一、紙扇是用什么材料做成的
紙扇一般(ban)是指折扇,那么(me)做(zuo)紙扇用什(shen)么(me)材(cai)料呢?折扇制(zhi)作主要分(fen)為扇骨和(he)扇面兩部(bu)分(fen)。
1、紙扇扇骨
制作(zuo)扇骨(gu)的材質(zhi)大致可用“竹(zhu)(zhu)木(mu)牙角”四(si)字概(gai)括,其中常見的有竹(zhu)(zhu)質(zhi)扇骨(gu)和木(mu)質(zhi)扇骨(gu),作(zuo)為日常使用和收藏,像湘(xiang)妃竹(zhu)(zhu)、玉竹(zhu)(zhu)、鳳眼竹(zhu)(zhu)、羅漢竹(zhu)(zhu)、檀木(mu)、烏(wu)木(mu)、雞翅(chi)木(mu)、黃(huang)楊(yang)木(mu)等(deng)都(dou)是常用扇骨(gu)材料。
2、紙扇扇面
扇(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)常(chang)見的有礬(fan)宣面(mian)(mian)(mian),綾絹面(mian)(mian)(mian),撒金面(mian)(mian)(mian),泥(ni)金面(mian)(mian)(mian),棉紙(zhi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)等(deng)很多種(zhong)。一般來說,礬(fan)宣扇(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)是最常(chang)用(yong)的。
二、紙扇扇面的種類有哪些
1、金箋扇面
金箋是(shi)折扇扇面中變化最多的一類。有灑(sa)金、泥金、冷金、渾金、屑金、雨金、片(pian)金等(deng)等(deng)種(zhong)類。
①灑金箋
折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面上(shang)(shang)有(you)或(huo)大或(huo)小(xiao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)片或(huo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屑(xie)作裝飾的(de)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面,泛稱(cheng)灑(sa)金(jin)(jin)(jin)箋或(huo)灑(sa)金(jin)(jin)(jin)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面。有(you)大片分布(bu)紙(zhi)面如雪片的(de),又稱(cheng)片金(jin)(jin)(jin)或(huo)大片金(jin)(jin)(jin)。由于(yu)這(zhe)金(jin)(jin)(jin)片是(shi)用碎(sui)金(jin)(jin)(jin)箔粘(zhan)貼(tie)上(shang)(shang)去(qu)的(de),所(suo)以又稱(cheng)冷(leng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。這(zhe)金(jin)(jin)(jin)片的(de)疏密大小(xiao)可以有(you)種(zhong)種(zhong)變化。片極(ji)小(xiao)的(de)也(ye)可稱(cheng)屑(xie)金(jin)(jin)(jin)或(huo)雨金(jin)(jin)(jin)。有(you)時(shi)也(ye)能見(jian)到大片小(xiao)屑(xie)夾雜在一起的(de),折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面兩面中,如果只有(you)一面灑(sa)金(jin)(jin)(jin),則稱(cheng)半冷(leng)。
②泥金箋
泥金折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面的制作工藝用金粉代替(ti)金箔(bo)來(lai)裝飾折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面的,則稱泥金箋或泥金折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面。泥金折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面一(yi)般可以整張折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面全(quan)為金色而無隙(xi)地,但也有遠(yuan)觀如全(quan)金而近觀仍見粉屑(xie)密(mi)集并留細小密(mi)布空(kong)隙(xi)的品種。
③渾金箋
通(tong)身作金(jin)(jin)(jin)的折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面(mian)(mian),卻(que)不一(yi)定都(dou)是用(yong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)粉涂刷而成(cheng)。有(you)一(yi)種較厚重、細(xi)看全無(wu)紙(zhi)底痕跡的折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面(mian)(mian),或(huo)(huo)許是由(you)整張極薄(bo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)粘貼而成(cheng)。這種折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面(mian)(mian)在(zai)殘缺處,可(ke)以看到極薄(bo)的一(yi)層(ceng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)翻起(qi)或(huo)(huo)脫落(luo),據此即(ji)可(ke)證明絕非金(jin)(jin)(jin)粉敷(fu)粘。渾金(jin)(jin)(jin)箋(jian)有(you)有(you)紋無(wu)紋之分,有(you)紋金(jin)(jin)(jin)箋(jian)即(ji)在(zai)折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面(mian)(mian)壓出布紋(平紋)和羅紋等仿紋織品(pin)的細(xi)微紋路(lu)。
2、發箋扇面
