【種植機】國內馬鈴薯種植機械研究(jiu)進展 甘蔗種植機存在的(de)問題及解決方案

國內馬鈴薯種植機械研究進展

馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)是(shi)我國(guo)主要的(de)(de)經濟作物，其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面積和產量位(wei)居世(shi)界(jie)前列，但(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)的(de)(de)機械化(hua)生產水平較(jiao)低。為(wei)了(le)滿足馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)產業發展需要，我國(guo)引進了(le)國(guo)外(wai)的(de)(de)一些馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機，如德國(guo)Grimme公(gong)(gong)司的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機、意大(da)利Spedo公(gong)(gong)司的(de)(de)SPA-2型馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機、挪(nuo)威Kverneland公(gong)(gong)司的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機等，這些產品(pin)(pin)是(shi)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機產品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)代表，也是(shi)我國(guo)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機的(de)(de)發展方向。國(guo)外(wai)產品(pin)(pin)技(ji)術雖然先進，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)價格很高，機具適應性(xing)和零(ling)配件供應不暢是(shi)用戶使用中面臨(lin)的(de)(de)較(jiao)大(da)問(wen)題。

鈴薯種植機發展現狀

研究概況

20世紀80年代以來，馬鈴薯播種機械化得到快速發展，國內陸續有10多家科研院所和生產企業研制馬鈴薯播種機，取得(de)突破性(xing)進(jin)展。其中(zhong)中(zhong)機(ji)(ji)美諾科技(ji)(ji)股(gu)份有(you)限公司(si)在(zai)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)的研(yan)發(fa)方面處于(yu)領(ling)先地位，2004—2006年(nian)，該(gai)(gai)公司(si)成功開(kai)(kai)發(fa)了(le)2CM-2型(xing)(xing)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)行(xing)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)了(le)交(jiao)叉(cha)取種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、肥(fei)分施(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)；2006—2008年(nian)，開(kai)(kai)發(fa)出(chu)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)特定馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)域(yu)的大(da)壟雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)行(xing)機(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)；2008—2011年(nian)，開(kai)(kai)發(fa)出(chu)2CM-4型(xing)(xing)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)，作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)效率大(da)大(da)提高(gao)，用(yong)戶反饋良(liang)好。在(zai)后續(xu)的產(chan)品(pin)改進(jin)過程中(zhong)，又增加了(le)覆(fu)(fu)膜和(he)(he)(he)噴(pen)藥作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)附件(jian)，增強了(le)機(ji)(ji)具的適(shi)應性(xing)。2012—2013年(nian)，在(zai)2CM-4型(xing)(xing)產(chan)品(pin)的基礎(chu)上(shang)增設了(le)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自動(dong)監控系統(tong)，降低(di)了(le)重播(bo)率和(he)(he)(he)漏(lou)播(bo)率，提高(gao)了(le)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精度(du)(du)。2013年(nian)之后，該(gai)(gai)公司(si)一(yi)直(zhi)持續(xu)不(bu)斷地對(dui)(dui)2CM-4型(xing)(xing)產(chan)品(pin)進(jin)行(xing)改進(jin)，目前已有(you)2CM-4B型(xing)(xing)新(xin)產(chan)品(pin)在(zai)市(shi)場上(shang)銷售。2014年(nian)，青島(dao)農業(ye)(ye)大(da)學(xue)研(yan)究設計(ji)出(chu)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)施(shi)肥(fei)聯合(he)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)，可一(yi)次(ci)完成開(kai)(kai)溝、施(shi)肥(fei)、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、覆(fu)(fu)土、起(qi)壟和(he)(he)(he)覆(fu)(fu)膜等作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。該(gai)(gai)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)獨特的手指狀取種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)構，使漏(lou)播(bo)率和(he)(he)(he)重播(bo)率降低(di)；使用(yong)旋耕(geng)起(qi)壟裝(zhuang)置，在(zai)實現(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝均(jun)勻覆(fu)(fu)土的同時能夠(gou)完成起(qi)壟作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。2014年(nian)，黑龍江省農業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)械工程研(yan)究院在(zai)研(yan)學(xue)外國先進(jin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的基礎(chu)上(shang)，設計(ji)研(yan)究開(kai)(kai)發(fa)了(le)集(ji)開(kai)(kai)溝施(shi)肥(fei)、仿(fang)形(xing)開(kai)(kai)溝、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)（薯(shu)(shu)(shu)塊(kuai)）、起(qi)壟（培土）于(yu)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)的大(da)型(xing)(xing)4行(xing)牽引式(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)，通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)架為基礎(chu)進(jin)行(xing)各零(ling)部件(jian)間的變換與組合(he)，實現(xian)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)的要求；為實現(xian)播(bo)深一(yi)致(zhi)及對(dui)(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)深度(du)(du)進(jin)行(xing)精確(que)調(diao)整控制(zhi)，創(chuang)新(xin)設計(ji)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)構單(dan)體(ti)(ti)仿(fang)形(xing)裝(zhuang)置。2015年(nian)，山東農業(ye)(ye)大(da)學(xue)改進(jin)設計(ji)了(le)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)補償式(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)，添加補償播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置，采(cai)用(yong)激光對(dui)(dui)射傳感(gan)器和(he)(he)(he)步進(jin)電機(ji)(ji)，能有(you)效實現(xian)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)的自動(dong)補償播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，降低(di)了(le)漏(lou)播(bo)率。2016年(nian)，牛康等為了(le)提高(gao)鏈(lian)勺式(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)能，使用(yong)EDEM軟件(jian)建立了(le)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置數值模型(xing)(xing)，設計(ji)了(le)具有(you)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)結構的排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置，以空種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率和(he)(he)(he)重種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率為性(xing)能指標(biao)，試驗(yan)研(yan)究了(le)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)速度(du)(du)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)勺直(zhi)徑(jing)和(he)(he)(he)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)度(du)(du)對(dui)(dui)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)能的影(ying)響規律，對(dui)(dui)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置進(jin)行(xing)了(le)優(you)化(hua)設計(ji)。

