【種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)】國內馬鈴薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)械研究進展 甘蔗種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)存在的問題及(ji)解(jie)決方(fang)案

國內馬鈴薯種植機械研究進展

馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)作物，其種植(zhi)面積和產(chan)(chan)量位居世界(jie)前列(lie)，但馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機械化生產(chan)(chan)水平較(jiao)低。為了滿足馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)產(chan)(chan)業發展需(xu)要(yao)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)引(yin)進(jin)了國(guo)(guo)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種植(zhi)機，如德國(guo)(guo)Grimme公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種植(zhi)機、意(yi)大(da)利Spedo公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)SPA-2型馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種植(zhi)機、挪威Kverneland公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種植(zhi)機等，這些產(chan)(chan)品是(shi)馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種植(zhi)機產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代表，也是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種植(zhi)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展方向。國(guo)(guo)外產(chan)(chan)品技術雖然先進(jin)，但是(shi)價格很高，機具適應(ying)性和零配件供應(ying)不暢(chang)是(shi)用戶使(shi)用中面臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)大(da)問(wen)題。

鈴薯種植機發展現狀

研究概況

20世紀80年代以來，馬鈴薯播種機械化得到快速發展，國內陸續有10多家科研院所和生產企業研制馬鈴薯播種機，取(qu)得(de)突破性進(jin)展。其中中機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)美諾(nuo)科技股(gu)份有(you)限公(gong)司在(zai)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)方面(mian)處于領先地位，2004—2006年，該公(gong)司成功開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)了2CM-2型(xing)(xing)雙(shuang)(shuang)行(xing)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)了交叉取(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、肥(fei)分施(shi)技術(shu)；2006—2008年，開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)適用(yong)于特定馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)區域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)壟(long)(long)雙(shuang)(shuang)行(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)；2008—2011年，開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)2CM-4型(xing)(xing)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)效率(lv)(lv)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)，用(yong)戶反饋良好。在(zai)后(hou)續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)改進(jin)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，又增加了覆膜和(he)(he)(he)噴(pen)藥作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)附件，增強了機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適應性。2012—2013年，在(zai)2CM-4型(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上增設(she)(she)(she)了播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自動監控系統，降(jiang)(jiang)低了重(zhong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)(he)漏播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)率(lv)(lv)，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)了播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精度(du)。2013年之(zhi)后(hou)，該公(gong)司一(yi)直(zhi)持續不斷地對(dui)(dui)2CM-4型(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)進(jin)行(xing)改進(jin)，目前已有(you)2CM-4B型(xing)(xing)新(xin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)在(zai)市(shi)場上銷售(shou)。2014年，青島農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)大(da)(da)學(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)設(she)(she)(she)計出(chu)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)施(shi)肥(fei)聯合作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可一(yi)次完成開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)、施(shi)肥(fei)、播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、覆土(tu)、起壟(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)覆膜等作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。該機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手指狀取(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構，使漏播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)(he)重(zhong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)率(lv)(lv)降(jiang)(jiang)低；使用(yong)旋耕(geng)起壟(long)(long)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)實現種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)均勻覆土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)能(neng)夠完成起壟(long)(long)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。2014年，黑龍江省農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械工程(cheng)(cheng)研(yan)究(jiu)院(yuan)在(zai)研(yan)學(xue)外國先進(jin)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，設(she)(she)(she)計研(yan)究(jiu)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)了集開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)施(shi)肥(fei)、仿形(xing)開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)、播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)（薯(shu)(shu)塊）、起壟(long)(long)（培土(tu)）于一(yi)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)4行(xing)牽引(yin)式馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎進(jin)行(xing)各(ge)零(ling)部件間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變換與(yu)組合，實現各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不同(tong)(tong)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求；為(wei)(wei)實現播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)深一(yi)致(zhi)及對(dui)(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)深度(du)進(jin)行(xing)精確調整控制，創新(xin)設(she)(she)(she)計播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構單體(ti)仿形(xing)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。2015年，山東農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)大(da)(da)學(xue)改進(jin)設(she)(she)(she)計了一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)補(bu)償式馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，添加補(bu)償播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)，采用(yong)激光對(dui)(dui)射傳感(gan)器(qi)和(he)(he)(he)步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，能(neng)有(you)效實現馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自動補(bu)償播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，降(jiang)(jiang)低了漏播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)率(lv)(lv)。2016年，牛康等為(wei)(wei)了提高(gao)(gao)(gao)鏈(lian)勺式馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性能(neng)，使用(yong)EDEM軟件建立了排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)數值(zhi)模型(xing)(xing)，設(she)(she)(she)計了具有(you)雙(shuang)(shuang)層種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)，以空種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)(he)重(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei)性能(neng)指標，試(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)究(jiu)了排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)速度(du)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)勺直(zhi)徑和(he)(he)(he)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)對(dui)(dui)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響規律，對(dui)(dui)雙(shuang)(shuang)層種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)式排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)了優化(hua)設(she)(she)(she)計。

