一、太陽能逆變器的特點

集中逆變

集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)逆(ni)變(bian)一(yi)(yi)般用(yong)于大(da)(da)型光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)站(>10kW)的(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)，很多(duo)并行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)被連(lian)到同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)臺集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流輸入端，一(yi)(yi)般功(gong)(gong)率大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)三(san)相的(de)(de)(de)(de)IGBT功(gong)(gong)率模塊(kuai)，功(gong)(gong)率較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)場(chang)效應(ying)晶體(ti)管(guan)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)使用(yong)DSP轉換控(kong)制器(qi)來改善所(suo)產出(chu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量，使它(ta)非常(chang)接近于正弦波電(dian)(dian)流。最(zui)大(da)(da)特點(dian)是(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率高，成本低(di)。但受光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)匹配和(he)部分遮影的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，導致整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效率和(he)電(dian)(dian)產能(neng)(neng)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠性(xing)受某一(yi)(yi)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)單(dan)元組(zu)工(gong)(gong)作狀態不良的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。最(zui)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究方向是(shi)運(yun)用(yong)空間矢量的(de)(de)(de)(de)調制控(kong)制，以及開(kai)發新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拓(tuo)撲連(lian)接，以獲得部分負載情況下的(de)(de)(de)(de)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)效率。在SolarMax(索瑞·麥克)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)上(shang)，可(ke)以附(fu)加一(yi)(yi)個(ge)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)陣列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接口(kou)箱，對每一(yi)(yi)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)帆(fan)板串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)進行(xing)(xing)監(jian)控(kong)，如其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一(yi)(yi)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)作不正常(chang)，系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)將(jiang)會把這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)信息傳到遠程控(kong)制器(qi)上(shang)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)可(ke)以通(tong)過遠程控(kong)制將(jiang)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)停止工(gong)(gong)作，從(cong)而不會因為一(yi)(yi)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)故障而降(jiang)低(di)和(he)影響(xiang)整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作和(he)能(neng)(neng)量產出(chu)。

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組串逆變

組串逆變器已成為現在國際市場上最流行的逆變器。組串逆變器是基于模塊化概念基礎上的，每個光伏組串(1kW-5kW)通過一個逆變器，在(zai)(zai)直流端(duan)具有最大功率(lv)峰值跟蹤，在(zai)(zai)交流端(duan)并聯并網(wang)。許多大型光伏電(dian)(dian)廠使用組串(chuan)逆(ni)變器(qi)。優點是(shi)不(bu)受組串(chuan)間模塊差(cha)異(yi)和遮影(ying)的(de)影(ying)響，同(tong)時(shi)減少了(le)(le)(le)光伏組件最佳(jia)工作點。與逆(ni)變器(qi)不(bu)匹配的(de)情況，從而增加了(le)(le)(le)發電(dian)(dian)量。技術上的(de)這些(xie)優勢(shi)不(bu)僅降低了(le)(le)(le)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統成(cheng)本，也(ye)增加了(le)(le)(le)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)可靠(kao)性(xing)。同(tong)時(shi)，在(zai)(zai)組串(chuan)間引入“主-從”的(de)概念，使得(de)在(zai)(zai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統在(zai)(zai)單(dan)串(chuan)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)不(bu)能(neng)使單(dan)個逆(ni)變器(qi)工作的(de)情況下，將幾組光伏組串(chuan)聯系(xi)(xi)(xi)在(zai)(zai)一起，讓其中一個或幾個工作，從而產出更多的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)。最新的(de)概念為幾個逆(ni)變器(qi)相互組成(cheng)一個“團隊”來代(dai)替“主-從”的(de)概念，使得(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)可靠(kao)性(xing)又進了(le)(le)(le)一步(bu)。

多組串逆變

多組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)是取了集中逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)和(he)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點，避免了其缺點，可(ke)應用(yong)于(yu)幾(ji)千(qian)瓦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光伏(fu)發(fa)電站。在多組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)中，包含了不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單獨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率峰值(zhi)(zhi)跟蹤和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)到直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換器(qi)，這些(xie)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)通過一(yi)個(ge)普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)到交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)轉(zhuan)換成交流(liu)電，并網到電網上(shang)。光伏(fu)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)額定值(zhi)(zhi)(如：不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額定功率、每組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)件數、組(zu)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產廠家等等)、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)寸或(huo)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光伏(fu)組(zu)件、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)方向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)(如：東、南和(he)西)、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傾(qing)角或(huo)遮(zhe)(zhe)影(ying)，都(dou)可(ke)以(yi)被連在一(yi)個(ge)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)上(shang)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時每一(yi)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)都(dou)工作在它(ta)們各(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大功率峰值(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度減少、將組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮(zhe)(zhe)影(ying)影(ying)響和(he)由于(yu)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異而引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失減到最小。

