he)該注塑機建議的最小模(mo)具尺寸，太(tai)小也(ye)不行；

3、拿(na)得出(chu) ：由模具(ju)及(ji)成(cheng)品(pin)判(pan)定“開模行程”及(ji)“托模行程”是(shi)否足(zu)以讓(rang)成(cheng)品(pin)取(qu)出(chu)。

◆ 開模(mo)行程至少需大于成品在開關模(mo)方向的(de)高度的(de)兩倍以上，且需含(han)豎澆道（sprue）的(de)長度；

托模行程需(xu)足夠將(jiang)成品(pin)頂(ding)出；

4、鎖得住 ：由產品及塑料(liao)決定“鎖模力”噸(dun)數。

當原料以(yi)高壓注(zhu)入模(mo)(mo)穴內時(shi)會產生一個撐模(mo)(mo)的力(li)量，因此(ci)注(zhu)塑機的鎖(suo)模(mo)(mo)單(dan)元(yuan)必須提供足夠(gou)的“鎖(suo)模(mo)(mo)力(li)”使模(mo)(mo)具不至于(yu)被(bei)撐開。鎖(suo)模(mo)(mo)力(li)需求的計算如下：

由成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)外觀尺寸求出成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)在(zai)開關模方向的(de)投影面(mian)積(ji)；

撐(cheng)模力(li)量(liang)=成品在開(kai)關模方向(xiang)的投影(ying)面積(cm2)×模穴數×模內(nei)壓力(li)(kg/cm2)；

模(mo)內壓力(li)隨原料(liao)而不同, 一(yi)般(ban)原料(liao)取350～400kg/cm2；

機(ji)器鎖模(mo)力(li)(li)需大(da)于撐模(mo)力(li)(li)量，且為了保險起見，機(ji)器鎖模(mo)力(li)(li)通常需大(da)于撐模(mo)力(li)(li)量的1.17倍以上；

至此已初(chu)步(bu)決定夾模(mo)單元的規(gui)格(ge)，并大致確(que)(que)定機種噸數，接(jie)著必須(xu)再進行下(xia)列步(bu)驟，以確(que)(que)認哪一個射出單元的螺桿直徑比較符(fu)合所需。

5、射得飽: 由成品重(zhong)量及模穴數判定所需“射出量”并選擇合(he)適的“螺(luo)桿直(zhi)徑”。

計算成品重量需考慮模(mo)穴(xue)數（一模(mo)幾(ji)穴(xue)）；

為了穩定性起見，射出量需(xu)為成品(pin)重(zhong)量的(de)1.35倍以上，亦即成品(pin)重(zhong)量需(xu)為射出量的(de)75%以內；

6、射得(de)好 ：由塑料判定“螺桿壓縮(suo)比”及“射出壓力(li)”等條件(jian)。

有些工程塑料(liao)需要較(jiao)高的(de)射(she)出壓力及合適的(de)螺桿(gan)(gan)壓縮(suo)比設計，才有較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)成(cheng)型效果，因此為了使成(cheng)品射(she)得(de)更好(hao)，在(zai)選擇螺桿(gan)(gan)時(shi)亦需考(kao)慮(lv)射(she)壓的(de)需求及壓縮(suo)比的(de)問題。

一(yi)般而言，直徑較小(xiao)的(de)螺桿可提(ti)供較高的(de)射出壓(ya)力。

7、射得快 ：及(ji)“射出速(su)度”的(de)確認。

有(you)些成(cheng)品需(xu)要高射(she)出(chu)(chu)(chu)率速(su)射(she)出(chu)(chu)(chu)才能穩(wen)定(ding)成(cheng)型(xing)，如超薄類(lei)成(cheng)品，在此情況下(xia)(xia)，可(ke)能需(xu)要確認機器(qi)(qi)的射(she)出(chu)(chu)(chu)率及(ji)射(she)速(su)是否足夠(gou)，是否需(xu)搭(da)配(pei)蓄壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)、閉(bi)回(hui)路控制等裝(zhuang)置。一般而言，在相(xiang)同(tong)條件下(xia)(xia)，可(ke)提供較高射(she)壓(ya)的螺(luo)桿(gan)通常射(she)速(su)較低，相(xiang)反的，可(ke)提供較低射(she)壓(ya)的螺(luo)桿(gan)通常射(she)速(su)較高。因此，選擇螺(luo)桿(gan)直徑時，射(she)出(chu)(chu)(chu)量、射(she)出(chu)(chu)(chu)壓(ya)力及(ji)射(she)出(chu)(chu)(chu)率（射(she)出(chu)(chu)(chu)速(su)度），需(xu)交叉(cha)考量及(ji)取舍。