技術發展趨勢

1、播種精度控制技術

該技術(shu)利用磁(ci)效(xiao)應(ying)原理設計(ji)馬鈴薯播種監(jian)測(ce)系統(tong)，其中控(kong)(kong)制系統(tong)采用接(jie)觸式傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，主要包(bao)括(kuo)主控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)、傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)及線束。主控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)是基于數(shu)字控(kong)(kong)制技術(shu)的(de)(de)核心，全模塊化設計(ji)，帶液晶(jing)顯示(shi)屏。每行實時漏播報警提示(shi)，并自行計(ji)算(suan)漏播率(lv)及記錄每個工(gong)作段的(de)(de)面積。工(gong)作中，接(jie)觸式傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)檢測(ce)種杯(bei)中的(de)(de)種薯信號，播種正常時，傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有一系列的(de)(de)連續脈(mo)沖信號傳(chuan)(chuan)遞給控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)。當漏播時，控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)接(jie)收不到脈(mo)沖信號，液晶(jing)顯示(shi)屏無(wu)監(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，此(ci)時系統(tong)報警，提示(shi)工(gong)作人員(yuan)停機(ji)檢查(cha)。該系統(tong)分(fen)行實時監(jian)測(ce)感(gan)應(ying)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，并可直接(jie)將數(shu)據(ju)(ju)輸(shu)入(ru)控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)進行運(yun)算(suan)和(he)邏輯判斷(duan)，控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)包(bao)括(kuo)組合旋鈕、電源開關、監(jian)測(ce)啟停、液晶(jing)顯示(shi)屏等，控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)將傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞的(de)(de)脈(mo)沖信號進行轉(zhuan)換，在液晶(jing)顯示(shi)屏上顯示(shi)監(jian)測(ce)到的(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)。

2、鏈耙網仿形施肥技術

采用(yong)鏈耙網(wang)仿(fang)形(xing)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)技術可以(yi)避免(mian)傳統外(wai)槽輪排肥(fei)(fei)器易(yi)堵塞，面肥(fei)(fei)、有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)無法施(shi)(shi)撒的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)；解(jie)決(jue)(jue)了施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)機構通過性差(cha)的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)；增大(da)最大(da)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量，滿足農藝要求；仿(fang)形(xing)通過能力強，實(shi)現(xian)了雙側深施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)，解(jie)決(jue)(jue)種肥(fei)(fei)混施(shi)(shi)、燒種現(xian)象嚴重(zhong)的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。

3、開溝技術

馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)的(de)種(zhong)薯(shu)不同于小麥、玉米、大豆等(deng)作(zuo)物，其(qi)形(xing)狀、大小、物理(li)特性比較(jiao)復雜，因此設計一種(zhong)靴式開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器，該開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)阻力較(jiao)小，開(kai)出(chu)(chu)的(de)溝(gou)(gou)能夠很好(hao)地(di)穩住排種(zhong)器排出(chu)(chu)的(de)種(zhong)薯(shu)，有效控制(zhi)種(zhong)薯(shu)的(de)運(yun)動，保證(zheng)種(zhong)薯(shu)的(de)播種(zhong)株距。

近幾(ji)年，國內(nei)的馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)械發展速(su)度很(hen)快，馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)生產(chan)(chan)企業從(cong)幾(ji)家迅(xun)速(su)擴張到幾(ji)十(shi)家，但從(cong)產(chan)(chan)品結構和功能來看，相似度較高，90%以上的產(chan)(chan)品仍(reng)停留(liu)在機(ji)械設計(ji)的改進方面，在播種(zhong)精度檢測和監控方面，還處(chu)于探(tan)索階段，有(you)待于進一步(bu)研究。

