一、電動車控制器的工作原理

電動車控制器簡略地講是(shi)(shi)由周(zhou)邊(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)和主芯片(pian)（或單片(pian)機）組成。周(zhou)邊(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)是(shi)(shi)一些功能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)，如(ru)執行、采樣等(deng)，它們是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)阻、傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)、橋式開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)，以(yi)及(ji)輔助(zhu)單片(pian)機或專用(yong)集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)完成控制(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian);單片(pian)機也(ye)稱(cheng)微控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，是(shi)(shi)在(zai)一塊集(ji)成片(pian)上把存貯器(qi)(qi)(qi)、有變(bian)換信號語(yu)言的(de)(de)(de)譯(yi)碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)、鋸(ju)齒波發生器(qi)(qi)(qi)和脈寬調(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)功能(neng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)以(yi)及(ji)能(neng)使開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)功率(lv)管導通(tong)或截止(zhi)、通(tong)過(guo)方(fang)波控制(zhi)(zhi)功率(lv)管的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)導通(tong)時間以(yi)控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機轉(zhuan)速的(de)(de)(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、輸入輸出(chu)端口等(deng)集(ji)成在(zai)一起，而構成的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)算(suan)機片(pian)。這就是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)(de)(de)智能(neng)控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)的工作原(yuan)理主要是依(yi)靠其控制器(qi)來協調(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等(deng)其他(ta)配(pei)件(jian)進行工作。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)的控制器(qi)行業，高標控制器(qi)在市場上占有率始終(zhong)穩居行業第一。

電(dian)(dian)動車控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)原理(li)是在電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓基(ji)本(ben)恒定的(de)條(tiao)件(jian)下，采(cai)用斷續(xu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)方法，改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)平均值，來控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)速度(du)、電(dian)(dian)流的(de)大小。使得電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de) 運轉符(fu)合控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)要求，目前主要采(cai)取的(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方法是 PWM脈寬(kuan)調(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)理(li)（注：在所需的(de)時間內(nei)，將直流電(dian)(dian)壓調(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)等幅不等寬(kuan)的(de)系列電(dian)(dian)壓脈沖(chong)，以達到控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)頻率(lv)、電(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)流的(de)目的(de)）。

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車控制器是(shi)(shi)借(jie)助 PWM 電(dian)(dian)路來控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出(chu)功率的，實(shi)現開關(guan)調(diao)制作用(yong)的是(shi)(shi)高頻(pin)開關(guan)功率器件 MOS 管，用(yong)它來做執行高頻(pin)斬波斷續供電(dian)(dian)的開關(guan)，從而有效地解(jie)決了電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的速度和電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的操控性。

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二、電動車控制器怎么接線

1、找到電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)負極和電(dian)(dian)門鎖(suo)線(xian)：正(zheng)極指電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)（電(dian)(dian)勢(shi)）較(jiao)高的一端(duan)；負極指電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)（電(dian)(dian)勢(shi)）較(jiao)低(di)的一端(duan)。所以(yi)我們用萬用表(biao)就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)找到正(zheng)負極，先打(da)直流(liu)檔(dang)上(shang)，看那個電(dian)(dian)位(wei)較(jiao)高較(jiao)低(di)就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)區分開來(lai)了。

2、連接電(dian)源線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和電(dian)門鎖線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：粗(cu)黑線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為電(dian)瓶(ping)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)粗(cu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為電(dian)瓶(ping)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)這兩(liang)根(gen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)旁邊有根(gen)細紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，為電(dian)門鎖線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。正確的(de)方(fang)法是找(zhao)到鎖線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，把那兩(liang)根(gen)正負極(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)直接接鎖上。接線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)時候要仔細的(de)檢查(cha)一下，車體到控制(zhi)器的(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路里是否還有其他的(de)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是由鎖控制(zhi)的(de)。

3、對接白色學習線(xian)(xian)：接之前先把(ba)反(fan)轉線(xian)(xian)拔開，如(ru)果反(fan)轉線(xian)(xian)已經反(fan)拔開，就把(ba)電機正轉后(hou)拔開學習線(xian)(xian)即可。

4、測試霍(huo)爾(er)好壞(huai)的(de)方法：霍(huo)爾(er)面向自己（印章面），管(guan)腳(jiao)向下，從左到右分別為：正極（開關(guan)霍(huo)爾(er)4．5V到24V，線性霍(huo)爾(er)5V）、負極、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)岀（信(xin)號(hao)），在正極和(he)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)接電(dian)(dian)阻（1到10K）。在負極和(he)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)間接一個發光(guang)(guang)二極管(guan)，用(yong)萬用(yong)表(biao)測量電(dian)(dian)壓，高電(dian)(dian)平等于電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓低電(dian)(dian)平約等于零。接電(dian)(dian)后用(yong)磁鐵(tie)靠近(jin)或遠離霍(huo)爾(er)可以看到發光(guang)(guang)二極管(guan)是否發光(guang)(guang)變化(hua)(hua)。如有變化(hua)(hua)就好的(de)，沒變化(hua)(hua)就是壞(huai)的(de)。

5、接(jie)儀表線(xian)和(he)找出(chu)轉把(ba)線(xian)：一般(ban)轉把(ba)線(xian)是(shi)紅(hong)黑藍、剎車線(xian)是(shi)棕(zong)色或白色黃(huang)色。轉把(ba)線(xian)比較好找，在線(xian)束末(mo)端找3極(ji)插頭(tou)的(de)端子，有紅(hong)色、黑色、藍色的(de)就是(shi)轉把(ba)線(xian)；剎車信(xin)號線(xian)是(shi)2極(ji)插頭(tou)，一般(ban)是(shi)有棕(zong)色和(he)黃(huang)色的(de)。對著顏色就可以找到了，實在找不到可以用萬用表測量。

6、接剎車斷電線：剎車線一般是單獨一根紫色的，同時還有紫色和黑色一起的。有些電動車控制器后面有(you)兩根剎(cha)(cha)(cha)車(che)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線，只要把(ba)(ba)這(zhe)兩個剎(cha)(cha)(cha)車(che)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線搭在一(yi)起就會使車(che)子出現(xian)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，前(qian)面的(de)剎(cha)(cha)(cha)車(che)把(ba)(ba)也有(you)想(xiang)通的(de)兩個斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線，和(he)后面控制(zhi)器的(de)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線是相通的(de)，你(ni)只要把(ba)(ba)后面的(de)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線接(jie)到前(qian)面的(de)剎(cha)(cha)(cha)車(che)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線上(shang)久可以了。

7、自學(xue)習的(de)啟(qi)動：電路一(yi)接通會很快加速起(qi)來，啟(qi)動后一(yi)定(ding)要緩(huan)慢扭動速度控制閥，然后拔開學(xue)習線。

電車上各個線(xian)什么意(yi)思的(de)確定方法(fa):

順著電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)找到電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)3根(gen)(gen)相(xiang)位線5根(gen)(gen)霍爾線，拆下轉把找到3根(gen)(gen)轉把線，拆掉剎(cha)把可以找到2根(gen)(gen)剎(cha)車線。拆開電(dian)(dian)瓶可以看到“+”電(dian)(dian)源正極(ji)“-”電(dian)(dian)源負極(ji)。總的來說(shuo)按(an)大件找，按(an)大件安裝，最(zui)容(rong)易(yi)理解最(zui)準確。