此外，也可以(yi)采用(yong)多回路(lu)設(she)計，以(yi)同(tong)步(bu)復合(he)動(dong)作縮(suo)短成型時(shi)間。

經過(guo)以上步驟之后，原則上已經可以決定符合需求的(de)注(zhu)塑機，但是有一些特殊(shu)問題可能也必須再加以考慮，包括：

大小配的問題：

在(zai)某(mou)些(xie)特殊狀況下，客戶的(de)模(mo)具或產品(pin)可(ke)(ke)能模(mo)具體(ti)積小(xiao)(xiao)但(dan)所需(xu)(xu)射量(liang)大(da)，或模(mo)具體(ti)積大(da)但(dan)所需(xu)(xu)射量(liang)小(xiao)(xiao)，在(zai)這(zhe)種況下，廠家所預先設定的(de)標(biao)準規(gui)格(ge)可(ke)(ke)能無法符合客戶需(xu)(xu)求，而必須進行所謂(wei)“大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)配”，亦即“大(da)壁(bi)(bi)小(xiao)(xiao)射”或“小(xiao)(xiao)壁(bi)(bi)大(da)射”。所謂(wei)“大(da)壁(bi)(bi)小(xiao)(xiao)射”指以原先標(biao)準的(de)夾(jia)模(mo)單(dan)元(yuan)搭(da)配較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)射出(chu)螺桿(gan)(gan)，反之(zhi)，“小(xiao)(xiao)壁(bi)(bi)大(da)射”即是(shi)以原先標(biao)準的(de)夾(jia)模(mo)單(dan)元(yuan)搭(da)配較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)射出(chu)螺桿(gan)(gan)。當然(ran)，在(zai)搭(da)配上也(ye)可(ke)(ke)能夾(jia)模(mo)與射出(chu)相差好幾級。

快速機或高速機的觀念：

在實際運(yun)用中，越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)的客戶會(hui)要求(qiu)購買所謂“高速機”或“快(kuai)速機”。一般而(er)言(yan)，其(qi)目的除了產品(pin)本(ben)身(shen)的需求(qiu)外，其(qi)他大多(duo)是(shi)要縮短成(cheng)型周(zhou)期、提(ti)高單(dan)位時間(jian)的產量(liang)，進而(er)降低生產成(cheng)本(ben)，提(ti)高競爭力。通常，要達到上述(shu)目的，有(you)幾種做法：

射(she)出速度加快：將電機馬(ma)達及(ji)泵浦(pu)加大，或加蓄壓器(qi)（最好加閉回(hui)路控制）；

加料(liao)速度加快：將電(dian)機馬達及泵(beng)浦加大，或加料(liao)油壓馬達改小，使(shi)螺桿轉速加快；

多回路系統：采用雙(shuang)回路或三回路設計，以同步進行復合動作，縮(suo)短成(cheng)型時(shi)間；

增加模具水路(lu)，提(ti)升模具的(de)冷(leng)卻效率(lv)；

然(ran)而，“天(tian)下(xia)沒有白吃的午餐”，機器性能的提升及改造固然(ran)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)增(zeng)加(jia)生產效率，但往往也增(zeng)加(jia)投資(zi)成本及運(yun)轉成本，因此，投資(zi)前的效益(yi)評估需仔(zi)細衡量，才能以(yi)(yi)最(zui)合適的機型(xing)產生最(zui)高的效益(yi)。

相關術語

電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)定(ding)向移動叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)常用I表(biao)示(shi)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分直流(liu)(liu)和(he)交流(liu)(liu)兩種。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)大小和(he)方(fang)(fang)向不(bu)隨時(shi)間變(bian)化的(de)叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)直流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)大小和(he)方(fang)(fang)向隨時(shi)間變(bian)化的(de)叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)交流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)單位是安(an)（A），也(ye)常用毫安(an)（mA)或者微(wei)安(an)(uA)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)單位。1A=1000mA,1mA=1000uA。