甘蔗種植機

甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)是(shi)甘(gan)蔗生(sheng)(sheng)產機(ji)(ji)(ji)械化(hua)(hua)的一個關(guan)鍵環節(jie)，也是(shi)難實現(xian)的一個環節(jie)，甘(gan)蔗機(ji)(ji)(ji)械化(hua)(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在發(fa)達國家(jia)已(yi)經得到廣(guang)(guang)泛應(ying)用，而(er)我國甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)實際推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)應(ying)用的幾乎沒(mei)有(you)(you)，依然采用機(ji)(ji)(ji)械開溝，人工種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括開溝、施肥、切種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、蓋膜、培土等(deng)工序，是(shi)勞動(dong)密集(ji)型的作業(ye)(ye)工序。人工種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的效率低，而(er)且(qie)勞動(dong)強度大，生(sheng)(sheng)產成本高，是(shi)制約我國糖蔗產業(ye)(ye)國際競(jing)爭力的重要(yao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)瓶頸，因此，甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)與(yu)(yu)應(ying)用已(yi)成為(wei)甘(gan)蔗生(sheng)(sheng)產機(ji)(ji)(ji)械化(hua)(hua)亟(ji)待解決的主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)問題之一。近(jin)年(nian)來，我國有(you)(you)不少(shao)企業(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)科研(yan)單位通過自主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)研(yan)發(fa)或(huo)引進、吸(xi)收、消化(hua)(hua)國外(wai)先進技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，在甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械領(ling)域(yu)已(yi)經積(ji)累了較多的經驗(yan)，并(bing)設計了不少(shao)的甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)型，但(dan)能(neng)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)應(ying)用的卻依然沒(mei)有(you)(you)，只(zhi)有(you)(you)少(shao)數國營農場與(yu)(yu)農村(cun)合作社(she)在使用示(shi)范，甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)得不到有(you)(you)效推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)。

典型的甘蔗種植機設計機型

目前我國研發生產的甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)植機(ji)按工作方式(shi)的不同(tong)主要分為兩大(da)類：一種(zhong)是(shi)邊砍邊種(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)，另一種(zhong)是(shi)預先砍種(zhong)再種(zhong)植模(mo)式(shi)。

（1）邊(bian)砍(kan)邊(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)。邊(bian)砍(kan)邊(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)主要(yao)包含的(de)(de)(de)結構有：開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器，排肥箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，覆(fu)(fu)土(tu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置等(deng)，一(yi)些廠(chang)家(jia)生產的(de)(de)(de)還有噴灑(sa)(sa)農藥裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置和覆(fu)(fu)膜裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。此種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原理(li)主要(yao)為通過(guo)開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器在前方(fang)開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)，排肥箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)將(jiang)肥料排入(ru)開(kai)好的(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)(gou)中，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)將(jiang)整條蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)喂(wei)入(ru)切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，由兩對(dui)(dui)(dui)輸送膠輥夾(jia)持蔗(zhe)苗，同時(shi)旋轉的(de)(de)(de)割刀(dao)切(qie)成(cheng)一(yi)段段等(deng)長的(de)(de)(de)蔗(zhe)段，甘蔗(zhe)通過(guo)切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)后(hou)按一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)規律排落到(dao)開(kai)好的(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)(gou)中，此時(shi)再經(jing)過(guo)覆(fu)(fu)土(tu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置進行(xing)覆(fu)(fu)土(tu)，由噴灑(sa)(sa)農藥裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置和覆(fu)(fu)膜裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置再進行(xing)噴灑(sa)(sa)農藥與(yu)(yu)覆(fu)(fu)膜，就完成(cheng)了對(dui)(dui)(dui)甘蔗(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植，此種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)連續喂(wei)入(ru)要(yao)求高，勞動強度大，對(dui)(dui)(dui)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)傷芽(ya)率高，目前已逐步被(bei)淘汰(tai)與(yu)(yu)邊(bian)沿化。

