一、電動車控制器的工作原理

電動車控制器簡略地講(jiang)是(shi)(shi)由周(zhou)邊器(qi)件(jian)(jian)和主芯片(pian)(pian)（或單片(pian)(pian)機(ji)）組成(cheng)(cheng)。周(zhou)邊器(qi)件(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)些功(gong)能器(qi)件(jian)(jian)，如執行、采(cai)樣等(deng)，它(ta)們(men)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、傳感器(qi)、橋式開關電(dian)(dian)路，以及輔助單片(pian)(pian)機(ji)或專用集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路完成(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)制過程(cheng)的(de)器(qi)件(jian)(jian);單片(pian)(pian)機(ji)也稱微控(kong)制器(qi)，是(shi)(shi)在一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)(pian)上(shang)把存(cun)貯器(qi)、有變換信號語言的(de)譯碼器(qi)、鋸(ju)齒(chi)波發生器(qi)和脈(mo)寬調(diao)制功(gong)能電(dian)(dian)路以及能使開關電(dian)(dian)路功(gong)率管導通或截止(zhi)、通過方波控(kong)制功(gong)率管的(de)的(de)導通時間以控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉速的(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)路、輸入輸出端口等(deng)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)在一(yi)(yi)起，而構成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)計(ji)算機(ji)片(pian)(pian)。這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車的(de)智能控(kong)制器(qi)。

電動車的工(gong)作原理主要(yao)是依靠其(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)器來協調(diao)電機、電池等其(qi)他配(pei)件進行(xing)工(gong)作。在電動車的控(kong)制(zhi)器行(xing)業，高標控(kong)制(zhi)器在市場上占(zhan)有率始(shi)終穩居行(xing)業第一。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器的(de)基本(ben)原理(li)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)基本(ben)恒定的(de)條件(jian)下，采用斷(duan)續供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)方法(fa)，改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)平(ping)均值，來控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機速度、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)大小(xiao)。使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de) 運轉符合(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)要求，目前主(zhu)要采取的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)方法(fa)是 PWM脈(mo)寬調制(zhi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)機理(li)（注：在所需(xu)的(de)時(shi)間內，將直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調制(zhi)成等(deng)幅不等(deng)寬的(de)系列(lie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)脈(mo)沖，以達到控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)頻率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)目的(de)）。

電動車控制器是(shi)借(jie)助 PWM 電路來控制電機(ji)輸出功(gong)率的(de)(de)，實現開(kai)關(guan)調制作用(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)高(gao)頻開(kai)關(guan)功(gong)率器件 MOS 管，用(yong)它來做執行高(gao)頻斬波斷續(xu)供電的(de)(de)開(kai)關(guan)，從(cong)而(er)有效地解決了電機(ji)的(de)(de)速度和電流的(de)(de)操(cao)控性(xing)。

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二、電動車控制器怎么接線

1、找(zhao)到(dao)電(dian)源正(zheng)負極和電(dian)門鎖線：正(zheng)極指電(dian)源中電(dian)位(wei)(wei)（電(dian)勢）較高的一端(duan)；負極指電(dian)源中電(dian)位(wei)(wei)（電(dian)勢）較低的一端(duan)。所以我們用萬(wan)用表就(jiu)可以找(zhao)到(dao)正(zheng)負極，先打直流檔上(shang)，看那個電(dian)位(wei)(wei)較高較低就(jiu)可以區分(fen)開來了。

2、連(lian)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)門鎖線(xian)(xian)(xian)：粗(cu)黑(hei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶負極(ji)粗(cu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶正極(ji)在這兩(liang)根線(xian)(xian)(xian)旁(pang)邊有(you)根細(xi)(xi)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)門鎖線(xian)(xian)(xian)。正確的(de)(de)方法是找到(dao)鎖線(xian)(xian)(xian)，把那兩(liang)根正負極(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)直接接鎖上。接線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)時候要仔細(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)檢查一(yi)下，車體(ti)到(dao)控(kong)制器(qi)的(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路里是否還有(you)其(qi)他的(de)(de)正極(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是由(you)鎖控(kong)制的(de)(de)。

3、對接(jie)白色學習線(xian)(xian)：接(jie)之前先把反轉線(xian)(xian)拔開(kai)(kai)，如果反轉線(xian)(xian)已(yi)經(jing)反拔開(kai)(kai)，就把電機正轉后拔開(kai)(kai)學習線(xian)(xian)即(ji)可。

4、測試霍爾好壞的方法：霍爾面向(xiang)自己（印章(zhang)面），管腳向(xiang)下，從左(zuo)到右分別為：正極(ji)（開(kai)關霍爾4．5V到24V，線性(xing)霍爾5V）、負(fu)極(ji)、輸岀（信號），在(zai)正極(ji)和輸出接(jie)電(dian)(dian)阻（1到10K）。在(zai)負(fu)極(ji)和輸出間接(jie)一個發(fa)(fa)光二極(ji)管，用(yong)(yong)萬用(yong)(yong)表測量電(dian)(dian)壓，高電(dian)(dian)平(ping)等于電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓低電(dian)(dian)平(ping)約等于零。接(jie)電(dian)(dian)后用(yong)(yong)磁(ci)鐵靠近或遠離霍爾可以看到發(fa)(fa)光二極(ji)管是否(fou)發(fa)(fa)光變(bian)化(hua)(hua)。如有變(bian)化(hua)(hua)就好的，沒變(bian)化(hua)(hua)就是壞的。

5、接(jie)儀表(biao)線和找出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)把(ba)線：一般轉(zhuan)(zhuan)把(ba)線是(shi)紅黑藍、剎車線是(shi)棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)或白色(se)(se)黃色(se)(se)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)把(ba)線比較好找，在(zai)線束末(mo)端(duan)找3極插頭的端(duan)子，有紅色(se)(se)、黑色(se)(se)、藍色(se)(se)的就是(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)把(ba)線；剎車信號線是(shi)2極插頭，一般是(shi)有棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)和黃色(se)(se)的。對(dui)著(zhu)顏色(se)(se)就可以(yi)找到(dao)了，實在(zai)找不到(dao)可以(yi)用(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)表(biao)測量(liang)。

6、接剎車斷電線：剎車線一般是單獨一根紫色的，同時還有紫色和黑色一起的。有些電動車控制器后面(mian)有兩根剎(cha)車斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線，只要(yao)把這(zhe)兩個剎(cha)車斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線搭(da)在一起(qi)就會使車子出現斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，前面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)剎(cha)車把也有想通的(de)(de)(de)兩個斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線，和后面(mian)控制器的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線是相通的(de)(de)(de)，你只要(yao)把后面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線接到前面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)剎(cha)車斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線上久可以了。

7、自學(xue)習的啟動：電路一接(jie)通會很(hen)快(kuai)加速起來，啟動后一定要緩慢扭動速度控制閥，然(ran)后拔開學(xue)習線。

電(dian)車(che)上各個(ge)線什么(me)意思的確定方法:

順(shun)著電(dian)(dian)機找(zhao)到(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)機3根相位線5根霍爾線，拆(chai)下轉把(ba)找(zhao)到(dao)(dao)3根轉把(ba)線，拆(chai)掉剎(cha)(cha)把(ba)可以(yi)找(zhao)到(dao)(dao)2根剎(cha)(cha)車線。拆(chai)開(kai)電(dian)(dian)瓶可以(yi)看到(dao)(dao)“+”電(dian)(dian)源正極“-”電(dian)(dian)源負極。總的來說按(an)大件找(zhao)，按(an)大件安裝，最容易理解最準確。