電流(liu)(liu)可以用電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)測(ce)量(liang)。測(ce)量(liang)的時候，把電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)串聯在電路中，要選擇(ze)電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針接(jie)近(jin)滿偏(pian)轉的量(liang)程。這(zhe)樣(yang)可以防止電流(liu)(liu)過大而損(sun)壞電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)。

電壓

河水之所以能夠流(liu)(liu)動(dong)，是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)有水位差(cha)；電(dian)(dian)荷之所以能夠流(liu)(liu)動(dong)，是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)有電(dian)(dian)位差(cha)。電(dian)(dian)位差(cha)也就是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)(shi)形(xing)成電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的原因(yin)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)壓常用U表示。電(dian)(dian)壓的單(dan)位是(shi)(shi)伏（V），也常用毫伏（mV）或者微伏（uV）做單(dan)位。1V=1000mV，1mV=1000uV。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可以用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的時候，把電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)并聯在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路上，要選擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)指(zhi)針接近(jin)滿偏轉(zhuan)的量(liang)(liang)(liang)程。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)路上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)大(da)小估計不(bu)出(chu)來，要先用(yong)大(da)的量(liang)(liang)(liang)程，粗略測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)后再用(yong)合適的量(liang)(liang)(liang)程。這樣(yang)可以防止由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過大(da)而損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)。

電阻

電路中對(dui)電流通過有阻(zu)(zu)礙作用并且造成能量消耗的(de)(de)部分叫(jiao)做(zuo)電阻(zu)(zu)。電阻(zu)(zu)常(chang)用R表示。電阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)單位(wei)是(shi)歐(ou)（Ω），也常(chang)用千(qian)歐(ou)（kΩ）或(huo)者(zhe)兆歐(ou)（MΩ）做(zuo)單位(wei)。1kΩ=1000Ω,1MΩ=1000000Ω。導體的(de)(de)電阻(zu)(zu)由(you)導體的(de)(de)材料(liao)、橫截面(mian)積和長度(du)決(jue)定(ding)。

電(dian)(dian)阻可以(yi)用(yong)萬用(yong)表(biao)歐(ou)姆檔測量。測量的(de)(de)時候，要選擇電(dian)(dian)表(biao)指(zhi)針接近偏(pian)轉一(yi)半的(de)(de)歐(ou)姆檔。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)阻在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，要把電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)一(yi)頭燙(tang)開(kai)后再測量。

歐姆定律(lv)導體中的電流I和(he)導體兩端的電壓U成正比(bi)，和(he)導體的電阻R成反比(bi)，即I=U/R

這個(ge)規律(lv)叫做歐姆定律(lv)。如(ru)果知(zhi)道電(dian)壓、電(dian)流、電(dian)阻(zu)三個(ge)量中的兩個(ge)，就可以根據(ju)歐姆定律(lv)求(qiu)出第三個(ge)量，即(ji)

I=U/R，R=U/I，U=I×R

在交(jiao)流電(dian)路(lu)中，歐姆定律同樣成(cheng)立，但電(dian)阻(zu)R應該改成(cheng)阻(zu)抗(kang)Z，即I=U/Z

電源

把(ba)(ba)(ba)其他形式的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)裝置叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)(ba)機械能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)(ba)化學能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機、干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)等(deng)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。通過(guo)變(bian)壓器和整流(liu)(liu)器，把(ba)(ba)(ba)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)成(cheng)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)裝置叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)提(ti)供信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)源(yuan)。晶體三(san)極管(guan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)(ba)前面送(song)來的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)加以放(fang)大(da)，又把(ba)(ba)(ba)放(fang)大(da)了的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)傳送(song)到后面的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)去。晶體三(san)極管(guan)對后面的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路來說，也(ye)(ye)可以看做(zuo)(zuo)是信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)源(yuan)。整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)、信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)源(yuan)有時也(ye)(ye)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