（2）預先砍種再種植模式。預先砍種再種模式的種植機主要包含的結構有：開溝器，排肥箱，排種箱，覆土裝置等，一些廠家生產的還有噴灑農藥裝置和覆膜裝置。此種模式的工作原理主要為對用于種植的甘蔗種采用人工或機器先預先砍成一段段等長的符合種植要求的蔗種，種植時，通過開溝器在前方開溝，排肥箱將肥料排(pai)(pai)入開好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)溝中，人工將一段段蔗種連續(xu)不斷(duan)地放入排(pai)(pai)種箱中，通過排(pai)(pai)種箱將蔗種排(pai)(pai)入開好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)溝中，此時再(zai)經過覆(fu)土裝置進(jin)行覆(fu)土，由(you)噴(pen)灑(sa)農(nong)藥裝置和覆(fu)膜裝置再(zai)進(jin)行噴(pen)灑(sa)農(nong)藥與覆(fu)膜，就完成了對(dui)甘蔗的(de)(de)種植(zhi)，此種模式對(dui)人工的(de)(de)連續(xu)喂入要求(qiu)更高，勞動強度也(ye)相對(dui)較(jiao)大，對(dui)蔗種的(de)(de)傷芽率(lv)低，目前是企業與科研機構重點研究(jiu)的(de)(de)方(fang)向。

甘蔗種植機存在的主要問題

盡管我(wo)國在(zai)甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)研發過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)有了跨(kua)越式(shi)的(de)發展技術日趨成熟，但推(tui)廣(guang)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)還是發現了許多問題(ti)，制約了我(wo)國甘(gan)蔗全程(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)械(xie)化種(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)進程(cheng)(cheng)。目前我(wo)國比較主流的(de)甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)推(tui)廣(guang)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)主要存(cun)在(zai)以下問題(ti)：

（1）需要(yao)較多(duo)的人(ren)(ren)工(gong)配(pei)合，過(guo)(guo)分依(yi)賴人(ren)(ren)工(gong)手工(gong)協(xie)助整個種(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)勞動強度大，種(zhong)植(zhi)成本(ben)高。目前對于(yu)種(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，還是(shi)依(yi)靠(kao)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)來對蔗(zhe)種(zhong)進行擺放(fang)與(yu)搬運，機械化(hua)程(cheng)度非常低(di)，放(fang)種(zhong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)幾(ji)乎完全依(yi)靠(kao)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)進行，而且種(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)動作要(yao)連續，稍有(you)疏忽(hu)就會有(you)漏(lou)播的情況，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)勞動強度大，操(cao)作人(ren)(ren)工(gong)多(duo)，種(zhong)植(zhi)成本(ben)高。

（2）切種(zhong)傷(shang)芽率(lv)高，配套機(ji)械(xie)不足。因采(cai)用(yong)等距(ju)切割(ge)，就不可避免地產生切到(dao)芽的現象，這勢必(bi)影響甘蔗的出(chu)芽率(lv)，減少(shao)出(chu)芽數量，不能達到(dao)人(ren)工(gong)種(zhong)植的技術(shu)要求，目前(qian)除采(cai)用(yong)人(ren)工(gong)砍斷外(wai)，均采(cai)用(yong)機(ji)器等距(ju)切割(ge)，用(yong)于切割(ge)蔗種(zhong)的成(cheng)熟機(ji)械(xie)還沒有出(chu)現。

（3）不符合(he)農(nong)民(min)的種植農(nong)藝，與農(nong)民(min)需(xu)求的實際情況不符。大多情況下農(nong)民(min)會用整根的甘蔗(zhe)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)種，但實際操作(zuo)中(zhong)，糖廠都會鼓勵(li)農(nong)民(min)用蔗(zhe)梢作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)種，大部分種植機不能滿足用蔗(zhe)梢作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)種的要求，蔗(zhe)梢作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)種出苗率高，出苗時間快，而且長期以來(lai)農(nong)民(min)也已經形成了(le)用蔗(zhe)梢作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)種的習慣，因蔗(zhe)梢短，大大影響了(le)種植效率，只有(you)預先砍種再種模式的種植機才符合(he)要求。

（4）可視可控(kong)(kong)性(xing)低，過分依(yi)賴人工操(cao)作(zuo)。因種(zhong)植過程(cheng)(cheng)很短，排種(zhong)大多在箱(xiang)內(nei)進行，無法(fa)對種(zhong)植過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)排種(zhong)質量進行監(jian)控(kong)(kong)，采用人工排種(zhong)的(de)(de)方式，工作(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)性(xing)通過，沒有查(cha)缺補漏的(de)(de)環節，可視可控(kong)(kong)性(xing)差，完全依(yi)靠人工排放(fang)。

（5）適用性差，對地塊的坡度(du)(du)要求(qiu)高。幾乎所(suo)有的種植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)都要求(qiu)地塊的坡度(du)(du)要小(xiao)于12°，因坡度(du)(du)過大(da)容(rong)易造(zao)成不能種植(zhi)(zhi)，所(suo)開(kai)的溝深淺不能統一，培土、回(hui)土效果差，且容(rong)易造(zao)成翻車。