技術發展趨勢

1、播種精度控制技術

該技(ji)術(shu)利用磁效應原理設計馬鈴薯播(bo)種(zhong)監(jian)測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)，其(qi)中(zhong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)采用接(jie)觸式(shi)傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)，主(zhu)要包括(kuo)主(zhu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)及線(xian)束(shu)。主(zhu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是基于數(shu)(shu)字(zi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)核心(xin)，全模(mo)塊化設計，帶(dai)液晶顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)屏。每行(xing)(xing)實時(shi)漏(lou)播(bo)報警(jing)提示(shi)(shi)，并自(zi)行(xing)(xing)計算漏(lou)播(bo)率及記(ji)錄每個(ge)工作(zuo)段的(de)面積。工作(zuo)中(zhong)，接(jie)觸式(shi)傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)檢(jian)測(ce)種(zhong)杯中(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)薯信(xin)(xin)號(hao)，播(bo)種(zhong)正常時(shi)，傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)一系(xi)列(lie)的(de)連續(xu)脈(mo)沖信(xin)(xin)號(hao)傳(chuan)遞給控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。當漏(lou)播(bo)時(shi)，控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)接(jie)收不(bu)到脈(mo)沖信(xin)(xin)號(hao)，液晶顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)屏無(wu)監(jian)測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，此(ci)時(shi)系(xi)統(tong)報警(jing)，提示(shi)(shi)工作(zuo)人員停機檢(jian)查。該系(xi)統(tong)分行(xing)(xing)實時(shi)監(jian)測(ce)感應數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，并可直接(jie)將(jiang)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)輸入控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)進行(xing)(xing)運(yun)算和邏輯(ji)判斷，控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)包括(kuo)組合旋鈕、電源開關、監(jian)測(ce)啟停、液晶顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)屏等(deng)，控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)將(jiang)傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)傳(chuan)遞的(de)脈(mo)沖信(xin)(xin)號(hao)進行(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)換，在液晶顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)屏上顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)監(jian)測(ce)到的(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)。

2、鏈耙網仿形施肥技術

采用(yong)鏈耙網仿(fang)形施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)技術(shu)可(ke)以避免傳統外槽輪排(pai)肥(fei)器(qi)易(yi)堵塞，面肥(fei)、有機(ji)肥(fei)無法施(shi)(shi)撒的問題；解決(jue)了(le)(le)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)機(ji)構通過(guo)性差的問題；增(zeng)大最大施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)量，滿足農藝要求；仿(fang)形通過(guo)能力強，實現(xian)了(le)(le)雙側(ce)深施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)，解決(jue)種肥(fei)混施(shi)(shi)、燒種現(xian)象嚴重的問題。

3、開溝技術

馬鈴薯的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯不同于小(xiao)(xiao)麥、玉米、大(da)豆等作(zuo)物(wu)，其形(xing)狀、大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)、物(wu)理(li)特性比較復雜(za)，因此(ci)設計一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)靴(xue)式(shi)開溝(gou)器(qi)，該開溝(gou)器(qi)開溝(gou)阻力(li)較小(xiao)(xiao)，開出(chu)的溝(gou)能夠很好地穩(wen)住排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)排出(chu)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯，有(you)效控制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯的運動，保(bao)證(zheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯的播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株距。