負載

把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)其他形式的能(neng)(neng)(neng)的裝置叫(jiao)做負載(zai)(zai)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機能(neng)(neng)(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)機械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)泡能(neng)(neng)(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)和光能(neng)(neng)(neng)，揚聲器能(neng)(neng)(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)聲能(neng)(neng)(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)泡、揚聲器等都叫(jiao)做負載(zai)(zai)。晶(jing)體三極管對于前面的信號源來說，也可以(yi)看作是負載(zai)(zai)。

電路

最簡單(dan)的電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)由電源、負載和導線、開關等元件組成。電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)處(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)連通(tong)(tong)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。只有通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中才有電流通(tong)(tong)過。電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)某一處(chu)(chu)斷開叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或者開路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)某一部分(fen)的兩端直接接通(tong)(tong)，使這部分(fen)的電壓變成零，叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。

電動勢

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)是反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)把其他形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)能(neng)轉換(huan)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)本領的(de)(de)物理量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)兩端(duan)產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)常用δ表示。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)的(de)(de)單位和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)單位相同，也是伏。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)的(de)(de)時候(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)要接(jie)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)去，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，所得的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看(kan)作(zuo)等(deng)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)得的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就會小(xiao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。這是因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。在閉合的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)r有(you)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)R有(you)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)δ等(deng)于(yu)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)Ur和外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)UR之和，即(ji)(ji)δ=Ur+UR 。嚴(yan)格(ge)來說，即(ji)(ji)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)成了外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，測(ce)(ce)(ce)得的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也小(xiao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。但是，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)的(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)很大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)很小(xiao)，內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)忽略。因(yin)此(ci)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)得的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看(kan)作(zuo)等(deng)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)的(de)(de)。

干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)用舊了，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)用測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，有(you)時(shi)候(hou)依(yi)然比(bi)較(jiao)高，但(dan)是(shi)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路后卻不(bu)能(neng)使負(fu)載(zai)(zai)（收音機(ji)、錄音機(ji)等）正常工(gong)作。這種情況是(shi)因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻變大(da)(da)了，甚(shen)至比(bi)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻還(huan)大(da)(da)，但(dan)是(shi)依(yi)然比(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻小。用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)還(huan)不(bu)大(da)(da)，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)依(yi)然比(bi)較(jiao)高。但(dan)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)增大(da)(da)，負(fu)載(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就減(jian)小，因(yin)此不(bu)能(neng)使負(fu)載(zai)(zai)正常工(gong)作。為了判斷舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能(neng)不(bu)能(neng)用，應該在有(you)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。有(you)些性能(neng)較(jiao)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，有(you)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)和沒有(you)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)兩種情況下測(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相差(cha)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，也是(shi)因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻較(jiao)大(da)(da)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

周(zhou) 期交流電(dian)完成一次(ci)完整的變化所需要(yao)的時間叫(jiao)做(zuo)周(zhou)期，常用(yong)T表示。周(zhou)期的單位是秒(miao)（s）,也常用(yong)毫秒(miao)（ms）或微秒(miao)（us）做(zuo)單位。1s=1000ms，1s=1000000us。

頻(pin) 率交流電(dian)在1s內完(wan)成周期性變化(hua)的(de)次(ci)數(shu)叫做(zuo)頻(pin)率，常用(yong)f表示。頻(pin)率的(de)單位是赫(he)（Hz），也常用(yong)千赫(he)（kHz）或兆赫(he)（MHz）做(zuo)單位。1kHz=1000Hz，1MHz=1000000Hz。交流電(dian)頻(pin)率f是周期T的(de)倒數(shu)，即f =1/T

電容

電(dian)(dian)容(rong)是衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)導(dao)體儲(chu)(chu)存電(dian)(dian)荷能力的(de)(de)(de)物理量(liang)(liang)(liang)。在(zai)兩個相(xiang)互絕緣的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)體上，加(jia)上一定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓，它(ta)們(men)就會儲(chu)(chu)存一定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。其中一個導(dao)體儲(chu)(chu)存著正電(dian)(dian)荷，另一個導(dao)體儲(chu)(chu)存著大(da)小相(xiang)等的(de)(de)(de)負電(dian)(dian)荷。加(jia)上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓越大(da)，儲(chu)(chu)存的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)就越多。儲(chu)(chu)存的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和加(jia)上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓是成(cheng)正比的(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)比值叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓用U表示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)用Q表示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)容(rong)用C表示(shi)，那么(me)C=Q/U