組件逆變

組件(jian)(jian)逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)將每(mei)個光伏(fu)組件(jian)(jian)與一(yi)(yi)個逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)相(xiang)連(lian)，同(tong)時每(mei)個組件(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個單獨的(de)(de)(de)最大功率峰值(zhi)跟蹤，這(zhe)樣(yang)組件(jian)(jian)與逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)合更(geng)好。通(tong)(tong)常用(yong)于(yu)(yu)50W到(dao)400W的(de)(de)(de)光伏(fu)發電站，總效(xiao)率低于(yu)(yu)組串逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)是(shi)在(zai)交流(liu)處并(bing)聯，這(zhe)就(jiu)增加了交流(liu)側的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)性，維(wei)護困難。另一(yi)(yi)需(xu)要解(jie)決的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)怎樣(yang)更(geng)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)與電網并(bing)網，簡單的(de)(de)(de)辦法是(shi)直(zhi)接通(tong)(tong)過普(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電插座進行并(bing)網，這(zhe)樣(yang)就(jiu)可以減少成本和設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)安裝，但往(wang)往(wang)各地的(de)(de)(de)電網的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)標準(zhun)也許不允(yun)(yun)許這(zhe)樣(yang)做，電力公司有(you)(you)可能反(fan)對發電裝置(zhi)直(zhi)接和普(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)家庭用(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)插座相(xiang)連(lian)。另一(yi)(yi)和安全(quan)有(you)(you)關的(de)(de)(de)因素(su)是(shi)是(shi)否需(xu)要使(shi)用(yong)隔(ge)離變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(高頻或低頻)，或者允(yun)(yun)許使(shi)用(yong)無(wu)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)式的(de)(de)(de)逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)玻璃幕墻中(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)最為廣(guang)泛。

二、分類

(1)普通(tong)型逆變器

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)12V或(huo)24V輸(shu)入，交流(liu)(liu)220V、50Hz輸(shu)出，功率從75W到5000W,有些型號具(ju)有交、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)轉換即(ji)UPS功能。

(2)逆(ni)變/充電一體機

在(zai)此類逆變(bian)器中(zhong)，用(yong)戶可以使用(yong)各種形式的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源為(wei)交流負載(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：有(you)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，通(tong)過(guo)逆變(bian)器使用(yong)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)負載(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或為(wei)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；無交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，用(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)交流負載(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。它可與各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源結合使用(yong)：如蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板和風力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機等。

(3)郵電通信專用(yong)逆變器

為郵電、通信提供(gong)高品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)的48V逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)，其產品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)好、可靠性(xing)高、模(mo)塊(kuai)式(模(mo)塊(kuai)為1KW)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)，并具有N+1冗余功能(neng)、可擴充(功率從2KW到20KW)。

(4)航空、軍隊(dui)專用逆變器

此類逆變器(qi)為28Vdc輸入，可(ke)提供(gong)下列交(jiao)流輸出(chu)：26Vac、115Vac、230Vac，其(qi)輸出(chu)頻率可(ke)為：50Hz、60Hz及(ji)400Hz,輸出(chu)功率從30VA到3500VA不等。還有(you)供(gong)航(hang)空專用(yong)的DC-DC轉(zhuan)換器(qi)及(ji)變頻器(qi)。

輸出波形分類

(1)方波逆(ni)變器

2)階梯波(bo)逆變器(qi)

3)正弦波(bo)逆(ni)變器

其它分類方式

1、按輸出交(jiao)流電能頻(pin)率分類，可分為工(gong)頻(pin)逆變器、中頻(pin)逆器和高頻(pin)逆變器。

2、按逆變(bian)器輸出的(de)相(xiang)數分，可分為單相(xiang)逆變(bian)器、三相(xiang)逆變(bian)器和多(duo)相(xiang)逆變(bian)器。

3、按照(zhao)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輸出(chu)電能(neng)的(de)(de)去向(xiang)分，可分為有源逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)無源逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。凡(fan)將逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輸出(chu)的(de)(de)電能(neng)向(xiang)工業(ye)電網輸送的(de)(de)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，稱(cheng)為有源逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);凡(fan)將逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輸出(chu)的(de)(de)電能(neng)輸向(xiang)某種用電負載的(de)(de)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)稱(cheng)為無源逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。

4、按逆變(bian)器(qi)主電(dian)路的形式(shi)分(fen)，可分(fen)為單(dan)端(duan)式(shi)逆變(bian)器(qi)，推挽(wan)式(shi)逆變(bian)器(qi)、半橋(qiao)式(shi)逆變(bian)器(qi)和全橋(qiao)式(shi)逆變(bian)器(qi)。

5、按逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)主開關器(qi)(qi)件(jian)的類(lei)型(xing)分，可(ke)分為晶(jing)閘管逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)、晶(jing)體(ti)管逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)、場效應逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)和絕緣(yuan)柵雙極晶(jing)體(ti)管(IGBT)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。又可(ke)將其歸(gui)納(na)為“半控型(xing)”逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)和“全控制”逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)兩大類(lei)。

6、按直流(liu)電源分，可分為電壓源型(xing)逆變(bian)器(VSI)和電流(liu)源型(xing)逆變(bian)器(CSI)。

7、按逆(ni)變器控制方式(shi)分，可分為調(diao)頻式(shi)(PFM)逆(ni)變器和(he)調(diao)脈(mo)寬式(shi)(PWM)逆(ni)變器。

8、按(an)逆(ni)變器(qi)開(kai)(kai)關電路工作方式分，可分為(wei)諧振(zhen)式逆(ni)變器(qi)，定頻硬(ying)開(kai)(kai)關式逆(ni)變器(qi)和(he)定頻軟(ruan)開(kai)(kai)關式逆(ni)變器(qi)。

9、按逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)換(huan)流(liu)方(fang)式(shi)分，可分為負載換(huan)流(liu)式(shi)逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)和自換(huan)流(liu)式(shi)逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)。