近幾(ji)年，國內的馬鈴(ling)薯種植機(ji)械(xie)發展速(su)度很快，馬鈴(ling)薯種植機(ji)生產企業從幾(ji)家(jia)迅(xun)速(su)擴張到(dao)幾(ji)十家(jia)，但從產品(pin)(pin)結構和功能來看，相似度較高，90%以上(shang)的產品(pin)(pin)仍停(ting)留在機(ji)械(xie)設計(ji)的改(gai)進方面，在播種精度檢(jian)測和監控方面，還處于探索階(jie)段，有待于進一步研究。

甘蔗種植機

甘(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)是甘(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)關鍵環節，也(ye)是難實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)環節，甘(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)發達國(guo)(guo)家已(yi)經(jing)(jing)得到(dao)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)(yong)，而(er)我國(guo)(guo)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)實際推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾乎沒(mei)有(you)，依然采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)開溝，人工(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)主(zhu)要(yao)包括開溝、施肥、切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)下種(zhong)(zhong)、蓋膜、培土等工(gong)序，是勞(lao)動密集型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)業(ye)工(gong)序。人工(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率低，而(er)且勞(lao)動強度大，生產(chan)成(cheng)本高，是制約我國(guo)(guo)糖蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)產(chan)業(ye)國(guo)(guo)際競爭力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)技(ji)術(shu)瓶頸，因此，甘(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)與(yu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)亟(ji)待解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)問題之一。近年來，我國(guo)(guo)有(you)不(bu)少(shao)企(qi)業(ye)與(yu)科研單位通過自主(zhu)研發或(huo)引(yin)進(jin)、吸收(shou)、消化(hua)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)先進(jin)技(ji)術(shu)，在(zai)(zai)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)領域已(yi)經(jing)(jing)積(ji)累了較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)驗，并設(she)計了不(bu)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)型，但能推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卻依然沒(mei)有(you)，只(zhi)有(you)少(shao)數國(guo)(guo)營(ying)農場與(yu)農村合作(zuo)社在(zai)(zai)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)示范，甘(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)得不(bu)到(dao)有(you)效(xiao)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)。

典型的甘蔗種植機設計機型

目前我國(guo)研發生產(chan)的(de)(de)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機按工作方(fang)式的(de)(de)不(bu)同主要(yao)分為兩(liang)大類：一種(zhong)(zhong)是邊(bian)砍邊(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)模式，另(ling)一種(zhong)(zhong)是預(yu)先砍種(zhong)(zhong)再(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)模式。

（1）邊砍邊種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。邊砍邊種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)含的結構有：開溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)，排(pai)肥箱(xiang)(xiang)，切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)，覆(fu)土(tu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)等，一些廠家生產的還有噴(pen)灑農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)覆(fu)膜裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。此種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)的工(gong)作原理主(zhu)要(yao)為通(tong)過開溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)在前方開溝(gou)(gou)，排(pai)肥箱(xiang)(xiang)將(jiang)肥料排(pai)入開好的溝(gou)(gou)中(zhong)，人工(gong)將(jiang)整(zheng)條蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)喂入切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)，由兩對(dui)輸(shu)送(song)膠(jiao)輥夾持蔗(zhe)苗，同時旋轉的割刀切(qie)成(cheng)(cheng)一段段等長(chang)的蔗(zhe)段，甘蔗(zhe)通(tong)過切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)后按一定的規律排(pai)落到開好的溝(gou)(gou)中(zhong)，此時再經過覆(fu)土(tu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)進(jin)行覆(fu)土(tu)，由噴(pen)灑農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)覆(fu)膜裝(zhuang)置(zhi)再進(jin)行噴(pen)灑農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)與覆(fu)膜，就完成(cheng)(cheng)了對(dui)甘蔗(zhe)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)，此種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)對(dui)人工(gong)的連續(xu)喂入要(yao)求高(gao)，勞動強度大，對(dui)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的傷芽率高(gao)，目前已(yi)逐(zhu)步被淘汰與邊沿化(hua)。