電容的(de)單位是法（F），也常用(yong)微法（uF）或者微微法（pF）做單位。1F=10uF，1F=10pF。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試儀測(ce)(ce)(ce)量，也(ye)可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)歐(ou)姆檔(dang)粗(cu)略(lve)(lve)估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)。歐(ou)姆表(biao)(biao)(biao)紅、黑兩(liang)表(biao)(biao)(biao)筆分別碰接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)腳(jiao)，歐(ou)姆表(biao)(biao)(biao)內的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)會給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，指針(zhen)偏轉，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完了，指針(zhen)回零。調(diao)換紅、黑兩(liang)表(biao)(biao)(biao)筆，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后又會反向充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)越大(da)，指針(zhen)偏轉也(ye)越大(da)。對(dui)比被測(ce)(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)已知電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)偏轉情況，就(jiu)可(ke)以粗(cu)略(lve)(lve)估(gu)(gu)計被測(ce)(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)量值(zhi)。在一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，除了調(diao)諧回路等需要容(rong)(rong)(rong)量較(jiao)(jiao)準(zhun)確的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)以外，用(yong)(yong)得最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)隔(ge)直(zhi)、旁路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)、濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)等，都不需要容(rong)(rong)(rong)量準(zhun)確的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)。因此，用(yong)(yong)歐(ou)姆檔(dang)粗(cu)略(lve)(lve)估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量值(zhi)是有實際(ji)意義的(de)(de)(de)。但是，普通萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)歐(ou)姆檔(dang)只能估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量值(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，量值(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)要用(yong)(yong)中值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)晶體管萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)歐(ou)姆檔(dang)來估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，小(xiao)(xiao)于幾十個(ge)微微法的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)只好(hao)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試儀測(ce)(ce)(ce)量了。

容(rong)(rong)(rong) 抗交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是能夠(gou)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)，但是電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)仍然有阻(zu)礙作(zuo)(zuo)用。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)阻(zu)礙作(zuo)(zuo)用叫(jiao)做(zuo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量大，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)易通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，說明(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)阻(zu)礙作(zuo)(zuo)用小(xiao)；交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)高，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)容(rong)(rong)(rong)易通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，說明(ming)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)阻(zu)礙作(zuo)(zuo)用也(ye)小(xiao)。實驗證明(ming)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)成反比，和頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)也(ye)成反比。如果(guo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗用XC表示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)用C表示，頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)用f表示，那么XC=1/(2πfC)

容(rong)抗的單位是歐。知道了(le)交流電(dian)的頻率f和電(dian)容(rong)C，就可以(yi)用上(shang)式把容(rong)抗計算出(chu)來。

電(dian) 感(gan)(gan)(gan)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)衡量(liang)(liang)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)產生電(dian)磁感(gan)(gan)(gan)應能(neng)力的(de)物理量(liang)(liang)。給一(yi)個(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)入電(dian)流，線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)周圍就(jiu)(jiu)會產生磁場，線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)磁通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過。通(tong)(tong)(tong)入線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)電(dian)源越(yue)大(da)，磁場就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)強，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)磁通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)大(da)。實(shi)驗證明，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)磁通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)和(he)通(tong)(tong)(tong)入的(de)電(dian)流是(shi)成正比的(de)，它們的(de)比值叫(jiao)做(zuo)自感(gan)(gan)(gan)系(xi)數，也(ye)叫(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)。如果通(tong)(tong)(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)磁通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)用φ表(biao)(biao)示，電(dian)流用I表(biao)(biao)示，電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)用L表(biao)(biao)示，那么L= φ/I電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)單位是(shi)亨（H），也(ye)常用毫亨（mH）或微亨（uH）做(zuo)單位。1H=1000mH，1H=1000000uH。

