貴陽位于中國西南部、貴州省中部,地(di)處(chu)東經106°07′至(zhi)107°17′,北緯(wei)26°11′至(zhi)26°55′之間。東南與黔南布依族苗族自治州(zhou)的(de)甕安、龍(long)里、惠水、長順(shun)4縣(xian)(xian)接壤,西靠安順(shun)地(di)區的(de)平(ping)壩縣(xian)(xian)和畢(bi)(bi)節(jie)(jie)地(di)區的(de)織金縣(xian)(xian),北鄰(lin)畢(bi)(bi)節(jie)(jie)地(di)區的(de)黔西、金沙2縣(xian)(xian)和遵義市(shi)的(de)播州(zhou)區。總面積8034平(ping)方公(gong)里,占(zhan)全省面積的(de)4.56%。
貴陽市(shi)海拔高度(du)在1100米左右,處(chu)于費德爾環流圈,常年(nian)受(shou)西風帶(dai)控制(zhi),屬于亞熱帶(dai)濕(shi)(shi)潤溫和型氣候(hou),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫為(wei)(wei)(wei)15.3℃,年(nian)極端最高溫度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)35.1℃,年(nian)極端最低溫度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)-7.3℃,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)相對濕(shi)(shi)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)77%,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)總降水(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)1129.5毫米,年(nian)雷(lei)電日(ri)數平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)49.1天(tian)(tian),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)陰(yin)天(tian)(tian)日(ri)數為(wei)(wei)(wei)235.1天(tian)(tian),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)時數為(wei)(wei)(wei)1148.3小時,年(nian)降雪日(ri)數少,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)11.3天(tian)(tian)。
貴陽夏無(wu)酷暑,冬(dong)無(wu)嚴(yan)寒。
貴陽市(shi)下轄6個(ge)(ge)(ge)市(shi)轄區:南明(ming)區、云(yun)巖區、花溪區、烏當區、白云(yun)區、觀山湖(hu)區,3個(ge)(ge)(ge)縣(xian)(xian)(xian):開陽縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、息烽(feng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、修文(wen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),代管1個(ge)(ge)(ge)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)級市(shi):清(qing)鎮(zhen)市(shi)。有32鄉(xiang)(其(qi)中民族鄉(xiang)18個(ge)(ge)(ge))、45個(ge)(ge)(ge)鎮(zhen)、90個(ge)(ge)(ge)社區,1054個(ge)(ge)(ge)行政村。市(shi)政府駐觀山湖(hu)區市(shi)級行政中心。
明(ming)永樂十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(1313)置貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)承皇布政使,貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)為布政使治(zhi)(zhi)所,民(min)(min)國(guo)24年(nian)(nian)(1935)由貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣分(fen)設(she)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)市和貴(gui)(gui)(gui)筑(zhu)縣。春(chun)秋時(shi)期,今貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)屬(shu)柯國(guo)轄地(di)。戰國(guo)時(shi)屬(shu)夜郎國(guo)范圍。明(ming)永樂十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(1413)置貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)等(deng)處承宣布政使司明(ming)隆慶三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(1569)年(nian)(nian)三(san)(san)月(yue),改(gai)新遷程番府(fu)為貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)府(fu)。清順(shun)治(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(1659)設(she)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)巡撫駐貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)軍民(min)(min)府(fu)。民(min)(min)國(guo)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(1914)廢貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)府(fu)設(she)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣,貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)分(fen)為3道,貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣屬(shu)黔中道,為道治(zhi)(zhi);移(yi)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)筑(zhu)縣駐扎佐,旋移(yi)息(xi)(xi)烽(feng),改(gai)名(ming)息(xi)(xi)烽(feng)縣。1949年(nian)(nian),設(she)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)專區(qu),管轄貴(gui)(gui)(gui)筑(zhu)、修(xiu)(xiu)文(wen)、開陽(yang)(yang)(yang)、息(xi)(xi)烽(feng)、惠水、龍里等(deng)縣,專署(shu)駐貴(gui)(gui)(gui)筑(zhu)縣治(zhi)(zhi)(花(hua)溪)。