（2）預先砍種再種植模式。預先砍種再種模式的種植機主要包含的結構有：開溝器，排肥箱，排種箱，覆土裝置等，一些廠家生產的還有噴灑農藥裝置和覆膜裝置。此種模式的工作原理主要為對用于種植的甘蔗種采用人工或機器先預先砍成一段段等長的符合種植要求的蔗種，種植時，通過開溝器在前方開溝，排肥箱將肥料排入開好(hao)(hao)的(de)溝中，人工將一段段蔗種(zhong)(zhong)連續不斷地放入排種(zhong)(zhong)箱中，通過排種(zhong)(zhong)箱將蔗種(zhong)(zhong)排入開好(hao)(hao)的(de)溝中，此時(shi)再(zai)經過覆土裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)進行(xing)覆土，由噴灑(sa)農(nong)藥裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)覆膜(mo)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)再(zai)進行(xing)噴灑(sa)農(nong)藥與覆膜(mo)，就完成了對甘蔗的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植，此種(zhong)(zhong)模式對人工的(de)連續喂入要求(qiu)更高(gao)，勞動強度也相對較大，對蔗種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)傷芽率低，目前是企業與科研機構(gou)重點(dian)研究的(de)方向(xiang)。

甘蔗種植機存在的主要問題

盡(jin)管我(wo)國(guo)在甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種植(zhi)機(ji)研發(fa)(fa)過(guo)程(cheng)中有了跨越式的發(fa)(fa)展技(ji)術日(ri)趨成熟，但推廣的過(guo)程(cheng)中還是發(fa)(fa)現了許(xu)多問(wen)題，制約了我(wo)國(guo)甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)全程(cheng)機(ji)械(xie)化種植(zhi)的進程(cheng)。目前(qian)我(wo)國(guo)比較主流的甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種植(zhi)機(ji)推廣過(guo)程(cheng)中主要存在以下問(wen)題：

（1）需要(yao)較(jiao)多(duo)的人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)合，過(guo)(guo)分依賴人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)協助(zhu)整(zheng)個種(zhong)(zhong)植過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動(dong)強度(du)大，種(zhong)(zhong)植成本高。目前對于種(zhong)(zhong)植過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，還是(shi)依靠人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)來對蔗種(zhong)(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)擺(bai)放(fang)與搬運，機械化程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)非常低(di)，放(fang)種(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)幾乎完全依靠人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)行(xing)，而且(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)植過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)動(dong)作要(yao)連續，稍有疏忽就會有漏播的情況，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動(dong)強度(du)大，操作人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)多(duo)，種(zhong)(zhong)植成本高。

（2）切(qie)(qie)種(zhong)傷芽(ya)率高，配套機(ji)械(xie)不足(zu)。因采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)距切(qie)(qie)割(ge)，就(jiu)不可(ke)避免(mian)地產生切(qie)(qie)到芽(ya)的現象，這勢必影響甘(gan)蔗的出(chu)芽(ya)率，減(jian)少出(chu)芽(ya)數(shu)量，不能達到人工種(zhong)植的技術要求，目前除采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人工砍斷外，均(jun)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)器等(deng)距切(qie)(qie)割(ge)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)于切(qie)(qie)割(ge)蔗種(zhong)的成熟(shu)機(ji)械(xie)還(huan)沒(mei)有(you)出(chu)現。

（3）不(bu)符合農(nong)民的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)農(nong)藝，與農(nong)民需求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)實際情(qing)況不(bu)符。大(da)多情(qing)況下農(nong)民會用(yong)整(zheng)根的(de)(de)(de)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)，但實際操作(zuo)中，糖廠都會鼓勵農(nong)民用(yong)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)，大(da)部分種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機不(bu)能滿(man)足用(yong)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)出苗(miao)率高，出苗(miao)時間快，而(er)且長期以來農(nong)民也已經形成了(le)用(yong)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)習慣，因蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)短，大(da)大(da)影響了(le)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)效率，只有預先(xian)砍(kan)種(zhong)(zhong)再(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)模式的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機才符合要求(qiu)。

（4）可(ke)(ke)視可(ke)(ke)控(kong)性(xing)低，過(guo)分(fen)依(yi)賴人(ren)工操作。因種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)程很短，排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)大多(duo)在箱(xiang)內(nei)進行，無法對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)程的(de)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)質量進行監(jian)控(kong)，采(cai)用人(ren)工排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)方式，工作一次(ci)性(xing)通過(guo)，沒有查缺補漏的(de)環節(jie)，可(ke)(ke)視可(ke)(ke)控(kong)性(xing)差，完全依(yi)靠(kao)人(ren)工排(pai)放。