抗(kang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)也(ye)可以(yi)(yi)通過線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)，但是(shi)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)有(you)阻(zu)礙作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，這(zhe)個(ge)阻(zu)礙叫做感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)抗(kang)。電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)量大(da)，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)難以(yi)(yi)通過線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)，說(shuo)明(ming)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)量大(da)，電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)礙作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)大(da)；交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)頻率高，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)也(ye)難以(yi)(yi)通過線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)，說(shuo)明(ming)頻率高，電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)礙作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)也(ye)大(da)。實(shi)驗證(zheng)明(ming)，感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)抗(kang)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)成正(zheng)比，和(he)(he)頻率也(ye)成正(zheng)比。如果感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)抗(kang)用(yong)(yong)XL表(biao)示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)用(yong)(yong)L表(biao)示(shi)，頻率用(yong)(yong)f表(biao)示(shi)，那么(me)XL= 2πfL感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)抗(kang)的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位是(shi)歐。知道了交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)頻率f和(he)(he)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)L，就可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)上式把感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)抗(kang)計算(suan)出來。

阻(zu)(zu) 抗(kang)(kang)(kang)具有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路里，對交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)所起的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)礙作用叫(jiao)做阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)。阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)常用Z表示(shi)。阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、感抗(kang)(kang)(kang)和容(rong)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)三者組成，但不是三者簡單(dan)相加(jia)。如果三者是串聯(lian)的(de)(de)，又知(zhi)道交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)頻率f、電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)R、電(dian)(dian)(dian)感L和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C，那么串聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)單(dan)位是歐。

對于一個具體電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，阻抗(kang)不是(shi)不變的，而是(shi)隨著頻(pin)率變化而變化。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)容串聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的阻抗(kang)一般(ban)來說比電(dian)(dian)阻大(da)。也就是(shi)阻抗(kang)減小(xiao)到最小(xiao)值。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)容并聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)，諧振的時(shi)候(hou)阻抗(kang)增加到最大(da)值，這和串聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)相反。

相(xiang) 位相(xiang)位是(shi)(shi)反映(ying)交流電(dian)任何(he)時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)的(de)(de)狀態(tai)的(de)(de)物理量(liang)。交流電(dian)的(de)(de)大(da)小和方(fang)向(xiang)是(shi)(shi)隨時(shi)(shi)間(jian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)。比如正弦交流電(dian)流，它的(de)(de)公式是(shi)(shi)i=Isin2πft。i是(shi)(shi)交流電(dian)流的(de)(de)瞬時(shi)(shi)值(zhi)，I是(shi)(shi)交流電(dian)流的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)值(zhi)，f是(shi)(shi)交流電(dian)的(de)(de)頻率，t是(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。隨著時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)推移，交流電(dian)流可(ke)以(yi)從(cong)(cong)零變(bian)(bian)(bian)到(dao)最(zui)大(da)值(zhi)，從(cong)(cong)最(zui)大(da)值(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)到(dao)零，又從(cong)(cong)零變(bian)(bian)(bian)到(dao)負的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)值(zhi)，從(cong)(cong)負的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)值(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)到(dao)零，，如圖3甲所示。在三(san)角函(han)數中2πft相(xiang)當于角度，它反映(ying)了交流電(dian)任何(he)時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)所處的(de)(de)狀態(tai)，是(shi)(shi)在增(zeng)大(da)還是(shi)(shi)在減小，是(shi)(shi)正的(de)(de)還是(shi)(shi)負的(de)(de)等(deng)等(deng)。因此把2πft叫(jiao)做相(xiang)位，或者叫(jiao)做相(xiang)。

如(ru)果t等于零(ling)的時候，i并不等于零(ling)，公式(shi)應該(gai)改成(cheng)i=Isin(2πft+ψ),如(ru)圖(tu)3乙所示(shi)。那么2πft+ψ叫做(zuo)相(xiang)位(wei)，ψ叫做(zuo)初相(xiang)位(wei)，或者(zhe)叫做(zuo)初相(xiang)。

相(xiang)(xiang)位差(cha)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)頻率相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)相(xiang)(xiang)位的(de)差(cha)叫(jiao)做相(xiang)(xiang)位差(cha)，或者叫(jiao)做相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)。這兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)頻率相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)，可以(yi)是兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，可以(yi)是兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，可以(yi)是兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動勢，也(ye)可以(yi)是這三種(zhong)量(liang)中的(de)任何兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)。