發箋(jian)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)在紙扇(shan)(shan)(shan)的表面(mian),加(jia)入了細(xi)細(xi)的毛(mao)發般的卷曲(qu)植物纖維,隨機地布滿了整個折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)。這種纖維,比人的頭(tou)發細(xi)很(hen)多,色澤卻較淺,呈(cheng)棕(zong)黑色。加(jia)入“毛(mao)發”的折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian),其(qi)韌度牢度會得(de)到提高,也更(geng)加(jia)美觀。發箋(jian)也有(you)雙(shuang)面(mian)發箋(jian)和單面(mian)發箋(jian)之分,后者另(ling)一面(mian)可以是(shi)(shi)素紙或其(qi)他。
3、銀箋扇面
銀(yin)(yin)箋(jian)扇面(mian)(mian)與金(jin)箋(jian)相(xiang)(xiang)仿,也(ye)(ye)有各種加銀(yin)(yin)的(de)折扇扇面(mian)(mian),相(xiang)(xiang)應地也(ye)(ye)有泥銀(yin)(yin)、灑銀(yin)(yin)等品(pin)種。銀(yin)(yin)箋(jian)易(yi)發黑,外觀也(ye)(ye)不如金(jin)箋(jian)富(fu)麗堂(tang)皇,在折扇的(de)使用上要少得多。金(jin)銀(yin)(yin)可(ke)以施之于(yu)素紙,也(ye)(ye)可(ke)施之于(yu)色紙;可(ke)以雙面(mian)(mian)施,也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以僅(jin)施于(yu)其(qi)中一面(mian)(mian)。這樣(yang)銀(yin)(yin)箋(jian)折扇扇面(mian)(mian)的(de)花樣(yang)就數(shu)不勝數(shu)了(le)。
4、素紙扇面
素(su)紙折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是應用(yong)最廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)一種折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),紙扇(shan)(shan)(shan)是用(yong)多(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)薄(bo)宣粘合而成(cheng),白紙折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)制作流程早期是兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)一里的(de)(de)(de)三層(ceng)(ceng)制法(fa)(fa)。北方沿襲此法(fa)(fa)較久,而南方常見有四層(ceng)(ceng)、五層(ceng)(ceng)、六(liu)層(ceng)(ceng)、七(qi)層(ceng)(ceng)之(zhi)別。文人扇(shan)(shan)(shan)多(duo)五至七(qi)層(ceng)(ceng),秋扇(shan)(shan)(shan)層(ceng)(ceng)數較少,偶爾也能(neng)見到九層(ceng)(ceng)棉料所作的(de)(de)(de)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)貼合完成(cheng)后,表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)還(huan)要加(jia)礬(fan)或加(jia)云(yun)母(mu)粉,故(gu)其吸水(shui)性能(neng)與(yu)熟宣相近(尤(you)以(yi)重(zhong)云(yun)母(mu)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)為佳(jia))。講(jiang)究的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)要加(jia)銀粉,則折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)泛(fan)銀光。
5、色紙扇面
色(se)紙(zhi)(zhi)折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)中最常(chang)見的是杭(hang)州黑紙(zhi)(zhi)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)子扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)和瓷青紙(zhi)(zhi)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。兩者都(dou)深色(se),需用金銀(yin)粉(fen)或金銀(yin)粉(fen)調色(se)來作(zuo)書作(zuo)畫。色(se)紙(zhi)(zhi)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)也有半(ban)色(se)半(ban)素的品種。除黑紙(zhi)(zhi)和瓷青紙(zhi)(zhi)以外(wai)的色(se)紙(zhi)(zhi)折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian),又被塵(chen)尾箋本(ben)折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。
6、集錦扇箋
文人作折扇扇(shan)面(mian)書(shu)畫(hua)(hua),常(chang)有(you)數人合作(zuo)之舉(ju)。某(mou)(mou)人畫(hua)(hua)坡石,某(mou)(mou)人作(zuo)屋宇,某(mou)(mou)人補遠岑,某(mou)(mou)人題詩句(ju)等(deng)等(deng)。雖然是(shi)數人合作(zuo),卻是(shi)一幅完整的作(zuo)品(pin)(pin)。然后從此演變衍生,就有(you)了(le)集錦(jin)扇(shan)書(shu)畫(hua)(hua)。折(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面(mian)開始(shi)仍(reng)是(shi)普通品(pin)(pin)種,而以素紙(zhi)為(wei)多(duo)。大約到了(le)清末民(min)初(chu),出現了(le)專門(men)為(wei)這種多(duo)人合作(zuo)書(shu)畫(hua)(hua)用(yong)的集錦(jin)折(zhe)扇(shan)扇(shan)面(mian)。其最常(chang)見的形式,是(shi)灑金(jin)與素面(mian)相鄰互(hu)為(wei)分界(jie),可(ke)以有(you)一面(mian)二分、三分、四分等(deng)不同。