（5）適用性差，對地塊(kuai)的(de)坡度(du)(du)(du)要(yao)求高。幾乎所有的(de)種(zhong)植機(ji)都要(yao)求地塊(kuai)的(de)坡度(du)(du)(du)要(yao)小于12°，因坡度(du)(du)(du)過(guo)大容易造成不(bu)能種(zhong)植，所開的(de)溝深淺不(bu)能統一，培土、回土效果差，且容易造成翻車(che)。

（6）結構復雜(za)，生(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)高，推廣難度大。因目前甘蔗種(zhong)植機還(huan)處(chu)在研發(fa)推廣階(jie)段，生(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)相對(dui)較高，且甘蔗種(zhong)植戶還(huan)是以(yi)單個農戶生(sheng)產(chan)為主，種(zhong)植量少，每個農戶擁有一臺甘蔗種(zhong)植機不太現實。

解決方案

（1）深入改造現有種植(zhi)機(ji)械，向自(zi)動化(hua)、低人工、低成本種植(zhi)方向發展。通過加大(da)載種量與載肥量，采用自(zi)動排(pai)種機(ji)構(gou)進行自(zi)動排(pai)種，減少(shao)(shao)種植(zhi)過程人工協助(zhu)的(de)工作量，減少(shao)(shao)配備(bei)人員，從而達到解放勞動力，降低種植(zhi)成本的(de)目的(de)。

（2）深入開發(fa)配套(tao)機械，特(te)別是帶(dai)有蔗(zhe)芽識(shi)(shi)別功能的(de)(de)(de)切種(zhong)機。采用紅外(wai)影像(xiang)成(cheng)形等識(shi)(shi)別技術，通過(guo)(guo)對蔗(zhe)芽的(de)(de)(de)識(shi)(shi)別從而達到(dao)(dao)精準(zhun)切割蔗(zhe)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，通過(guo)(guo)減(jian)少作業過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)對蔗(zhe)芽的(de)(de)(de)傷(shang)害，提(ti)高種(zhong)植質量，從而達到(dao)(dao)提(ti)高出(chu)芽率的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。向智能化(hua)、數字化(hua)種(zhong)植機械方向發(fa)展。

（3）深入了解農民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)農藝(yi)，與(yu)糖(tang)廠進行技術交流，改進現有(you)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機，使其滿足(zu)以(yi)蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)作(zuo)為(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)進行種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)含糖(tang)量(liang)相(xiang)對較(jiao)低(di)，若(ruo)用(yong)于榨(zha)糖(tang)，得(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)糖(tang)量(liang)肯定相(xiang)對較(jiao)少，若(ruo)用(yong)蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)作(zuo)為(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)，而取而代之的(de)(de)(de)(de)是蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)以(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分用(yong)于榨(zha)糖(tang)，一方面得(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)糖(tang)量(liang)相(xiang)對較(jiao)多，另(ling)一方面所種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)出苗率(lv)也相(xiang)對較(jiao)高(gao)，糖(tang)廠與(yu)農民(min)都達(da)到(dao)了增收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

（4）改進現有(you)排(pai)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式，改造成觀(guan)察性效(xiao)果好、能自動或人工進行補(bu)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)的排(pai)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)參照(zhao)土豆種(zhong)植機(ji)的工作原理，以(yi)機(ji)械(xie)排(pai)種(zhong)為主，人工補(bu)漏為輔的排(pai)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式或通(tong)(tong)過(guo)傳感(gan)器感(gan)應機(ji)械(xie)自動補(bu)漏的排(pai)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式，達(da)到種(zhong)植過(guo)程可視可控(kong)，讓種(zhong)植戶對種(zhong)植效(xiao)果有(you)所了解，消除種(zhong)植戶的疑慮。

（5）大力推廣土(tu)地平(ping)整力度，對(dui)蔗(zhe)田進(jin)行規劃(hua)與(yu)整治，鼓勵農民參(can)加(jia)(jia)農業生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)合作(zuo)社，因地制宜，有(you)(you)針對(dui)性地研(yan)發(fa)符合地區生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)需求(qiu)(qiu)的甘蔗(zhe)種(zhong)植機。一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)土(tu)地平(ping)整后(hou)對(dui)農機的要求(qiu)(qiu)相對(dui)較低，通過參(can)加(jia)(jia)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)合作(zuo)社，向規模(mo)化(hua)、集約(yue)化(hua)種(zhong)植方向發(fa)展(zhan)，有(you)(you)利于規模(mo)化(hua)種(zhong)植，提高經濟效益。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)針對(dui)性地研(yan)發(fa)種(zhong)植機，使(shi)得適(shi)用性更強，有(you)(you)利于推廣應用。