例如研究加在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上的交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和通過(guo)這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的相(xiang)位(wei)差。如果(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)是(shi)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，那么(me)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的相(xiang)位(wei)差等(deng)于(yu)(yu)零(ling)(ling)。也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)說(shuo)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)零(ling)(ling)的時候，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)(ye)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)零(ling)(ling)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)到最大值的時候，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)(ye)變(bian)(bian)到最大值。這種情況叫做同相(xiang)位(wei)，或者叫做同相(xiang)。如果(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)含有電(dian)(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的相(xiang)位(wei)差一般是(shi)不(bu)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)零(ling)(ling)的，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)說(shuo)一般是(shi)不(bu)同相(xiang)的，或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超前(qian)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)超前(qian)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

加在晶體(ti)管放大器基極(ji)上的交(jiao)流電壓和從(cong)集電極(ji)輸出的交(jiao)流電壓，這兩者的相(xiang)位差正好等(deng)于180°。這種情況叫做反相(xiang)位，或者叫做反相(xiang)

注塑機(ji)的(de)分類及(ji)特點(dian)　注塑機(ji)按(an)照注射裝置和鎖模裝置的(de)排列方(fang)式，可分為立式、臥式和立臥復合式。其(qi)各自的(de)特點(dian)如(ru)下。

立式注塑機的特點：

1、注射裝置和鎖模裝置処于同一(yi)垂直中心線上(shang)，且模具是沿上(shang)下方向開閉。其(qi)占(zhan)地(di)面(mian)積只有臥(wo)式機的約一(yi)半，因此，換(huan)算成占(zhan)地(di)面(mian)積生(sheng)產性約有二倍左右(you)。

2、容易(yi)實(shi)(shi)現嵌(qian)件(jian)成型(xing)。因為模具表面朝(chao)上(shang)，嵌(qian)件(jian)放入定位容易(yi)。采用下模板固定、上(shang)模板可(ke)動(dong)的機種，拉帶輸送裝(zhuang)置(zhi)與機械手相組合的話(hua)，可(ke)容易(yi)地(di)實(shi)(shi)現全自動(dong)嵌(qian)件(jian)成型(xing)。

3、模(mo)(mo)具(ju)的重量由水平模(mo)(mo)板(ban)支承作(zuo)上下開(kai)閉(bi)(bi)動作(zuo)，不會發(fa)生類似臥式(shi)機(ji)的由于模(mo)(mo)具(ju)重力引起的前倒，使得模(mo)(mo)板(ban)無法(fa)開(kai)閉(bi)(bi)的現象(xiang)。有利于持久性保持機(ji)械和模(mo)(mo)具(ju)的精度。

4、通(tong)過簡單的機械手可取出各個塑件(jian)型腔，有利于(yu)精(jing)密(mi)成型。

5、一般(ban)鎖模裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)圍為開開放式，容易配置(zhi)(zhi)各類自(zi)動化裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)，適應于復雜、精(jing)巧產(chan)品的自(zi)動成型(xing)。

6、拉帶(dai)輸輸送(song)裝(zhuang)置容易實(shi)現串過(guo)模具中間安(an)裝(zhuang)，便于實(shi)現成型自動生產。

7、容易保(bao)證(zheng)模(mo)具內(nei)樹脂流動性及模(mo)具溫(wen)度分(fen)布的(de)一致性。

8、配備(bei)有旋轉臺(tai)面(mian)、移動臺(tai)面(mian)及傾斜臺(tai)面(mian)等形式，容易實現嵌(qian)件成(cheng)型(xing)、模內組(zu)合成(cheng)型(xing)。

9、小批量試生產時，模具(ju)構(gou)造簡單成本低(di)，且便于(yu)卸裝。

10、經受了(le)多次地(di)震(zhen)的考(kao)驗，立式機由于重心低，相對臥式機抗震(zhen)性(xing)更好。

臥式注塑機的特點：

1、即是大型機(ji)由于機(ji)身低，對(dui)于安置的廠房(fang)無高度限制(zhi)。

2、產品(pin)可自動落(luo)下的場(chang)合，不需使(shi)用機械手(shou)也(ye)可實現(xian)自動成型。

3、由(you)于機(ji)身低，供料方便，檢修容(rong)易。

4、模具(ju)需通過吊車安裝。

5、多臺(tai)并列排列下，成型品容易由輸送帶收集包裝(zhuang)。