（6）結構復雜，生(sheng)產成(cheng)本(ben)高，推(tui)廣難度大。因目前甘蔗(zhe)種植機還(huan)處(chu)在研發推(tui)廣階段，生(sheng)產成(cheng)本(ben)相對(dui)較高，且(qie)甘蔗(zhe)種植戶還(huan)是(shi)以單個農(nong)戶生(sheng)產為(wei)主，種植量少，每個農(nong)戶擁有一(yi)臺(tai)甘蔗(zhe)種植機不太(tai)現實。

解決方案

（1）深(shen)入改造現有種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)械，向自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)、低(di)人工(gong)、低(di)成本種(zhong)(zhong)植方向發展。通過加大載種(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)與(yu)載肥量(liang)，采(cai)用自(zi)動(dong)排種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)構(gou)進行自(zi)動(dong)排種(zhong)(zhong)，減少種(zhong)(zhong)植過程人工(gong)協助的工(gong)作量(liang)，減少配(pei)備人員，從而(er)達到解(jie)放勞動(dong)力(li)，降低(di)種(zhong)(zhong)植成本的目的。

（2）深(shen)入開發配套機械，特別(bie)是帶有蔗(zhe)芽(ya)(ya)識別(bie)功能(neng)的切種(zhong)機。采(cai)用紅外影(ying)像成(cheng)形等識別(bie)技術，通(tong)(tong)過對蔗(zhe)芽(ya)(ya)的識別(bie)從(cong)而(er)達到(dao)(dao)精(jing)準切割蔗(zhe)種(zhong)的目的，通(tong)(tong)過減(jian)少(shao)作業過程對蔗(zhe)芽(ya)(ya)的傷(shang)害，提高種(zhong)植質(zhi)量，從(cong)而(er)達到(dao)(dao)提高出芽(ya)(ya)率的目的。向智(zhi)能(neng)化、數字化種(zhong)植機械方(fang)向發展(zhan)。

（3）深入了(le)解農民的(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)農藝(yi)，與糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)廠進(jin)行技(ji)術交流(liu)，改(gai)進(jin)現有(you)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)，使其滿足以蔗(zhe)梢作為蔗(zhe)種(zhong)進(jin)行種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。蔗(zhe)梢含糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)量相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)低，若用(yong)于榨糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)，得到(dao)的(de)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)量肯(ken)定相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)少，若用(yong)蔗(zhe)梢作為蔗(zhe)種(zhong)，而(er)取而(er)代之的(de)是蔗(zhe)梢以下的(de)部(bu)分用(yong)于榨糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)得到(dao)的(de)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)量相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)多(duo)，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)所種(zhong)的(de)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)出苗(miao)率也(ye)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)高，糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)廠與農民都達到(dao)了(le)增收的(de)目(mu)的(de)。

（4）改進現有(you)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)，改造(zao)成(cheng)觀察性效果好(hao)、能自(zi)動或人工(gong)進行補蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)。通過參照土豆種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)原理，以(yi)機械排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為主，人工(gong)補漏為輔的(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)或通過傳感(gan)器(qi)感(gan)應(ying)機械自(zi)動補漏的(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)，達到種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)過程可視可控，讓種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)戶對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)效果有(you)所了解，消除種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)戶的(de)疑慮。

（5）大力(li)推廣土地(di)平(ping)整力(li)度(du)，對(dui)蔗田(tian)進行規(gui)劃與整治，鼓勵(li)農(nong)民參(can)加農(nong)業生產(chan)合(he)(he)作社，因地(di)制(zhi)宜，有(you)針對(dui)性(xing)地(di)研發符(fu)合(he)(he)地(di)區生產(chan)需求的甘蔗種植(zhi)機。一方(fang)面土地(di)平(ping)整后對(dui)農(nong)機的要(yao)求相對(dui)較低，通過(guo)參(can)加生產(chan)合(he)(he)作社，向規(gui)模化、集約(yue)化種植(zhi)方(fang)向發展，有(you)利于(yu)規(gui)模化種植(zhi)，提高經(jing)濟效(xiao)益。另(ling)一方(fang)面有(you)針對(dui)性(xing)地(di)研發種植(zhi)機，使得適用性(xing)更強，有(you)利于(yu)推廣應用。