1952年(nian)(nian),裁(cai)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)專區(qu)設(she)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)專區(qu)。1996年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)1日,經國(guo)務(wu)院批準(zhun)將原安順(shun)地(di)區(qu)管轄的(de)清鎮(zhen)市和修(xiu)(xiu)文(wen)、息(xi)(xi)烽(feng)、開陽(yang)(yang)(yang)“一市三(san)(san)縣”劃歸貴(gui)(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)市轄。2012年(nian)(nian),國(guo)務(wu)院批準(zhun)小河(he)區(qu)并入花(hua)溪區(qu),以原烏當區(qu)金(jin)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)街道、金(jin)華(hua)鎮(zhen)、朱昌(chang)鎮(zhen)、清鎮(zhen)市百花(hua)湖(hu)鄉(xiang)組建觀山湖(hu)區(qu)。
蘭花的種植和品鑒一直是貴陽市的一個傳統文化項目,同時蘭花的君子品行又體現了貴陽的人文精神,故此,1987年9月經貴陽市人民代表大會常務委員會決定將蘭花命名為貴陽市花。蘭花作為貴陽市民族團結、民風淳樸、社會和諧的文化名片,更是受到社會各界的廣泛認同。紫薇在我(wo)國有幾千年(nian)的栽培(pei)史。紫薇花(hua)色艷麗,花(hua)期6—9月,高(gao)貴典雅、幸福和平。
香樟,是樟目、樟科、樟屬常(chang)綠大喬(qiao)木(mu),為亞熱帶常(chang)綠闊葉樹(shu)種(zhong)。竹(zhu)子,又名(ming)竹(zhu)。品(pin)種(zhong)繁多(duo),有箭竹(zhu)等。貴(gui)陽市市樹(shu)香樟、翠竹(zhu)的堅強不屈,體現貴(gui)陽人民(min)的勤勞、好客和善良(liang)。
貴陽市的主要礦(kuang)產有(you)(you)煤(mei)(mei)、鋁(lv)(lv)土(tu)礦(kuang)、磷礦(kuang)、硫鐵(tie)礦(kuang)、水晶(jing)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英砂(sha)巖(yan)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)巖(yan)、白(bai)云巖(yan)、重(zhong)晶(jing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏和鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)等20余(yu)種(zhong)。其中鋁(lv)(lv)土(tu)礦(kuang)和磷礦(kuang)在國內占有(you)(you)很重(zhong)要的地位(wei)。鋁(lv)(lv)土(tu)礦(kuang)、磷礦(kuang)是貴陽地區優勢礦(kuang)產,其他如重(zhong)晶(jing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、水晶(jing)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英砂(sha)等有(you)(you)較大開發前景。已探明礦(kuang)種(zhong)52種(zhong),主要有(you)(you)煤(mei)(mei)、鐵(tie)、硅、重(zhong)晶(jing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、大理石(shi)(shi)(shi)、耐火粘(zhan)土(tu)、鋁(lv)(lv)釩土(tu)、磷、硫、汞等礦(kuang)產資源。
貴陽境內地帶性植被為中亞熱帶濕潤性常綠闊葉林,城區原生植被已經完全被破壞。以殼斗科、樟科、山茶科為主的闊葉林,在烏當區百宜鄉、花溪區高坡苗族自治鄉等遠郊區及三縣一市邊遠深山尚有小面積殘存。貴陽境內有普通無脊椎動物7個門類,100余種;脊椎動物202種(亞種),其中魚綱50種,兩棲綱11種,爬行綱15種,鳥綱85(亞種)種,哺乳綱(亞種)41種。自20世紀60年代以后,各類動物急劇減少。貴陽市遠郊和3縣1市深山中尚存少量國家各級保護動物。計有:大鯢、鴛鴦、紅腹錦(jin)雞、穿山甲、八(ba)哥(ge)(鷯哥(ge))、林麝、彌猴等(deng)及多種蛇類(lei)、蜥(xi)蜴類(lei)動物。
貴陽(yang)市水資源主要源于天(tian)然雨,全市年天(tian)然徑(jing)流546~640毫米,平均每平方(fang)公里產水56.3萬(wan)立(li)方(fang)米,水資源總(zong)量(liang)為53.4億立(li)方(fang)米,占(zhan)全省水資源總(zong)量(liang)的(de)3.9%。
貴陽全市土地(di)(di)(di)(di)總面積804667公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。其(qi)(qi)中,耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)271941公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing),占(zhan)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)總面積的33.8%;園地(di)(di)(di)(di)7452公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing),占(zhan)0.93%;林地(di)(di)(di)(di)273653公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing),占(zhan)34.01%,森(sen)林覆蓋率39.19%;牧草地(di)(di)(di)(di)26670公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing),占(zhan)3.31%;建設用地(di)(di)(di)(di)(含(han)居民點及工礦用地(di)(di)(di)(di)、交通用地(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)水(shui)利設施(shi))63017公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing),占(zhan)7.83%;未利用地(di)(di)(di)(di)113163公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(其(qi)(qi)中:荒草地(di)(di)(di)(di)36278公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing),裸(luo)巖石礫地(di)(di)(di)(di)71462公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing),田土坎41294公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing),裸(luo)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)615公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing),灘涂267公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)),占(zhan)14.06%。