【五軸聯(lian)動(dong)(dong)數(shu)控機(ji)床】五軸聯(lian)動(dong)(dong)數(shu)控機(ji)床的(de)結(jie)構 五軸聯(lian)動(dong)(dong)數(shu)控機(ji)床的(de)優勢(shi)

五軸聯動數控機床的結構

5軸機床大多是3+2的(de)結構(gou)，即x，y，z三(san)(san)個直線(xian)運動軸加上(shang)分別圍繞x，y，z軸旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)的(de)a，b，c三(san)(san)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)軸中(zhong)的(de)兩個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)軸組成。這樣，從(cong)大的(de)方(fang)面分類，就有x，y，z，a，b；x，y，z，a，c；x，y，z，b，c三(san)(san)種形(xing)式(shi)；由二個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)軸的(de)組合形(xing)式(shi)來分，大體上(shang)有雙(shuang)轉(zhuan)臺(tai)式(shi)、轉(zhuan)臺(tai)加上(shang)擺頭式(shi)和雙(shuang)擺頭式(shi)三(san)(san)種形(xing)式(shi)。

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這三種結構形式由于物理上的原因，分別決定了機床的規格大小和加工對象的范圍。其中，雙轉臺結構的五軸聯動數控機床由(you)于(yu)在加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)件時工(gong)件需要在兩個(ge)旋轉方(fang)向運(yun)動(dong)，所以只(zhi)適(shi)合(he)加(jia)工(gong)小型零件，如(ru)小型整(zheng)體(ti)渦(wo)輪、葉(xie)輪、小型精密(mi)模具等，由(you)于(yu)結構(gou)最為簡單，所以相對(dui)價格較為低廉，就應用來(lai)講，這是數量最多的一(yi)類五(wu)連動(dong)數控機床。

轉臺加上擺頭式結構的五連動數控機床由于(yu)轉(zhuan)臺可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)a軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、b軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)或c軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，擺頭(tou)也(ye)是(shi)一樣，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)別(bie)是(shi)a軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、b軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)或c軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)轉(zhuan)臺加(jia)上(shang)擺頭(tou)式結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)聯動數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)各(ge)種不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組合(he)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)適應不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)對(dui)象，如(ru)加(jia)工(gong)汽(qi)輪發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)片(pian)，需(xu)要a軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)加(jia)上(shang)b軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，其中(zhong)(zhong)a軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)需(xu)要用尾座頂尖配合(he)頂住工(gong)件(jian)，如(ru)果工(gong)件(jian)較(jiao)長同(tong)時(shi)直徑(jing)又細(xi)，則需(xu)要兩(liang)(liang)頭(tou)夾住并且(qie)拉伸工(gong)件(jian)來進(jin)行加(jia)工(gong)，當(dang)然這里一個必要條件(jian)是(shi)兩(liang)(liang)個轉(zhuan)臺必須嚴格(ge)(ge)同(tong)步旋轉(zhuan)。采用c軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)加(jia)上(shang)b軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，由于(yu)工(gong)件(jian)僅在c軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)上(shang)旋轉(zhuan)運動，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)工(gong)件(jian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)很(hen)小(xiao)，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，直徑(jing)范圍(wei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)由幾十(shi)(shi)毫米(mi)至數(shu)千(qian)毫米(mi)，c軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)轉(zhuan)臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)直徑(jing)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)從100～200mm至2～3m，機(ji)床的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)格(ge)(ge)、質量也(ye)從幾噸至十(shi)(shi)幾噸甚至數(shu)十(shi)(shi)噸。這也(ye)是(shi)一類應用十(shi)(shi)分(fen)廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床，其價格(ge)(ge)居中(zhong)(zhong)，隨機(ji)器(qi)規(gui)格(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)小(xiao)、精度和性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)相差(cha)很(hen)大(da)(da)。雙(shuang)擺頭(tou)式結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床，由于(yu)其結(jie)構(gou)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因，擺頭(tou)中(zhong)(zhong)間一般有(you)(you)(you)一個帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)松拉刀(dao)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)雙(shuang)擺頭(tou)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸不(bu)容(rong)易做小(xiao)，一般在400～500mm。

五軸聯動數控機床的優勢

五(wu)軸聯動數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)系統是(shi)解(jie)決(jue)葉(xie)輪、葉(xie)片(pian)、船(chuan)用(yong)螺旋槳、重型發電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)子(zi)、汽(qi)輪機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)子(zi)、大(da)型柴油機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲軸等等加工的(de)唯一(yi)手段。它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)種科(ke)技含量高(gao)、精密(mi)度(du)高(gao)專(zhuan)門用(yong)于加工復雜曲面(mian)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)，該(gai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)系統對一(yi)個國家的(de)航空、航天(tian)、軍事(shi)、科(ke)研(yan)、精密(mi)器(qi)械、高(gao)精醫療設備等等行業(ye)有(you)著舉足(zu)輕重的(de)影響力(li)。

五軸聯動數控機床的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用，讓工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件的(de)(de)裝夾變得(de)容(rong)易。加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)無需特殊夾具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，降低了(le)夾具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，避(bi)免(mian)了(le)多次裝夾，提(ti)高模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度。采用五軸技術加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)可(ke)以減(jian)少夾具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用數量(liang)。另外，由于五軸聯(lian)動機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)可(ke)在(zai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)省去(qu)許(xu)多特殊刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，所以降低了(le)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。五軸聯(lian)動機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)在(zai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)能(neng)增加(jia)(jia)(jia)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)有效切削(xue)(xue)刃(ren)長度，減(jian)小切削(xue)(xue)力，提(ti)高刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)使(shi)(shi)用壽命，降低成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。采用五軸聯(lian)動機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)可(ke)以很快的(de)(de)完(wan)成(cheng)模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，交貨(huo)快，更(geng)(geng)好的(de)(de)保證模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)，使(shi)(shi)模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)變得(de)更(geng)(geng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)容(rong)易，并且使(shi)(shi)模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)修(xiu)改(gai)變得(de)容(rong)易。在(zai)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，一般用立式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)來(lai)完(wan)成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件的(de)(de)銑(xian)削(xue)(xue)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。隨著模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)制造技術的(de)(de)不斷發展，立式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)本(ben)(ben)(ben)身的(de)(de)一些弱點(dian)表現(xian)得(de)越來(lai)越明(ming)顯。現(xian)代(dai)模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)普遍(bian)使(shi)(shi)用球(qiu)頭銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)來(lai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，球(qiu)頭銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)在(zai)模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)帶來(lai)好處非常明(ming)顯，但(dan)是(shi)如果(guo)用立式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)話(hua)，其底(di)面的(de)(de)線速度為(wei)零，這樣底(di)面的(de)(de)光潔(jie)度就很差，如果(guo)使(shi)(shi)用四、五軸聯(lian)動機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，可(ke)以克服上述(shu)不足。